Month: March 2014

Xi Qin Korean people like to use is a stringed musical instrument , according to legend is the northeast area of ​​the Song Dynasty China Xi tribe created , it faces the name. Xi Qin flexible to be able to play all kinds of music , sound self-assured, continuous freely, can vividly manifested in a variety of emotions , such as feelings , especially with its play of portamento , the language is almost Tune reproduction. Popular in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, especially in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province is most prevalent. Popular in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province .

Brief introduction
Xi Qin
Xi Qin, Korean stringed instrument . Also known as the erhu , township Hu . Also known as the violin , JI ( with Xi ) piano , also known as Xi Hu , Hu Township . Historic , simple shapes . Pronunciation soft, sweet tone . Can be used for solo, ensemble or dance accompaniment. Popular in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, especially in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province is most prevalent. Popular in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province . Xi Qin Yuan Dynasty was introduced into Korea . North Korea into伣made ​​” music school criterion ” ( There 1494 order) contains: . ” …… To dismiss sandalwood flowers ( scraping peel ) or black bamboo bamboo bow ponytail chord with turpentine at rolling with his left hand , rolling with his right hand , Township only played music . ”
Modern Xi Qin
Modern Xi Qin , length 60 cm . Qintong wood or bamboo , there are two semi- cylindrical and spherical long . Mongolian mouth before Paulownia sheet . Wooden piano bar , was crescent-shaped headstock , no ornaments, piano bar is placed on the right portion of the two-axis , and Qintong was parallel to the axis into a gourd-shaped top spin . Zhang two stringed or steel strings . Five degrees tune a stringed instrument A, e, range A-a1.
Huqin
Erhu is an ancient Chinese north, north-west minorities collectively used musical instruments , just as the modern piano class XI pull strings professionals said . Xi Qin began in the Tang Dynasty . Written by music theorist Chen Yang Song Dynasty in AD 1099 “Music Book ” ( Volume 28) contained in : ” The Wu Qin Xi Yue also , for the string -shaped drum used by peddlers and also classes Yan , Xi likes of Ministry fun. cover their production between the two strings to bamboo rolling , the date folk with Yan . ” it is shown in the book , the device with the direction of the two pegs today erhu contrary , not extremely heavy . Cuomo said Xi Xi family in Northern and Southern Dynasties , living in northeast China ‘s Xar Moron River Basin , when the late Tang , some people in West migration Gui Xi (now Huailai County , Hebei Province ) , another name for the West Xi , Five Dynasties and Ten country , the East and West Xi gradually blend with the Khitan people . According to the test Chen Yang , Xi Qin Dynasty Tang Dynasty when a musical instrument of the North West XI used . It is a bomb in the ancient stringed instrument strings Evolution drum used by peddlers evolved on the basis of its performance is similar to the method and rolling Zheng , Han Tang Dynasty is completely influenced by rolling caused Zheng , the difference is only two strings Xi Qin , rolling when the string is not bamboo ( outer ) surface which is between the two strings.

2 history

Tang and Song Dynasties
Xi Chin Tang and Song dynasties , both pulling the strings , playing stringed instruments is two ways of playing both. Northern Song Dynasty scholar Chen Yang Xiu same era , in his ” hospital smell Xi Qin trial as” a poem wrote: ” the barbarian music of the piano Xi , Xi Nu bomb double tear drops .” Playing method is plucked , no meaning ” with a bamboo rolling ,” the . Has a fairly well documented in another poem : ” Xi people will immediately make the piano , strings in double cocoon absolutely clear and strong cold wind and snow Diocese listen , take off keyed as deeply sad sad Xiao anti Cantabile , congregation. this sounds suspect is most pathetic fan no intermittent hand , who better than the sound of bamboo silk road . ” there is a clear description of the two stringed plucked instrument Xi Qin . Visible, Tang and Song dynasties, Qin Xi is in playing stringed instruments to pull strings from the transition period.
Song Dynasty
Song Xi Qin Qin , also known as JI . The Song Kao Cheng AD 1080 essays series of ” things Jiyuan ” in: “Du Zhi Fu Xu said: Qinmo people suffering Great Battle , string drum used by peddlers and drum , remember that the lute ‘s commencement at the drum used by peddlers such as drums and small , there is. handle than long . What, then hit the first chord in the drum and the shank end of the genus , and seemed extremely lute , its like this protracted piano also. was JI Kang Ming piano chord drum used by peddlers left like men . ” do the same description , JI Chin when the Northern Song Dynasty , still rely on plucked strings to pronounce , rather than rolling chord pronunciation pull strings . Chen Yuan Liang Song Dynasty ” thing Lin Guang Ji ” ( Juanba ) in , then clearly documented the protracted pull stringed harp . Wen said: ” The JI Kang protracted prepared piano , piano erxian protracted named to the bamboo rolling , the sound brighter. .” Qin attributed to JI JI Kang 3rd century AD, the system is clearly one of the ancients Wei Tuo species will be attached , which may be its effect Chan ” Ruan Ruan made ​​” the talk. With a Song , and the same is described protracted piano , but records are two different ways of playing . This fully shows that the Song JI still in a transition phase from the piano playing of stringed instruments to pull strings .

Late Song Dynasty
Late Song Dynasty, the northern frontier region of China has begun to use a bow ponytail Mullah string instrument played a rub . In the tenth Yulin Grottoes Cave murals , painted a ponytail flying with bow bowed frontispiece, two Zhen , erxian cylindrical Qintong instrument. This cave ‘s about when the Western Xia ( 1038 -1227 AD ) dynasties , which are interleaved with the Central Plains Song . Rock Temple in Fanzhi County of Shanxi Province, Jing Zhuang ( for ” Teci Guangji Masters Tower” ), and there is a glimmer carved instrument graphics, a person is sitting cross-legged , holding horsetail bow bowed . Scholars believe that Fanzhi is before the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty governed by and large Yuan reign , this Jingchuang for ” October 10 Dayuan twenty-three years ,” completed , that the year 1236 is also a time when the Song Dynasty . The image of the two instruments are lifelike and erhu today ‘s . This rub with horsetail bamboo bow string instead of pronunciation instrument , northern China has long lived nomadic minorities creation , it is a milestone pull strings to move forward.
When the Song
When the Southern Song Dynasty , the Xi Qin pull strings embarked on the development of the class period . China ‘s large stringed musical instrument manufacturing , but also began to move the capital Lin’an Song ( now Hangzhou ) on the occasion , the stringed there , ” Hang the strings ,” said. In the author’s notes at the time , when the novel is not mentioned in the ” Lvchuang new language ” in the “Golden Spring Tour Yan Yuchun mother” story, it is written : “Kim Yan and Chun Ho Yu Journey out of the city , see a gorgeous courtyard , are Wang Taiwei village . consistent wine sitting on the Court son , Kazuhiko take erxian rolling , the Yu taking flute pipe ensemble . ” this ” erxian “that is very similar to the shape Xi Qin pull strings .
Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty , Qin Xi pull strings with the rise of class drama and folk art and improvement and development , playing form is also varied. From the Jiajing reign (AD 1522 ) , especially in sub- seeking , ” Lin Tong autumn feast map” in the picture , you can see a form of Xi ensemble piano, flute and closed tube consisting of three instruments , depicted in Figure Xi Qin, a dragon head , neck roll , erxian , horsetail bow, and had to fix the extremely heavy chord . This is Chen Yang on “Music Book” Xi piano figure is not, but it retains a shorter Xi Qin Qin Tong , Chi -axis direction and tied string methods. It compared Song ” Lvchuang new language” has made significant progress in erxian with today’s Korean Xi Qin of China’s Fujian Province and popular Erxian been closer . North Korean musicians compiled into伣ancient ” music school criterion ” ( 1494 sequence ) contains : . ” Xi Qin to dismiss sandalwood flowers ( scraping peel ) , or black bamboo, sea bamboo bow ponytail chord with turpentine rolling at with his left hand , rolling with the right hand, only played music township . ” visible , Xi Qin in the Ming Dynasty has been introduced to the Korean . Qing Dynasty, Qin Xi Department for Waer Ka Lok and Qinglong music in the palace , while the former also use four Xi piano playing. According to folklore , Xi Qin is passed along and east mirror Mudanjiang Jingbo Lake City and other places through the hands of barbarian East . Later became the Korean People’s favorite stringed instrument .

3 production process
Qin Shi Xi made ​​workmanship is very particular about the ages of violin craftsmen are used in Changbai Mountain area of wood and wood are particularly good vibrations do Kalopanax wood panel , with an inner diameter of 10 cm of bamboo do Qintong , made ​​with silk strings , with horsetail and doing fine bamboo bow son. Later, after generations of practice and innovation , and gradually replaced with Sycamore wood do Kalopanax vibration panels made ​​with a wire instead of silk strings , playing method has also been improved by “grasping chord playing method ” to ” finger Anxian Law” , and learned to play the violin the way to play better.
Xi Qin long history, when the Japanese militarists invaded China , ethnic heritage trampled , Xi Qin art has been interrupted. After the founding of New China ,奚琴生capacity and performance art Yanbian Korean peoples gradually restored and developed , and many Korean artists in the international art stage piano solo performances Xi , received a warm welcome Chinese and foreign people.
Strings, each string of two fixed headstock and piano tail, there are strings on the headstock pillow . 13 strings with a completely different pillars headstock can move around, adjust the scale. Gayageum rich acting ability , is good at expressing emotion ethnic gentle folk instruments. Therefore , gayageum performers playing and singing is a form loved by people of all nationalities .
Traditional Xi Qin, Han alto banhu shape and more similar, but Qintong not use coconut . It consists Qintong , piano bar , pegs , jin , the bridge , strings and bows and other components , length 80 cm – 84 cm . Qintong made ​​with bamboo or wood , mostly using bamboo or rosewood color wood production, there are two kinds of long cylindrical and hemispherical upper and lower insertion piano bar open square hole in the front cylinder mouth mask sheet of Paulownia face , mouth set the tone barrel window or exposure. Piano bar , also known as bamboo , with the original multi- growth years longer , more black bamboo Bamboo production to the site as a thick bamboo root headstock , Qin bamboo rod end with natural bent backward , backward conical insert Qintong in . Zhou , also known as pocket pegs , wooden cone, two horizontal figure eight pegs were inserted in the piano bar side, the top bit thicker shaft for String . Initially no jin , only Qintong panel median home Qin Ma , Zhang two thick stringed . Bows with a wooden bow rod ends based on horsetail hair bow , sandwiched between two strings pull -outs ; modern Xi Qin, Qin Tong and more elongated cylindrical , made ​​of bamboo still use wool , piano bar replaced with pear wood or colored wood production, crescent-shaped upper end of the rod was bent forward or backward , parallel to the insertion of two pegs from the front end of the piano bar , shaft rotation into the top -string gourd-shaped parts , and some pegs from parallel insert behind the piano bar .
Academy of Music in Beijing, China Art Museum , Institute of Chinese musical instruments , displays a Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province from Xi Qin . Piano and full-length 63 cm , which is slightly Qintong was long cylindrical ellipse , making the hair with some bamboo with bamboo , tube length 12.4 cm , front longitudinal diameter 8.8 cm tube mouth , diameter 9.5 cm , Mongolia to Paulownia panel , barrel rear exposure , Qintong inserted piano bar down to open the square hole on the bamboo qin tube is in the middle of the piano bar with Paulownia panel in the center there is a large open bamboo oval pass pores to allow air circulation at both ends Qintong favorable resonance. Piano bar with color wood production, the same length and full-length piano , circular cylindrical body , the middle thicker ends a little thin , crescent- shaped headstock was before the direction toward the tube mouth curved top without ornaments , piano bar department There are two parallel wooden spun colored gourd-shaped pegs , shaft length 12 cm , shaft through the first part piano bar , part of the shaft top -string gourd -shaped, 3.6 cm in diameter . Useful stringed harp set tie rod central system jin , the lower end of the rod into the piano Qintong square hole. Qintong central panel set wooden bridge Qin Ma , Zhang two stringed . Bows with a wooden bow rod ends from the Department of black ponytail , bow length 59 cm, armed with bow shank portion is more lenient. Quintana piano painted with dark brown paint, panels and bow rod only clear varnish finish , but also to maintain the wood color, wood grain clearly visible. This piano is 50 years products , choice of materials , crafted , awesome , worthy of Xi Qin boutique. Have been included in ” Chinese musical illustrations ” in large pictures . The museum kept that a North Korean production Xi Qin . Piano and full-length 73 cm , with a section made ​​of bamboo Qintong , tube length 13 cm , the former barrel mouth mask with Paulownia panel surface diameter 10 cm , after exposure tube , bamboo and piano bar in the panel between the central opened as a vent hole . Colored wooden piano bar , cylindrical, headstock was bent toward the meniscus . Zhang two crude stringed , long ponytail bow 69 cm . This piece Xi piano music when the DPRK delegation to China in 1963 , presented to the precious gift of the Chinese people .

4 musical instruments
Uses when playing posture, Qintong placed on the left leg , left hand holding the first joint bend piano , commonly used index finger , middle finger, ring finger and little finger of Anxian , right hand holding a bow with fingers or thumb , index finger, middle finger grip the bow , in pull -outs between the two strings . Xi generally use five octave piano tuning up relationship , often tuned in A, e or c, g, or a range A-a1 c-c2, two octaves. Pronunciation soft , beautiful , bright tone , sounding close to Han alto banhu . Anxian left hand for the full string , string , or commonly known as the hook to catch the string, less for the bit, vibrato , playing sounds, portamento and other performance skills . When folk musicians playing, the habit is not extremely heavy , with a hook , grab the string swapping . Can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment, is the band ‘s main ethnic Korean stringed instrument . Good at playing classical tunes genteel folk song or melody merry music . There are more famous solo : “Textile Ballad” , ” Xi Qin · Verse ,” ” Fisherman Song ” and ” peasant music” and so on.

5 new Xi Qin

Reform Xi Xi Qin Qin · four strings : Korean bow string ming instruments. 1960s , Korean piano virtuoso Li Xi , a man and a successful reform , such as the production of Xi Xi piano piano and four strings , four strings Xi piano treble , midrange and bass are three Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province has been used for arts organizations in professional music , is the band’s main ethnic Korean stringed instrument .
Xi Qin reform : length 65 cm . Qintong bamboo , tube length 13 cm , before the tube mouth mask with Paulownia panel surface diameter of 9.5 cm . Piano bar with ebony , rosewood or mahogany , circular cylindrical body , headstock meniscus was bent forward , the upper chord tapped two hard wooden shaft , the shaft was gourd -shaped or conical top , shaft length 11 cm , shaft head with a metal spiral ( also known as straight copper axes ) can fine-tune the pitch. Pegs below the waist with a string horses branch beneath Qintong Additions wooden pallet , so playing the piano smooth body . Zhang two steel strings . Bows are based on thin bamboo pole with a straight ponytail made ​​long bow 80 % per annum. Such reforms Xi Qin, pronunciation bright, mellow , melodious tone , melody , volume also increased compared with the traditional Xi piano , vocal range to three octaves . Can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment, especially solo works best .
Four string Xi Qin: Qin Xi series instruments are new varieties , which includes treble , midrange and bass Xi Qin three. Qintong , piano bar are made of colored wood production, the addition of ebony fretboard . Treble four string XI piano by five degrees relationship is tuned : g, d1, a1, e2, range g-c4; tenor four-string XI piano tune a stringed instrument is lower than the treble Xi Qin five degrees , is tuned : c, g, d1, a1, range c-a3; Qin Xi ‘s four-string bass is tuned in octaves lower than the tenor Xi Qin , is tuned : C, G, d, a, range C-c2. This four-string harp Xi total range C-c4, up to five octaves. The most suitable use of ensemble or accompaniment , the band has been used for the Korean nation .
Xi Hu except in Korean folklore , but in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and Mongolian folk Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other provinces also have spread . Its structure and method are playing the piano and Korean Xi approximation, but a smaller shape . Piano bar with colors made ​​of wood or hard wood , 50 cm long . Qintong of wood or metal , tube length 10 cm , before the opening face- mask with Paulownia sheet , surface diameter of 7 cm . Wooden pegs , conical. Zhang two stringed or casing string. Bows with bamboo bent arc , the two ends to tail, bow length 40 cm . Five degrees is tuned g, d1, range g-g1, only one octave. Pronunciation weak, deep timbre . But the spread is not wide enough , now there are only individual using the old folk artist .

6 historical significance
Xi Qin Korean people like to use is a stringed musical instrument , according to legend is the northeast area of ​​the Song Dynasty China Xi tribe created , it faces the name. Xi Qin flexible to be able to play all kinds of music , sound self-assured, continuous freely, can vividly manifested in a variety of emotions , such as feelings , especially with its play of portamento , the language is almost Tune reproduction.
Xi Qinqin two strings each fixed headstock and piano tail, there are strings on the headstock pillow . 13 strings with a completely different pillars headstock can move around, adjust the scale. Rich acting ability , is good at expressing emotion ethnic gentle folk instruments.

Nagra drum that “iron drum ,” and ” Which Karma La “, ” slave Dracula ,” because with a cast-iron into the drum body , so called ” iron drum ” in the Qing Dynasty historical records , and ” Winter Pakistan” of said . It is said that ancient people tied it in the saddle as drums . Around the 9th century later , it became the Uighur percussion .

1 Introduction

Nagra drum shape that looks like a flower pot , drumhead Mongolian camel leather or cowhide , six Nagra is set , each of medium and small three groups of two , one playing the treble , one playing bass , a difference 4-5 degrees , holding wooden percussion . Every festive holiday , who will play boarded roof, sounded cheerful Nagra , blowing Suo na, people dancing accompanied by drums , danced fanatical Sama dance. This drum is not only enhance the warm atmosphere of the festival , and very unique national style.
Nagra drum shell is made ​​out of pig iron in the mold of specialized upper width of the drum , the lower narrow , showing cylinder. Have softened its upper stretch of animal skin or calf leather , leather with a rope taut after fixing a new Nagra drum on the well.
In general folk dance ensemble and instrumental accompaniment , with only a pair of Nagra drum can also have up to just ensemble together with the music . Wide range of topics such as , fast-paced, spread in the northern Ili region , ” race is the Farm “, ” two games are Salim “, ” Locke Schaller “, ” Locke Schaller flowers” , ” Gudu Mu “, ” wooden summer hot black gram “,” Sali Ha “,” Niuwei Te ” ” Summer in Annas Ⅰ “,” summer to Annas Ⅱ ” and other 12 sets of traditional music.

Listen Nagra drum requires a state of mind , it allows you to ride the wings imagine , you can also indulge long- hidden secrets of your heart , you just fun to let the drums fly into your heart , listening to its rhythm , Let your mood , it will unconsciously integration .
It is this – not humble , humble appearance , can only drummer stroking heavy beat , there was the world vanish ! Its drums as dry desert in clear spring , bubbling soak into people’s hearts , drumming soothing calm, made ​​an emotional binge screen. It is a belief, a call, a sense of spiritual sustenance. Not only does it give people the power to give people more happy .

2 species

Nagra drum can be divided according to the size of a large ( coarse tone ) , medium ( sounds hoarse ) , small ( sounds tinny ) three, and its height is about 20 to 35 cm , the diameter of the drum surface is 25 to 40 centimeters. By a drum and a small two form a pair, one playing bass treble a play , a difference of five degrees or four degrees , and more for orchestra . Carolina eligible for the drawing drum with fire , or by the sun , can make it sound becomes tinny . Can also be sprayed with water or use water in the drum surface after wet , it becomes thick sound hoarse .

3 ways of playing

Methods Nagra playing drums mainly click, double click , roll -outs or stuffy outs , etc. , but also the use of different parts of the drum heart, in the ring , outer ring or frame drums , etc., to get different sounds. Bass drum and snare drum can be played alternately .

When playing the drums Nagra flat on the ground , by one person in each hand holding a long, slightly curved wood hammer , hand percussion drums , percussion snare left . Drum issued a “pound ” of bass , snare issued a ” da da ” treble, sonorous sound , strong , one high and one low tone , a bright sank a floating one fall , all between the drum hammer, while soothing, such as the line cloud roaming, when heated , as thousands of horse riding , combined into a seamless sublime music of radiation .

Horse bones Hu Zhuang pull strings . Ran Zhuang said the Governor , ran out . Popular in Guangxi Xilin , longlin , Tian Lin , Bose, Jingxi , De Paul area and Yunnan , Hunan and other provinces Zhuang Autonomous Region .

Brief introduction
Horse bones Hu said, ” Ran Doc ,” ” Ran out ” in the Zhuang . ” Ran ” for the violin collectively , the Governor , as the bones , meaning made ​​of horses, mules , cattle bones violin . It is often referred to as a horse bone or bone Hu Hu . Zhuang also known as ” Ran out “, ” Ran Sen .” “Column “, ” forest ” of both small, high and sharp pronunciation meaning . ” Ran out ” is again the name of a legendary composed of young men and women . Xi shapes and types of instruments like the piano , sounds crisp and bright , sweet move
Listen , commonly used in solo, instrumental ensemble or folk songs, rap music, drama , etc. Buyi strong drama and theater accompaniment. Popular in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region longlin , amoxicillin , Tian Lin , Bose , music industry, and other western Guangxi Baise area Lingyun , Guizhou Xingyi , Anlong , Zhenfeng , Ceheng , etc. Wangmo Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southwest Guizhou and Yunnan Funing County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and other places .
Qintong with some original , now with multi-block horse, mule or cow femur fight stick made ​​of 10-12 long , 5 cm in diameter , oval, former Mongolian snake mouth , skin or frog skin after exposure . Toon mahogany piano bar or wooden , rough up fine , 46-60 cm long , the top is decorated with carved horse . Set two axes , the original yellow (a kind of deer ) horn , now with red wood . Zhang two steel strings . Tune a stringed instrument d1, a1, range d1-e3, more than two octaves.
When playing, Qintong placed legs, left hand holding the piano Anxian , the right hand horsetail bow string pulled between two outs . Timbre and approximate jinghu than soft. Common techniques have front setback bow, bow after the setback , the small jump bow, bow Dayton , play sound , appoggiatura , portamento and so on. For solo , octave band ensemble, Moran rap and strong play accompaniment. Octave band is the main musical instrument , play in the band also ranks strong lead player position.

2 Structure Editor
Hu traditional horse bones from Qintong , headstock , piano bar , pegs , jin , the bridge , strings and bows and other components. Qintong oval cylindrical upper thigh bone , the use of ” Mile horse” ( Pony ) making ends slightly trimmed , polished big mouth at one end , with a section of the original Qintong , now with multi-block horse, mule or cow thigh fight stick made ​​of bone , 10-20 cm long , 5 cm in diameter , oval, barrel down out into the through-hole piano bar , tube length 10 cm -12 cm in diameter and 4 cm -6 cm , big mouth end as a former barrel mouth , mostly with snakeskin Mongolia , Mongolia also has skin or frog skin , and use egg whites to make bond Agents, exposure or set tone barrel rear window . Headstock , a piano bar and more use is made of hardwood or bamboo poles , the use of mahogany , red piles of wood, bamboo or bamboo Lohan production, rough up fine , the total length of 46 cm to 60 cm , with mahogany wood who is well, bamboo with bamboo Rohan best . Department headstock piano bar at the top of the wooden horse carved out for decoration , bamboo piano bar you need to carve out a separate bamboo poles embedded in the upper wooden horse , horse carving delicate , exquisitely beautiful. Tap the bottom of the headstock two axes , the site was set square cylindrical shaft , the original multi- pegs with realgar ( ie yellow muntjac , also known as barking deer ) angle making, both hard, not easy to run string , and smart appearance, unique style ; later more use of boxwood , rosewood or piano bar timber production, conical mandrel parts engraved with stripes , set parallel to the axial direction and Qintong . Piano bar was cylindrical , thin rough up the middle with a stringed as extremely heavy . Leather set with wooden hollow central Qin Ma , Zhang has two strings , is tuned d1, a1, range d1-e3, more than two octaves. The original multi-use gut strings or stringed , was replaced by steel strings . Bows made ​​with bamboo grass bow rod ends tied in a bunch of horsetail hair bow , bow length 60 cm. Academy of Music in Beijing, China Art Museum , Institute of Chinese musical instruments , displays from a horse bone Hu Zhuang folk . Qintong horse ‘s thigh making, oval, tube length 11.5 cm , former Mongolian mouth with snakeskin , surface diameter of 6 cm , hollow tone set after opening the window , the inner diameter of 4 cm . Red wooden piano bar , length 61 cm , Horsehead is decorated with carved top , set the bottom part of the shaft was square column , on Tap two hard wooden conical pegs , shaft length 12 cm . Piano bar cylindrical, rough up fine , the middle set stringed jin , the lower load Qintong and exposed, hollow bamboo Qin Ma , Zhang two stringed , bow made ​​with thin bamboo rods, thick tail end of the rod in the bow , ponytail tied at both ends with black hair bow , bow length 69 cm . Zhezhi horse bones Hu 1963 Guangxi Institute of Music Association donated music collection . Have been included in ” Chinese musical illustrations ” in large pictures .

After the founding of the reform of horse bone and bone Hu fight stick with内蒙马Qintong , especially oceanic horse leg Qintong best fight stick pronunciation , volume ambitious ; bold change and short piano bar , pegs instead mahogany , steel stringed strings , using the erhu bow , holding knees while playing the piano will be placed in the street to the legs , the 1960s have been used solo. Today’s horse bones Hu , is tuned d1, a1, range from the d1 ~ e3, there are more than two octaves. Sounds crisp , bright, and compared both with jinghu approximate soft , rich Zhuang has become distinctive solo , ensemble instrument. In North Zhuang drama bands , horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument . Played with it , and there is a large Qintong alto horse bones Hu . They set off singing, making music more beautiful sounds strong drama .

3 Origins
Origin
Horses originated in the bone Hu Xi Qin types of stringed instrument . Starting from the Qing dynasty , with a unified multi-ethnic country to further consolidate and develop increasingly frequent cultural exchanges among peoples , and pull strings also increased the number of new varieties. China’s famous music historian Mr. Yang Yinliu ( 1899 – 1984 ) ” History of Ancient Chinese Music ” ( at 374) contains: ” To the Qing Dynasty , in addition to the original erxian the violin or erhu , and the emergence of four strings of four Hu , dedicated to the accompaniment of opera ‘s jinghu minority areas , there have been a lot of pulling strings, such as Guangxi Zhuang Hu and other horse bone , ” according to Zhuang old artist recalls the early 1980s : strong play to now is the seventh generation , the grandparents say , in the absence of strong drama ago, has long been out of Laran . Initially, it is often in the festival , pick up horse bones Hu , Hu soil , gourds Hu and Zhuang Zhuang folk flute and other instruments to neighboring villages to play , called ” School Tour “, which is the Zhuang folk instrumental ensemble – “octave ” ( using horse bones Hu , earth Hu , Hu gourd , sanxian , strong flute , gongs octave , octave drums, cymbals and other small eight major musical ensemble ) early form . Horse bones by Hu Yong drama – bench play – “Earth Opera ” – the evolution of the whole development process Zhuang drama has always been a major musical accompaniment . In 1815, when the county set up a semi-professional longlin strong troupe after the horse bones strong drama Hu became the band’s lead instrument . Later became “octave ” band master musical instrument . Do the same to say, horse bones Hu appeared in the Qing period ( 1736 -1795 years ) , has been 200 years of history .

Folk legend
Hu about the origins of horse bone , in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous cottage circulating such a moving story : Long ago, there lived a pretty bright girl Aran and a diligent and brave young Allier , they grew together long large, childhood, very much in love . A column is a good hunter a bomb is not vain , often pulling up to阿冉tell their soil Hu Zhong Chang ,阿冉then express yourself with a loud piece of folk love . Eran home has a covered purplish red, white horse hooves ‘ hooves Snow ” , was tall and fat, shiny shiny coat , walking swiftly ran as sailing , well known for. One day, toast use ” heavily ” buy ” hooves snow,” when he saw the seemingly fairy阿冉, coveted thousand feet, even people have occupied , he ordered both man and horse together snatch cottage . Toast forced marriage, Aran Ning refuses thus thrown into the backyard of the black house. Chieftain carried away, when spirits try horse fell and he was beaten , he was angry , angrily sent to kill ‘ hooves snow, ” horsehide again stripped off in front of the horse lost bone excised阿冉, such as coercion say he does not marry , but also like a horse Flayer , Eviscerate . Aran see beloved ” hooves Snow” extremely tragic misfortune grief , she unplugged longer tail, packed up a horse’s thigh , in the long-term employment for poor people toast belongings Shaoji the Allier . A column of pain -stricken, they do Qintong horse leg , ponytail hair bow made ​​of a unique horse made ​​of bone Hu , loud high-pitched voice , resounded through the valley .阿冉learned from the wonderful sound of the piano in the Allier rescue her time and way . Night, Allier climb walls , rescued Aran and shot a catch of toast . Since then , They left with their fertility cottage , traveled around the horse bones Hu Zhuang teach skills and is decorated with carved horse on top of the piano . Later, village here sounded beautiful horse bones Hu piano , to commemorate Aran and A column which teach young horse bone Hu , Hu put the horse bones called ” Ran out ” and generations to each other , spread so far .

4 Development
Since the 1950s , the Zhuang ethnic musicians and musical co- production division , the traditional horse bones Hu carried out continuous reform , has made ​​the treble , alto horse bones Hu , so mellow , mellow , widely used solo, instrumental ensemble or orchestra concerto in accompaniment .
After the 1950s, with the prosperity of strong drama arts , horse bones Hu has also been a corresponding reform and development , first with a thigh horses, mules , cattle and other large livestock production Qintong directly . Subsequently, the Guangxi Zhuang ethnic theater and Beijing to explore musical instrument , have tried to fight Neimeng Ma and cattle bones stick Qintong make appropriate cylinder increases, overcome natural leg , the limitations of the cylinder is too small , especially Ocean horse leg with sticky spell pronunciation Qintong best , mellow , soft, volume can be expanded ; then after a long artistic practice before Li Guangxi Arts Institute , Chen Lixin Bose ensembles such as musicians , the piano bar lengthened , bold changed to red wooden handle screw pegs , using steel strings , erhu bow , increasing the hardwood Cento , gripping his knees while playing Qintong will be placed on the left leg to make playing skills to play. 1960s, reform of horse bones Hu has developed into a better treble pull strings, it maintained a strong ethnic characteristics , widely used in solo, trio, instrumental ensemble or orchestra and other instrumental concerto form . In North Zhuang drama bands , horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument , specially designed and made for it with outs , Qintong larger tenor Juan horse bone , they can be well off singing, so strong musical drama more beautiful sounds .
Early 1990s, the Guangxi ensembles and instrumentalists Peng Minsyong famous Beijing Folk Instruments Strings full production division Ruixing cooperation , and jointly develop a third-generation treble , alto horse bones Hu . Their Qintong horse bone is cut and split wood bonded together , lumen tube made ​​some clever processing, the sound emitted soft and mellow , lower than the treble bit erhu , became an ideal the solo instrument , promising national orchestra treble pull string sections place. The results obtained in the year 1993, Ministry of Culture, Science and Technology Progress Award .

5 ways of playing
When playing posture adopted , will be placed on the left leg Qintong or sandwiched between the knees , upright piano bar , piano left hand Anxian , the right hand to pull the bow string between two outs . Ma Hu usually by five degrees of bone relationship is tuned a1, e2, range a1-d4. Folk often tuned in : f1, c2; g1, d2; c1, g1; d1, a1. In the ” octave ” strong drama ensemble and accompaniment , is also commonly used anti- five degrees or four degrees tune a stringed instrument . Timbre and approximate jinghu than soft, crisp and bright , relatively sharp treble , bass is more vigorous , and jinghu ranged between a high Hu , but softer than jinghu . When playing folk tunes , with only the first bit , the little change . Playing skills have left to play sound , appoggiatura and portamento , etc., right hand bow before the setback after setback bow, bow small jump , play sound , appoggiatura , portamento and Dayton bows and so on. Hu Ma bone mainly used solo, ensemble , Moran was strong rap and drama, Buyi drama , folk and rap accompaniment. In the ” octave ” bands , horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument , it is based on the same basic melody , plus the freedom to spend , extend or tighten , making melody to produce the effect of multiple parts. Horse bones Hu Zhuang drama accompaniment , like Pipa in the role of Peking Opera . Zhuang drama is divided into northern and southern road, South Zhuang Hu Qing drama in the past with accompaniment , and now with a horse bone Hu accompaniment ; North strong play with two horse bones Hu accompaniment, and anti respectively , are two kinds tune a stringed instrument ( such as anti- string set e2, a1, sine fixed d1, a1), will this tune a stringed instrument called a male and female horse bones Hu . In the strong play accompaniment , Ma Hu collar bone playing tunes in the first section , and then again while other instruments into their respective parts. Hu also horse bones folk songs, folk songs, and the waves whistle Jingxi , De Paul Moran area rap musical accompaniment . In the private sector, no horse bones Hu solo music, mostly instrumental ensemble playing cards , plays tunes and folk tune. Hu Ma bone often played tunes are: ” positive tone “, “eight boards tune ,” ” transitions ,” “The welcoming tone” , “month ,” “The eight tone “, ” Shengtang tune” , “happy tune , “” bitter , “” The dressing tune , “” tea , “” The exploration regardless floor “, ” horse walking street ” , ” horse into the forest “,” generals tune “and” well-behaved Hi blanket “and so on . The famous folk artists are: longlin class of its industry , Weibo yuan , Wei public , Huang Xilin standard, Su Zhihui , TianLin of Huang Fuxiang , etc. They play in the long-term practice, a skill honed skills , techniques and some colorful , full-bodied style , and some can simultaneously blow Kiba and pull -outs horse bones Hu .

6 famous songs
Hu horse bone is the main instrument of civil octave bands . Also used in unison and solo. Unison song of ” Zhuang Chunzao “, ” Zhuang Shan Camel ” and so on .
Hu Ma bone often played tunes are: ” positive tone “, “eight boards tune ,” ” transitions ,” “The welcoming tone” , “month ,” “The eight tone “, ” Shengtang tune” , “happy tune , “” bitter , “” The dressing tune , “” tea , “” The exploration regardless floor “, ” horse walking street ” , ” horse into the forest “,” generals tune “and” well-behaved Hi blanket “and so on .
The famous folk artists are: longlin class of its industry , Weibo yuan , Wei public , Huang Xilin standard, Su Zhihui , TianLin of Huang Fuxiang , etc. They play in the long-term practice, a skill honed skills , techniques and some colorful , full-bodied style , and some can simultaneously blow Kiba and pull -outs horse bones Hu

The similarities and differences between 7 and erhu
Hu erhu and horse bones , belong to ethnic Chinese stringed musical instrument , although they come from different eras , different regions, different nationalities, different cultural origins , each also have different modes of transmission . However , due to the interpenetration of culture, their way of playing , playing skills, all have in common, however, the horse bones Hu playing style, and erhu also has some differences , there are differences and similarities really called . Research by the comparison through discussion, the similarities and differences as a cultural phenomenon , to understand from the point of view of national history , hoping to string tells the origins of these qualities , the more harmonious chord packed rhyme , this is the theory of the goal.

Different cultural origins
Erhu , also known as the erhu , the ancient crown was the ” Xi Qin ” , ” Ji Qin ” in the name . So, two strings and how to play stringed instruments crown “Hu” ? This is probably closely related to its history , the ancient “Hu ” stands for the North Western nation or reason behind a long time, far away in the Spring and Autumn Period , “Hu ” word has been used up in the language of the Han people . As Bai poem ” sounded Hu sounded sand wind ,” said the natural scenery , and Li Bai’s poem ” Luoyang fly March Hu sand” , ” Hu Chen Jing southerly swept away ,” and other words , it means security to make the chaos the barbarian , the Song Dynasty Chen Yang “Le book” records: the Hu Yue Xi Qin also …… so, by definition, the name on the display products erhu its source with the ” two ” are only two strings to complete the process of temperament the amount given , “Hu” is the ancient northern peoples , “Hu Lu ” village ( in terms of relative Hun ) , erhu this naming , more than in the same language barriers or ethnic conflicts in the formation of a specific historical reasons dissonance arising musical symbols. Therefore , when the release of the North erhu people胡鲁民family and taut ponytail friction musical instruments issued by two strings . Its vitality is in contradiction with the spread acceptance , at the time the eyes of the Chinese nation , “Hu” how hostile and derogatory word , but ” piano ” This thing sounds sweet exceeds national boundaries can be issued from the human civilization and creativity , the erhu was first made ​​with the wisdom of working people in it, and often for the northern nomadic people who talk or traded to fill the monotony of entertainment, which is generated by the erhu origin . Erhu development today, has become the mainstream in Chinese folk music instruments , and world-renowned , it is entirely its cultural charm.
The Chinese nation is a yearning for life and very emotional nation, every culture is formed , it has a beautiful and moving story . Horse bones Hu Zhuang ethnic musical instruments, it produces the background is also quite legendary, intriguing. According to legend, the battle between the ancient Luo Yue tribes have occurred , the ancestors of the Zhuang people to celebrate the victory , scored violin made ​​of horse leg , pulling played cheerful music to vent their emotions after the victory . There is a legend, an ancient Zhuang young lovers in search of discrete , with a violin made ​​of horse bones , side pull -outs side looking sweetheart. Either from history , it is for the local ethnic zest for life and become spiritual life in another language subject emotions , and thus , Ma Hu is a veritable bone to bone made ​​of a horse can pleasing mood southern unique stringed instrument , which is the cultural origins of horse bones Hu produced .
Pull strings resonance box mostly cylindrical , its pronunciation principles are moving back and forth through the bow hair friction on the strings , the sound through the bridge ( piano yards ) for sensing, directly Qintong the python stretched on vibrate , and by Qintong resonance and Health issued a highly Wei wan tone . Thus, when the resonance box is the most important component of stringed instrument , the erhu and Hu bone which is common pronunciation principle . However, the erhu resonance box of wooden structures , Ma Hu bone is bone structure, erhu resonance box , mostly to fight the cylinder, while the horse is a natural bone Hu monocular body , which is the main part of the two instruments the biggest difference .
So why horse leg made ​​of musical instruments , also known as “Hu” , not as ” bone Wyatt piano ” or ” horse bone tube ” it, and this is probably the northern front , ” Hu ” cultural dissemination and penetration have a certain relationship.
Different modes of transmission
Erhu throughout China as well as overseas Chinese were consistent soul music , fundamental research, its dissemination and Chinese ancient war seems closely linked . As we all know , war, military life is very boring , every place , and they are curious camel attention to local cultural characteristics , or more accurately say should find a local form of entertainment and entertainment tool for adjusting fighter emotions and enrich dry needy military life , the way a lot of movement with the culture war , the military took over the country and entertainment tool belt to the rest of the passage of time on the formation of cross- penetration effect. As we have seen comic , like its predecessor, the ancient army should ” join the army ” evolved . Erhu route of transmission , all their great similarities . Northern Territory for the safety of people , often ordered by the court in the southern Zhunzha went , followed by a cultural impact and integration must also play the role of culture in the South subtle , so the horse bone, ” Hu ” and collectively , when combined with “Hu” cultural infiltration related.
Although Hu horse bones by “Hu ” cultural penetration and the title , nor the degree of dissemination of the erhu so broad and deep range of applications nor erhu less common , but in the broad road around Nancy Jiang Zhuang people living along it is indispensable part of its mode of transmission , but also with the erhu very different place.
Ma Hu bone dissemination and south trade. Horse bones Hu earlier as the caravan of portable entertainment tool , catch dike caravan halfway recess time , they put the saddle taken down when the stool to sit , but the south mostly mountainous , transportation should not be a tall horse , environment created a horse dwarf saddle must also small , sitting too short and not operating violin , so romantic horses who will pay feet wide leg , bent at the horse on foot bone surface Hu S -shaped pull -outs, in order to drive away the fatigue all the way , this is the catch horse people only spiritual support. Since ancient times, is an important way to catch dike in southern China mountain national trade and cultural exchange , in order to attract business, merchants on horses pulling a horse bone Hu ” advertised ” as long caravan constant movement , it this instrument has become the primary means of communication, and later became the Zhuang people over dinner entertainment tool workers , and finally evolved into the main accompaniment instrument on stage , which is the difference between a horse bone Hu erhu mode of transmission .
Similarities and differences within and outside the scope of application
Here the meaning of ” outside ” is on appearance , the ” inside ” is specified in terms of the chord . Erhu greater resonance box Hu horse bone , as if its python surface diameter 9.5cm, piano bar length ( from Cento to the headstock ) if it is 83 cm, the erhu is tuned in D-A ( some special style of music tune a stringed instrument can be as low in the D-A), alto erhu erhu larger than conventional resonator , piano bar is longer , thicker strings , which is tuned in G-D, a pure full five degrees lower than conventional erhu, which is mediated Music is a bridge with high bass instrument. While conventional musical instrument erhu is high , however, due to the resonance box of wooden structures , not their sexual climbed soft cotton , firm but not hard , produces both coax Ming, but not so loud germinal shrill noise , so the sound quality is very mellow sweet, similar to the human voice frequency , highly singing is distinguished plucked instruments and percussion instruments of the basic characteristics, which in terms of ensemble or accompaniment , all other instruments can not replace most emotional tension instrument. Because of the many advantages , so the Chinese erhu solo instrument ethnic music is both self-contained , but also become a musical group , regardless of the medium and small orchestra in the nation , and ultimately the involvement of the erhu , therefore , particularly extensive range of applications , and became the first Chinese stringed musical instruments .
Hu horse bones operation and pronunciation principles and erhu same, but the tone vary widely. As we all know , the northern plains are mostly tall horse , while the South Mountain horse pony used mostly for transportation , so the horse bones treble violin cylinder diameter is generally Trail horse bone around the main body 5-6cm , when Hu made ​​often with quite loose arbitrariness , python surface ranging from 5-6cm in diameter , and some even smaller than jinghu resonance box of bamboo , therefore, China ‘s national instrument , the horse ‘s bone Hu resonance box can be regarded stringed instruments the most compact class . Hu treble horse bones , mostly monocular body , which Qintong long 10 – 12cm, tuned in A-E, due to the brittle bone resonance box of small diameter , its sound quality and bright, crisp , full penetration, dozens of people in the band have encountered clear and melodious . Development of productive forces , national technology advances , some local drama groups to the fullness of its expressive music , horse bones appeared tenor Juan . Both for tenor , its resonance box inevitably larger than treble Hu Ma bone , the leg of the horse because the eco- diameter tubular bone is not so big , so there ‘s a fight bone tube resonance box – Alto horse bones Hu , alto violin horse bone tube diameter of about 8cm or so, roughly the same barrel length and erhu , the total length of the rod ( from the headstock to Cento ) is about 73cm. Although they are called Alto horse bones Hu , it is not in Hu ( alto erhu ) concept , nor in Hu deep, rich sound . First, given the tone of Hu ‘s G-D, and horse bones Hu is scheduled tenor tone is D-A, a full five degrees higher than in Hu ( alto erhu ) , but for regular erhu actual pitch . Due to the exigencies of hard bone resonance box , its sound absorbing wall is low, the tone seemed thinner than the wooden resonance box , although the tenor of the instrument , but it is still the music ‘s high frequencies , so the tenor horse bones Hu the so-called “medium” as defined in nature, only their horses Hu Shito out the purposes of the bone . This is the biggest difference from the concept to the tone horse bones Hu and erhu .
Perhaps because of these reasons, in the application , the general conventional band with little involvement of horse bones Hu , unless the instrument appeared as a feature , or a particular drama and special . But it was the unique timbre jinghu ranged between Hu and high indeed outside the chord tone, thus derive quite a few quite mature solo and ensemble music, perhaps because of the musical generation and geographical environment , such as ” Zhuang Chunzao ” ” good scenery Youjiang River ,” “horse pack into Zhuang ” and instrumental music , are closely related to the natural landscape and ecological environment , the horse ‘s bone Hu and characteristics of this style of music , but also become its mountain charm a major music features.
Different playing styles
Not only did nearly two thousand erhu passage of time or because of historical and political reasons for the disappearance , but it ‘s in the process of getting a full time , getting exquisite craft , and even more widely being music lovers at home and abroad accepted , mainly because of the beauty of the instrument’s tone , very singing , great tension and performance , especially from the first ten masterpieces of Mr. Liu Tianhua , the mention of the ancient two to five bits of the bit after exploring and creating , greatly improved the erhu performance, erhu bow purposes of the law, some pull, push , even , Dayton , jumping, pumping, send , throw, hit, rub off, fly , flutter , mention , such as the bow of the points ; fingering areas have natural overtones , artificial harmonics , finger pads , homonyms change means changing tone with the finger on the back portamento , next glide , flying fingers, plucked string hook , his strings and other techniques ; in musical style, whether it is an open and broad prairie of Inner Mongolia , or with Western Tianshan charm intensive music , whether it is a flower tune Guangdong Lingnan refers glissando , genre or style bridges are most vividly particularly in terms of playing the song , either slow to fill the gap , or fast like full steam ahead , whether it is a cheerful mood , sad or exciting absolutely phonology, are no different ear pleasing , rich in its expression , the other instruments can not and the . Therefore , both the erhu solo or group shows , are worthy of the nation ‘s first Chinese musical instruments .
Ma Hu as a kind of stringed instrument bone , and it played bowing , fingering , techniques, mostly the same with the erhu , however , in dealing with some of the music , it has a very different style and rhythm of the erhu . For example : horse bones Hu instrumental ” Zhuang Chunzao ” , after introduction, body cheerful part A of four two -beat , in accordance with the laws of the strength of the music , the former should be strong after weak shot slightly stronger than the first half , second half beat weaker, unless special request songs , otherwise , do not break it regularly , so that it does not contradict the logic of musical rhythm . However , Hu played on horse bones cheerful rhythm of treatment do the opposite , it forty-two beat in the rhythm of the law treated as : | Weak strength of strong | weak strength of strong |, this unique way of playing broken the traditional rhythm regularity , contrary to the order of the strength of the road , but refreshing.
This peculiar rhythm formation is their life and the living environment of geographical closely Shito . Mostly mountainous nation of rugged mountain environment , even if we have advanced transport difficult it can be applied , in order to live , the people across the ditch over the mountain ridge to labor, to turn the beam to post more trade , not a pack horse people carry that basket back face it , this movement formed a highly rhythmic jumping rhythm of life . For example Tiaodan walking, cross the first step when , inevitably ends pole to fall due to weight and pressure , under the second time, two pole is throwing up , the squeak sound also want to fold after the first weak and strong rhythm effect. Features erhu and rhythm of this very different , not only fully reflects the unique musical style , which often reflects the nation’s romantic and funny, the more products it feels lovely nation .
Hu and Ma bone erhu , a nomadic people from the north , one is from the southern border of the mountain peoples, although cultural background, communication, modeling results , performance style is very different aspects , however, are the erhu and horse bones Hu there is a maximum in common, that is, the removal from nature temperament , their members without going through the physical and chemical changes to complete the styling is too kind . Like nature of temperament that fell , forming a large faction of ecological maternal derived culture.
Hu erhu and horse bones should be part of Chinese culture , with the development of high technology and constantly enrich and playing skills , they will have more excellent reputation and glory.