Month: July 2013

Jade carving is China’s oldest breeds. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the system becomes a professional jade, jade became a ritual utensils and decorative wear parts. Jade has always been treated as treasures in ancient China, jade is treated as a sign of good materials is a symbol and a gentleman demeanor. Many varieties of jade, the main character, appliances, birds, flowers, and other large works, there are pins, rings, seals, jewelry and other small works. Chinese jade carving works in the world enjoy a high reputation.

Outline
Jade carving is China’s oldest breeds. As early as the late Neolithic period, the Chinese have a jade tool. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the system becomes a professional jade, jade became a ritual utensils and decorative wear parts. Jade has always
By people as treasures in ancient China, jade was used as a sign of good materials is a symbol and a gentleman demeanor.
Jade, is actually high-quality stone. Many types of jade, a jade, topaz, jasper, jade and agate, turquoise, QUARTZ and so on. Processed carved jade exquisite handicrafts become known as jade. Artisans in the production process, depending on the natural color of jade and natural shapes, carefully designed, repeatedly refined to the jade stone made of fine crafts.
Many varieties of jade, the main character, appliances, birds, flowers, and other large works, there are pins, rings, seals, jewelry and other small works. Beijing’s Palace Museum in the collection of large jade “Dayu”, it shows the skill of a Chinese jade.
The main origin of Chinese jade Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other places appear modern. Chinese jade carving works in the world enjoy a high reputation.
Widely respected by the Chinese people cherish. Since the beginning of civilization, to date, day, regardless of how Chinese culture experienced tremendous Ji Tang, Sung jade jade national feelings and love is still deeply rooted, jade carving art has never been stopped. Eastern civilization wisdom jade bright light shining on it is Chinese traditional arts and crafts in the most attractive one, worthy of our cherished. “The beauty of jade stone” forward China Jade Culture!

Historical development
Jade is China’s unique skills, has a long history and distinctive characteristics of the times, different dynasties, jade has a different shape and characteristics.
Neolithic
Simple Zhengzhou Dahe Village Yangshao period jade carving dating back 5,000 years, excavations have two fish-shaped turquoise jewelry; Xinyi City unearthed a turquoise pendant, turquoise cicadas and frogs, and other crafts; Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan nitrate unearthed jade, green turquoise, agate jewelry, there is an intaglio in Zhengzhou xianwen bone ring is the oldest and the most perfect ring. More jade carving jade ax, shovel jade, jade knife to produce tools based; morphology simple jade wall, Yu Huang, Yu Jue, Ock to Jade-based.
Jade craft period
Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States –
Heaven appeared jade wall, Jide Jade, pass this celts, jade seal official post, so as to jade out on more, it is to wear decorative jade products, is also present. Late Neolithic Liangzhu cultural Hemudu unearthed more categories. Perry appeared in the Shang Dynasty Jade Bird, who first wear, Lopez and other people. Yu Huang is a bow-shaped arc jade, Spring and Autumn Period, and Zohar’s sleek, such as the Spring and Autumn Bai Yulong grain Juan, Juan Warring States HUANG Yu first.

Decorative prevalence of
Han and Tang dynasties –
Henan Dushan began mining in the Western Han Dynasty, the land belongs jade artifacts confirmed Liaoning Qiaoyan major jade ornaments. Western Han Dynasty jade dress is two 000 Xiuyan United decorated from the Han Dynasty unearthed in Xianyang “Chinese jade horse” is also a rarity. Now no longer the city of Anhui Han Dynasty unearthed both linked to curl as the Yulong annular ring diameter x thickness = 5×0.5cm, there are various sizes of jade wall, which is greater with jade wall diameter x thickness = 23 x0. 5 cm, carving exquisite; tooth wall white, diameter x thickness = 9 xo. 5 c m, Ling Qiao cute. Tang Dynasty Buddhism prevailed, jade used for decorative statues, Tang “young school days” in the more famous agate plate. 1970, Shaanxi Tang Ho Ka unearthed a thousand precious relics, which is an animal farm Danube Cup precious treasure (now in the possession Shaanxi History Museum), red sauce, high self. 5cm, length 15.6 cm, unique shape, so that foreign people fascinated.
Period of rapid development
Song and Yuan Dynasties
Jade carving has reached a qualitative leap, the court has “Jade Court” has shallow depth of cut grinding, relief carved circle. Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty founding fathers ministers hold wine with dinner founding ceremony of the “ditch Alexander Yuhai,” is a giant jade products. Hotan jade piece with a large carved by five years, weighing 1750kg, wine storage 30 I can bear. In addition to large jade, the small jade many, such as deer, eagles Shiyu Hu Qing Yuan Pei and so on. Fujian Shoushan stone carving stone as 1,500 years ago, the Southern Song Dynasty, has been large-scale mining, to double the value of the Yuan Dynasty, is a jade carving master material.

Peak period
Ming and Qing era –
Ming Sung book “Heavenly Creations” records, although there Liangyu set the capital, Handicraft Tweet Suzhou. Suzhou jade Ming Lu Zi Gang’s most famous artists, the development of the “Daoke law and” serial meeting “production process, creating a variety of yin and yang relief in one of the jade craft products, to get the court’s appreciation, who has constantly imitation is the collectors dream treasures. Qing Dynasty jade carving has reached its peak, the palace has a jade Office was to supervise jade, jade palace of Queen very much. most representative “Dayu Figure Yushan child” masterpiece, is the world’s largest jade pieces One of the king of jade in ancient China high 2.24 m, diameter Pa cm long and weighs 8 tons. small jade pieces abound, such as the Ming Dynasty jade Punta Takako Pei Qing Dynasty Jade tube embedded gem point, civil widespread.
Modern jade
Modern jade set the culmination of history and culture in Beijing, “treasury” and various outstanding jade, including the famous jade generation Grandmaster Pan Bingheng (1912-1970) of the jade works, variety, exquisite workmanship, known as ” Oriental treasures. ” Panlao masterpiece of “coral Daiyu play parrot”, “pretty color agate Qianbao mussels Buddha”, “coral six arms Buddha lock dragon.” Panlao creation not only as a national treasure, and was the Louvre in Paris, France, the United States Philadelphia Museum, Nagoya, Japan Museum collection, attracted the attention of the world art scene. Jade “geek” WANG Shu-sen (1919-1989) jade has Ruin: one must be art, materials, engineering, arts triple; two absolute best utilize pretty color; Ruin is widely thought, exquisite workmanship. His masterpieces are “coral Guanyin Purdue.” Modern country jade carving talents are numerous, but less high-precision artists. In addition to inheriting the traditional process in future, past serve the present, but also to learn the advanced stuff, foreign combination of jade industry priority.

Cultural
The old saying “less speed.” Any one good jade, through artificial polish, before giving it new value and charm. Of jade carving, a long history, the world recognized. Early stage of primitive society, our ancestors made with jade imaging arrowheads, spears, knives, axes, shovels, and other similar production tools and a variety of jade ornaments, such as the 1973 discovery of Zhejiang Yuyao Hemudu Neolithic , in which 28 of jade materials and fluorite production Juan, tubes, beads a class decorations, dating back more than 7,000 years of history. In the slave society, namely Shang and Zhou dynasties, jade carving, there has been new progress, wondering fine, graceful ornamentation and emerging with fish, turtles, birds, animal mask, rabbits, and other images of silkworm jade accessories. There ornamentation common Kui Dragon, Pan Chi pattern, motifs, burglary curved lines, checkered, etc., especially when the appearance of jade embossed lines are techniques handling a big leap.

Jade species
Most daily said jade is nephrite, a lot of types of nephrite, generally refers to the production area in Xinjiang suet white jade, jade, topaz, Purple, black jade, jasper, sapphire, ruby ​​and Northeast Jade and so on. Suet fine texture, strong luster, white as suet, called the “king of jade”, “white crown.” Another Nanyang jade, Lantian jade, and nephrite, agate, crystal, coral, turquoise, lapis lazuli, etc., belong to the category of nephrite. Later, due to the opening of the Silk Road, Xinjiang Hetian jade produced in the region has been unanimously approved, beginning in the palace, the official and private jade processing, and gradually become the protagonist. Nephrite jade and nephrite gradually evolved into a synonym.
Nephrite
Nephrite jade (Nephrite), otherwise known hornblende, is hydrous magnesium silicate, hardness 6.5, excellent toughness, translucent to opaque, fibrous crystal aggregates. Nephrite fat creamy color and relatively close to the United States, by pure white color, delicate and moist. Secondly nephrite contains small amounts of oxidized metal ions and showed blue, green, yellow and other colors.
Jadeite
Jadeite that is a very high hardness of jade plants, is a pyroxene, which has a few renowned names – Jade is pyroxene family of sodium aluminum silicate, also known as pyroxene, Hui Yu. Mainly produced in Myanmar, China’s Yunnan also has produced, white, purple, red, yellow, blue, green and other colors, white, also known as ice to children; Green, also known as Green Land child, is the best in breed generation Chui The. Generally known as the kingfisher red, emerald green called, commonly known as jade. Another three color jade called “Peach” or “Gods.”
Jadeite (Jadeite), hard texture, density was higher, sodium aluminum silicate, hardness 6.5-7, specific gravity 3.2 – 3.3. Translucent to opaque, (but some good quality also nearly transparent body). Granular to fibrous aggregates, dense block, with a vitreous luster.

School
Chinese contemporary jade carving, from the big schools, it can be divided into North and South factions, North sent to Beijing as the representative, covering Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, part Henan, Xinjiang and other northern provinces, including the southern faction along the Yangtze River and to Southern regions, and is divided into several tribes, including the Shanghai Mu Yujing represented by the “Shanghai workers”, Suzhou as the representative of the “Suzhou workers”, as the representative of Yangzhou “Yangzhou workers”, in addition to “Guangdong workers” and the “Fujian workers.” Shanghai jade with white mainly, but also a small number of jade production. Shanghai Zhuo Yi Xuan jade produced a very wide range, mainly in Xinjiang and nephrite.
Beijing jade
Beijing jade carving art has a long history, profound skills, the amount of material in the production of drawn, because the material applied arts, particularly pretty color reflexes. We recognize Beijing jade, generally from jade texture, color, and texture to start carving. First Beijing jade carving hard, delicate crystal, while the south is generally used to send jade nephrite; secondly Beijing jade colorful, exquisitely carved jade pastel Southern faction, third, Beijing jade carving great attention to style, with a court art style, while the general shape of South Pine jade more casual, more rugged style. Overall Beijing jade-colored lip shape not only beautiful, but also save thousands wanzai so deeply to Favorites lovers. Chinese people have been put jade as a status symbol, ancient jade wealthy often carry side. Thus, a large number of jade artists have gathered around the flower market in Beijing Chongwen Gate, Beijing has become China’s jade center.
Old Beijing jade industry is a relatively high position in the industry, it’s Nade masters were very respectable, artists are more lucrative rewards and the title of “sir.” Beginning in the creation of this style jade inherited the old tradition, Beijing carved jade plant once had one pair matchbox sized “Dragon and Phoenix” Perry, the volume is so small, or a floating cut finely carved dragon, phoenix, butterflies, Double Happiness and other patterns, anomalies in the loss felt among the far-reaching. Another masterpiece is the “Pirates of immortality”: White Snake red dress in white, was flying chase into mouth a black fungus, stunning is that jade is the use of color in all the colors of jade.
Shanghai jade
Shanghai is a Chinese jade carving of four schools, formed in the late nineteenth, early twentieth century, in the present jade carving art has a strong influence. Shanghai jade number of outstanding teachers stand out, create a lot of valuable collections of art, as jade carving has injected fresh blood.
Shanghai jade, Shanghai as the center region of jade carving art style factions. Shanghai jade real contribution lies in “Heiner” and “fine for.” Its “Heiner” inclusive Vientiane – painting, sculpture, calligraphy, stone, shadow puppets and folk paper-cut, contemporary abstract art, as long as the United States, if they are good, but far from the origin, valuable is “Heiner” After digestion is still “slim.”
According to the Shanghai jade master Zhuo Yi Xuan Mu Yujing teacher said, Shanghai jade “fine work” even more amazing, material and color applications, different thinking, clever and refined for originality; themes transmission, transformation, innovation and overhangs are very rich ; process understanding, develop, use and changing more deification; ideas found, grafting, continuation and breakthrough worthy of the times ……
Shanghai jade carving artists have created and developed Shanghai style, has naturally become the new collection, investment hotspot.
Mu Yujing teacher, Shanghai jade in form has gone through the formation of a relatively lengthy process.

1. The initial stage of the formation of the early 19th century, Shanghai became China and the world trading port, so Suzhou, Yangzhou jade products and its surrounding areas are output externally via Shanghai port, this situation is Shanghai jade carving industry to provide a broad development space. Suzhou, Yangzhou and other regions carved influx of artists in this oriental metropolis to find the ideal place to display their talent. Was like the famous antique-style jade carving master Wang Xun, Wan vegetarian source, Fu Changhua, You Hongxiang, figures, animal carving everyone Yangheng Yu, Hu Hongsheng, Gu salty pools, all in Shanghai specific cultural atmosphere, absorbing new cultural nutrition, flourish So gradually formed a new carving style – Shanghai style.
Late 19th early 20th century, Shanghai jade workshops, stores up to 200, more than 200 people engaged in carving profession, mainly produced statues, ladies, stove bottles ornaments carvings, “Su”, “Young” followed jade respective local Features traditional skills. At that time, Shanghai jade industry, the main production processes to adapt to the needs of foreigners are called “dress faction”, Yangzhou jade ornaments to help artists to production-based, mostly, “dress faction”; while Suzhou artist specializing in jade jewelry, floral, In the main pieces of jade jewelry and play, called “The installed faction”; another one designed to do since the Qin and Han bronze modeling and imitation jade-based, is called “antique school.”
1930s, Shanghai jade ornaments categories of works that already has a high artistic level, “Jade Pearl Tower” in Panama International Exposition received the highest award, “jade pagoda” by the San Francisco Museum of long-term collection.
2. Succession and development stage in the 1960s, the state attention to personnel training and sculpting equipment improvements, sophisticated engraving industry developed rapidly. The late 1980s, Shanghai Region jade employing more than 2,000 people, over 200 kinds of works category, as Shanghai five categories carving varieties furnace bottle containers, character statues, flowers, birds, animals and natural bottles have begun to take shape. “Carve delicate, exquisite tricks, rigorous modeling, solemn quaint” and “furnace bottle containers refined, lively and vivid characters birds”, became the main features of Shanghai jade. Since the 1950s, and its representatives are “stove bottle guru” Sun Natural, Sun Tian-Yi, “Ruin Artist” Wei Zhengrong, “tradition and innovation” by Zhoushou Hai, “South jade a strange” Liuji Song and “flying beast king” Dong Tianji etc. .
Furnace bottle Shanghai jade ware category is the most iconic creations. Shanghai-style stove bottle containers to sedate and elegant style, simple and exquisite ornamentation, rich bronze interest in Chinese jade carving industry reputation. Tripod censer, Sixi furnace, five kiosks furnace, Chicken bottles, side oven, sheep statue, rhino statue, one hundred furnaces are Shanghai jade Buddha prestigious representative works. “Mexican jasper Yi Zhou Zhong Kui”, “jade Shoumian pot”, etc. are Chinese Arts and Crafts collection. Shanghai famous sculptor, “South jade a strange” Liuji Song design of the “Emerald Buddha, one hundred furnaces” in the high 7.5 inches, 8 inches in diameter furnace bottle carved 100 different shapes, statues look different in 1980 September held in Yokohama, Japan, China Shanghai crafts exhibition caused a sensation.
Old artist Huang Derong creation of “one hundred coral vase”, “Purple Jade Dragon and natural bottle”, “suet Qiaodiao butterfly daisy bottle”, “Begonia eggshell white bottle”, “Ink Longevity years jasper light”, “onyx crown on the official promotion “,” white Wuyang “,” jade unicorn “,” black and white jade color “and” A black jade rhino statue, “and so a large number of Shanghai masterpieces, caused a huge stir in the industry and reputation at home and abroad. Ruin led by the artist Wei Zhengrong design, 13 technicians cooperation sculpture carved jade giant secret “red flag Everest”, weighing more than 2500 kg, which lasted three years and completed in 1962. Artists use of relief, relief, openwork carving skills, vivid characterization of China’s 41 climbers heroic work was hailed as a national treasure Premier Zhou Enlai. In 1979, a more than 7300 kg of rare giant sapphire, and XIAO Haichun, Korea Wei, Zhu Ningfang, Xu Mr. Kang, Yu Longxi, more than 20 contemporary most outstanding masters and carving technicians, design high 2.6 meters wide and 1.4 meters of “Love map “, depicts the Red Army magnificent historical picture and become another giant of contemporary Shanghai.
3. Innovation boom phase in the 1990s, the new situation of reform and opening up, innovation and prosperity ushered in jade and a spring.
Shanghai jade innovation, inclusive, in Jiangsu and Zhejiang jade carving style of artists, based on the fusion of both Yang Gang, help the Soviet Union, as well as the court for South jade craft style, but also inherited the essence of Chinese Ming and Qing jade, absorbing, in the “delicate” efforts, which emerged a large number of representative jade master.
Currently, Shanghai jade the most unique and traditional furnace bottle containers classes, but also bright. Song Ming-fang, DAI Yong-cai, Qu Hui, the Li Yuhua, Jiangda Xiong, Yong Han Zhong Jianlin and was created in Shanghai furnace bottle containers, with “rules, symmetry, dignified,” truly, the “Seven Gentlemen,” said. “Seven Gentlemen” works board tie, rigorous and yet dynamic, very particular about the use of materials, is the “skill group” outstanding representative.
In the new century, Shanghai jade craftsmen who are like “Eight Immortals”, as the facilities talent, recount.
Golden Age for Love, sophisticated kinds of jade carving is also good at using natural shapes and different color, because feeding system should be, because the material applied arts, tall and graceful shape, forming a handsome and elegant “Shanghai” art style, it sent the court with Beijing and other major genres together form a new era of contemporary Chinese jade style.

Jade Bay
Jade Bay located in the “hometown of jade” —– town center Shifosi town Zhao River Sea. Bristol Flows Zhao Li River winding from the market and had a beautiful environment, convenient transportation, the district financial jade processing, trade, tourism, leisure and entertainment, with a strong rural flavor of jade, is the town following the He Chong ornaments Market , elm village markets and shifosi jade agate bracelet boutique market after the new planning integrated jade professional market, political and economic center. Here since ancient times to jade, silk and famous virgin is not only the birthplace of Nanyang jade carving, jade carving is the only industrial city in Henan, the “hometown of jade,” “Little Shanghai” reputation.
Bay Area beautiful, scenic, natural landscape and cultural landscape of many. Urban atmosphere with jade Bay industrial zone, rippling artificial lake, lush green corridor and into sightseeing, shopping, sunstroke in one of the Dragon Bridge, Rainbow Bridge, European-style commercial buildings and jade, jade Bay panorama constitute , which combines business, leisure, entertainment, tourism as a whole, contains a strong jade rural charm. Overlooking jade Bay, along the Chao River is an original ecological forest green manure, beautiful environment, artificial lakes Nei Bibo waves, ducks, osprey and other waterfowl flocks open habitat; clear water reflecting the blue sky; European-style jade Trading Floor group reflecting surface; shore weeping willows, grasses; Lung Bridge as a dragon lying in the blue above, like a rainbow arched bridge hanging horizon; assortment of jade jewelry, jade like people being in the ocean.
As jade Bay landmark – Chinese Jade Culture Center is internationally hailed by the Chinese, one of the eight outstanding designer Dr. Zhao Bing design, the entire building to the Script “Jade” word for the overall shape, with a total investment 8,000,000 yuan , construction area of ​​4,000 square meters, the exhibition hall, function rooms, jade culture museums and research centers jade culture, space and smooth, exotic novelty. Called at home and abroad a must.
Jade beautiful modern garden bay scenery and modern management mode complement commensurate with the market, making jade jewelry jade Bay demonstrated tremendous market potential and broad market prospects. Jade Bay has become the country’s largest market with jade based, the other a variety of products processing and sales of auxiliary craft market, daily recreation, shopping traffic of 5,000 passengers, on turnover of nearly 200 million yuan. Jade Bay market after the completion of the planning and construction in the area will be kindergarten center, railway stations, apartments for the elderly, water, recreation centers and other facilities and the development of public welfare, improve the functioning of markets, making jade Bay Integrated market has become fully functional, shopping, leisure and entertainment as one of the economic, cultural and business center.

Yangzhou jade
Yangzhou jade is not local, but the convenience of traffic and the ancient Yangzhou affluent people but for the formation and development of jade carving has created favorable conditions. Precious stones from around the country are working here, suddenly identity hundredfold. Each piece of jade composition, color, shape, size are not the same, in accordance with jade master adept at their different characteristics, first conceived the shape of jade, carved carefully before proceeding. Sometimes a large jade works to a man ten years Yangzhou jade carving jade hard texture used careful, Mohs hardness 4-8 degrees, hand-crafted technology is more complex, the process is characterized wondering, that is, “Zhuo” and “grind jade.” Yangzhou jade jade material used in Xinjiang white jade, jade, jasper, Liaoning Jade, agate, topaz, crystal, Jiangsu, Hubei, green seedlings, pine otoliths, Guangdong Nanfang Yu and Brazil jade, Burmese jade, Afghanistan’s green gold, Canada and Japan, jasper, coral and so on.
Yangzhou jade points furnace bottles, figures, flowers, animals, antique, carved six sub-category mountain, range, color range. Ancient Yangzhou jade were kept in different periods of art features, such as the Western Han Dynasty, “white jade cicada” in Hotan jade into, the “Han eight carved” approach, concise and straight lines, grind pole see the effort; Qing Dynasty, “Dayu flood “and use a variety of techniques, are priceless treasures, it is Xinjiang green jade materials, high 224 cm, carved six years before, employment 150,000, spent fifteen thousand thousand two silver.
Yangzhou jade carved creatively Yin, depth of relief, three-dimensional sculpture in the round, hollow carving and other techniques into one, forming a “rich, mellow, refined, witty, sophisticated,” the basic characteristics of its unique artistic charm known in world. Today’s Yangzhou jade composition novel, elegant, exquisite workmanship. Among them, particularly the “Mountain Eagle son” and “Lian live” craft unique, Yangzhou jade carving artist shows consummate skill. Today’s Yangzhou jade carving arts division, fully inherited the fine tradition of Yangzhou jade carving skills, innovation, in practice follow the “amount of material drawn, because the material applied arts,” the pondering process rules, combined with the times, constantly improve “phase Jade” capabilities and polish skills, creating a large number of novel composition, elegant, exquisite products. Their “Son mountain carving” and “practicing child live” art unique style, showing exquisite Yangzhou jade carving techniques.
Yangzhou jade engaged in the production of enterprises generally face high costs (jade prices rising every year), the high cost of higher taxes difficult, extremely difficult to survive. Yangzhou jade processing of raw materials mainly from Xinjiang.
Meanwhile jade for manual operation, the production cycle is long, because jade carving skills learning takes a lot of energy and effort, but also in the process of carving creators have their own ideas and thinking. Disproportionate effort and reward, carved jade carving radish as in restaurants, resulting in a lot of young people do not want to engage in learning skills jade, jade carving craft Houjifaren. These two reasons led directly to a huge loss of existing technical staff, young people do not want to learn and engage in this craft, Yangzhou jade carving skills Houjifaren in urgent need of protection and rescue. Country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, May 20, 2006, the State Council approved the estate included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. June 5, 2007, determined by the Ministry of Culture, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, Jiang Chunyuan and Gu Yongjun for cultural heritage inheritors representative, was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage inheritors representative 226 the list.

Nanyang jade
After carving artists and scientists and mining, sorting traditional skills, to learn foreign experience, Nanyang jade continuous improvement process, and gradually formed its own unique artistic style, flexibility and color techniques known to the world dignitaries. Nanyang Billiton Baoyu Co., Ltd., general manager, senior artists, said Wu whole, because jade alone rich colors, shades, skills, a colored stone above often smells.
This requires thorough consideration should sculptor, both have wonderful layout ideas, but also clever use of a variety of colors, making the whole works wonders of the heavens, and let the viewer can not help but lovely. Nanyang jade produced “Wolong mountains”, the use of jade alone colorful, one of the prime characteristics of fresh, rigorous layout, clever use of pretty colors, fine carving, imposing, it weighs 3.8 tons, 2.5 meters long, 1.6 meters high, is the The biggest giant jade, is a rare art treasures.
With a selection of Dushan jade rings crafted stove, flower smoked, absorbed the ancient bronzes and other crafts features, creating a multi-turn ball smoked yellow flowers, modeling simple dignified, highly intricate, in France, organized by the International Crafts Exhibition At the meeting, has won widespread praise. Nanyang jade processing on people, the choice of materials is very rich, in addition to outside as well as from Liaoning Dushan Jade Jade, Myanmar jade, Afghanistan jade, jasper, Canada, Russia, jade and coral, agate, QUARTZ, crystal stone, amethyst stone, red sapphires and other more than 150 kinds of jade.
Indeed, after years without failure of jade carving industry flourished, forming a rich, profound Nanyang jade culture, gave birth to a generation after generation, from generation to generation, endless, skilled Nanyang jade carving artists. Nanyang jade carving masters in succession, while the traditional process, the introduction, absorption and innovation art and design sculptures. It is a long history, rich cultural heritage and unique combination of jade resources, which makes the Nanyang jade carving art treasures to be handed down to flourish, jingshizhizuo also been published.

Nanyang jade carving artist who designed “Wolong mountains”, “Kowloon rotating flower smoked”, “Crane deer with Spring”, “Great Wall”, “Kowloon sundial” and so on more than 40 pieces of fine has won national and provincial awards many items as rare treasures from the National Palace Museum, art galleries and collectors. “Kowloon sundial” gift length 199cm, width 110cm, height 80cm, weight 500kg, the gifts design style unique, ingenious idea, imaginative, unique to the Nanyang Dushan Jade clever use of a variety of colors, using embossed, engraved, engraving , carved lines and other sculptures make this product line is smooth, shape and spirit have, imposing. Nine dragon surrounded sundial that Kyushu sons and daughters close unity and harmony, while expressing Jiujiuguiyi intended. The entire work symbolizes national unity, national prosperity and reunification of the motherland, Henan ninety million people expressing joy greet Macao regression of affection.
Known as the “National Treasure” and weighs 3500 kilograms of jade “ditch Alexander Yuhai,” is when the Yuan Dynasty Kublai reward the soldiers hold wine artifacts, the earliest history of China’s largest giant jade carving, artistic landmark of China treasures, but also the history of the world a rare gem masterpiece. But the advent of more than 700 years, the jade material has different opinions, not identified. At the Forum, after more than 20 well-known jade archaeological collection of experts careful observation, research, and Nanyang Dushan jade mine samples repeated comparison, identification, identification made in the Yuan Dynasty, is now on display in Beijing’s Beihai Park, Mission City ” Alexander Yuhai ditch “Nanyang Dushan jade material. Thus, an “ancient mystery” final word.

Tools Process
Jade carving tools

Drills original main application is a desktop machine can not carry a large jade works, often with the use of hand-held devices such electric grinder, electric grinder to complete the details of the work can not be carried out. As desktop grinding in dealing with certain fixed-type handle as flexible as indeed, many people will choose to be flexible shaft machine used in some of the smaller or more special-type on.
Due to the increasing demands of the fine jade, jade carving people continue to find and try to better equipment. Tooth machine is Zhuo who borrowed dentist medical equipment, its flexibility is the best of all models, and therefore mainly used details of the deal, and in the heavy work is almost no application value.
Jade carving process
Jade carving mainly include material selection, peeling, design, coarse carving, fine carving, finishing and polishing processes.
1. Choice of materials, skinning
In most cases is based on the design of jade, so-called “because of material applied arts.” Jade material especially after river erosion over gravel jade material, often has a layer of the surface oxide layer, in addition to how to crack and texture extends understanding required before carving, jade carving design so that it may make. Of course, good jade epidermis, not arbitrarily stripped surface can sometimes use different colors of jade carving a good design can be a pretty jade color, raise the value of jade.
2. Design
Jade jade carving design is the key. In general, designers are often based on the color of jade, slotted degrees, textures and shapes designed and crafted themes, select the appropriate subject of jade material characteristics, the first to maximize the use of jade, jade material according slotted degrees and exterior design , can not waste Tamaryo; make good use of color to produce the best results; Try abandoned jade pieces on lock crack flawed.
3. Crude carving
Good kind of jade pieces after hook can take the rough, rough carving embryos can also be called to do, that in accordance with the design requirements will be shaped carved jade, jade carving reached a preliminary design of the basic shape. Rough carving is very important in this process is the basis for the success of jade, jade carving once, it is difficult to turn back, really is a “turning back” So be careful before carving.
4. Fine carving and finishing
Fine carving, by definition is carefully crafted meaning. Carved out of jade rough contours after filling must be fine carving, carved jade pieces to complete the whole lake processes. The purpose is to fine jade carving further refined styling exploration plan; make the performance of bird fleas, figures landscapes, animals and birds from the outline of the state De Hu precise shaping into real, realistic, there is movement cut, carve a subtle process of expression .
5. Polishing
Jade polishing is very important and irreplaceable as jade. No matter how finely carved jade surface is always rough, does not reveal the beauty of jade crystal clear, the only perfect polishing to make the jade exhibit Wenrun Guang Jie appearance, to make jade with noble temperament, size can What is the true value of show.
6, trimming, lettering and inscription
The final repair activity is not necessary, but sometimes really crucial. Because some of the design process of the problems has not been found, the need to repair after polishing. Besides design makers may need to work on in the jade inscribed lettering, are generally required after completion of the works.

Process characteristics

One, because the material applied arts
Shi Yi jade material is due to the primary process. Jade is craft, amorphous. Jade need imagination, and note on top of jade, without altering sex. Each work is required from the material, color, shape, etc. starting to maximize the use of jade material, especially in the figures, flowers, floral, animal creation is due to material design, inventive. Jade carving of a long history, its arts facilities because the technology is getting more material and reasonable. Historically dominated only in small pieces, a single product, in limited quantities. As technology advances, improving his technique, because material applied arts skills increasingly high, the work is more colorful. Its shape jade, Op size, color, and so are the result of rational use of materials applied arts to get the best results.
Second, cut out dirty to lock
Dirty, jade products in the lock is taboo. That is, to cut out the dirty jade impurities removed, so Jade purer, brighter. Zhuo Yi Xuan and Tian Mu Yujing teacher introduced large jade are hard to find without a whole body of impurities jade material, cut out to do all the dirty, I its shape, according to its characteristic design work to maximize the use of materials. In this regard Zhuo Yi Xuan flattery most delicate work of the design concept, the pursuit of “aesthetic, Arts CD, CD-fine,” Wada seed material through fine design make up for its flaws, if there is no ability to make them fine handed down, preferring to let created by millions of years to maintain its shape and not to destroy its original beauty. In the work of the production process, or more exposed or re-yi impurities, or black or white or rice-shaped impurities, particularly the main part of the front, which is the most difficult problem of the designer were to try to deal with out or “cover.” Jade dirty work cut out to change a lot of work because of the original structure, both to remove the dirty spots and rationalize its structure modeling, the pains were evil jade fee.
To lock. Namely the natural jade lock crack, no definite shape, orientation and regularity. Due to the forces of nature into the lock of the impact of changes in the cold and many other factors. The types of lock breaking cracks, broken lines, Turtle pattern, fried heart pattern, patterns and other fried scared. Processing of jade carved in the choice of materials and the first thing to pay attention to the processing pattern lock, or cis tuft tuft saw jade, or hide. After going under the feed-shaped lock design. After carving the design, the pattern resembles a lock again, said, “ridge”, “waterline.” Brood design and workmanship required by reshaping it to lock by accident effect. Jade works amorphous, cut out dirty to her head, though to go negative, there is “a blessing in disguise,” otherwise creative effect.
Three, of the flaw as Yu
The flaw in the bogey jade, crystal clear natural jade is hard to find the jasper, particularly in the mining centuries later, treasure jade resources, make full use of jade, jade experts have long been aware that the formation of “The Opposite of flaws as” the carving process features. Xia Yu is the author of the works is not only does not affect the work, more so vivid works to increase the sense of realism, reaching beyond the reach of ordinary jade material effect.
Fourth, the clever use of waste
Using it for the purpose of waste treasure jade material resources, reduce the cost of work to create a material and finished product of equal value or higher than the value of jade carving crafts, especially in the full use of non-renewable resources of jade, “clever use of waste” is commendable.
Five, pretty clever use of color
Pretty clever use of color jade carving craft is a major feature for the jade industry in general applications. The main green jade, both yellow, black, red, white and other colors. There are lake green, apple green, grass green and green and white and other colors. Some variegated jade jade, red, yellow, black, green, all together in one color, colorful, river mill jade jade is dark green, brown yellow jade outsourcing skin. Jade jade rich colors and clever use for the production of pretty colored material provides a good foundation, but also the exquisite jade products, image, vivid, giving a vivid lifelike feel, leaving the world more love.
Six, relief
One of the kinds of jade carving reliefs. In the plane of the base plate engraving shape or cut system image, body contour approximation painting, punch varied from no formality, mainly from the front to enjoy. Relief is mainly used for hormone live, stove, bottle smoked, utensils among other works also impose relief. Jade works due to a variety of relief patterns, ornamentation, so that works antique, elegant and luxurious. More types of relief.
Bas-relief: the sculpture shallow, less hierarchical cross, its depth is generally less than 2 mm, bas-relief checkmark line stringent requirements. Commonly used in the method of combining lines and surface enhanced three-dimensional picture
In relief: “underground” to be darker than the bas-relief, the level change is also more generally to a depth of 2-5 mm son, also bore wall thickness determined according to its depth.
Deep relief: level crossing and more three-dimensional sense. Embossed pattern has two categories: one is the traditional variety of deformation patterns such as fret, thunder pattern, hook lotus patterns and so on. One for realistic patterns such as flowers, fruits, vegetables, birds, landscapes, figures and concrete type of dragon and phoenix, auspicious patterns and so on. Various modifications of the traditional animal patterns to make utensils simple, solemn, heavy. Plant design patterns splendid light. Geometric patterns to make utensils stable equilibrium. Deformation pattern patterns often applied in containers abdomen, neck and various edge.
Seven, engraved
Is the further development of openwork relief, also known as hollow carved. Or deep in bas-relief, on the basis of certain relief equivalent to “land” or background hollow parts. The more distinctive silhouette image of the scene, so that works can reflect exquisitely carved, cunning process effect. Increase the level of openwork jade works, many of the works up and down two triple patterns and even four. As levels increase, patterns, staggered up and down the scene, the scene near and far different. Because of its complex process, making more difficult, take drilling penetration milling method, it is hollow at the upper and lower lines scattered complex, polishing the most time-consuming, however, openwork artistic best.
Eight, Yuandiao
Also known as “body sculpture garden”, is three-dimensional sculpture. Around each side must be carved out, ornamental objects, regardless of its front, side, you can enjoy any angle up and down from the surrounding, such as physical devices, but the proportion of the difference it has real volume. Yuandiao widest variety of process applications is a prime live classes and character classes. North jade carvings craft nationally known, the proportion of the body and the cover fit, exquisite accessories, grooming gorgeous, rich. Quintana works just like practical objects, but it is an exquisite handicrafts.
Nine, engraving
Engraving is a more complex process. In a jade carved inside and outside the two-story or three scenes, jade industry called “skills.” From the early days of the Republic to as tools to limited conditions and is not skilled jade carving, engraving techniques have been blank. After the 1970s, artists explore jade engraving techniques, and achieved breakthrough results.
Ten, thread combinations
Threaded combination of industrial thread, assembly process used jade crafts. 80 years after the jade bulky products popular. Jade products introduced in the thread, the results are satisfactory.
In addition, although all kinds of craft divide and above it, then it is difficult to separate the jade works in a piece of work as some kind of craft, most boutique for the various process rolled into one, or to a certain kind of technology-based, Other processes of both. Works of the fine is this.

Identify examples
She too Chui:
She too Chui formed 18-24 million years ago siliceous sedimentary seabed, after the repeated tectonic movements and hydrothermal seep chromium, forming a chromium-based quartzite, pale green to white, translucent, hard and compact texture after polishing delicate moist, bright color, very enjoyable.
1. Mohs hardness 7.1
2. Density: 2.6

Refractive index: 1.54

4. Radioactive 3 — 5R (safety standards 40R)
5. Optical Properties: Transparent – Translucent
6. Color: light green — White
7. Anti-acid corrosion
1, Color: jade expert on color very seriously. Color is not only important to evaluate the merits of the standard quality jade, jade species but also the main basis for division. She too, though not the color of emerald is a variety of jade in the crowd, but its unique rich colors equally much cherished.
She too emerald color of jadeite and abroad compared to other regions, the tone more, since a series. She too jade white, blue, emerald green, three basic colors, there are some transitional color, such as green white, gray, green beans, dark green, and so on. She too Chui legend industry people in a race and Tian Baiyu Baiyu said. Jadeite Jade talk with Johnson. Is extremely rare high-grade jade.
2, Hardness: Hardness identification She too is an important sign of emerald. Mineral hardness of minerals other objects arrived engage an invasive mechanical properties. Hardness is usually two:
(1) relative hardness, or Mohs hardness is a carved hardness.
Jade carving
(2) absolute hardness, also called the indentation hardness. Is based on the mineral surface to bear the weight determined. She too Chui Mohs hardness of 6.9 to 7.2, between different varieties slightly different. Generally the hardness is slightly larger than white jade. Generally the jewelry industry as a division of gems and jade hardness is an important sign. Gem in Mohs hardness is generally 7.3 degrees or more, jade Mohs hardness is generally 4 to 7.2 degrees, She too Chui hardness, good polishing, easy to save, with some collectible value.
3, density: the density is the weight per unit volume jade. She too Chui’s weight was measured by using a small sample weight, of 2.65 ~ 2.85. Slightly different varieties, white 2.85, 2.65 green jade, jade is 2.75.
4, Transparency: Transparency is visible through the extent permitted jade, jade Dan Duiguang mainly with the absorption intensity related to mineralogy is generally divided into transparent, translucent, slightly transparent body, non-transparent four kinds. She too is slightly transparent emerald body, in general, progressive degrees that can transmit light, but not see through things like.
5, gloss: shiny jade Dan Duiguang reflective capabilities. She is too shiny glass emerald sheen. This gloss is not strong not weak, that is, no glare crystal inspiration, there is no low-light wax texture, soft and delicate, shiny lesson.

Jade history
Neolithic jade animals mostly birds, fish, turtles, pigs, cicadas and other animal-based, multi-use relief, relief art expression, carving technique is simple, clean lines but very expressive, quite a mystery.
Many animals in the Shang Dynasty jade image, was quite popular animal patterns, bronze ornamentation often used. Mainly tiger, rabbit, deer, birds, etc, and mostly jade jade, there are holes, in order to wear, animal ornamentation beautifully concise.
Western Zhou Chunqiu animals when jade tiger, deer, pigs, horses, cattle and sheep were the most common, the use of multi-reliefs and carvings craft skills less stress lively and vivid expression.
Warring States Period, Han Dynasty jade animal theme has leap-type development, in addition to the common animals, but also the emergence of various imaginary animal and auspicious, jade carving techniques used in relief carvings Individually, both realism and abstract art style, lifelike , expressive matter.
Tang and Song Dynasty jade animal theme change a lot, Tian Lu, evil spirits and other animal almost disappeared, peacocks, camels and other Western began to appear in large animals such as jade among its artistic style is also affected by Western cultural influences, free and easy rough.
Jin and Yuan animal jade style was influenced by northern ethnic minorities, such as swans swimming appear, eagles and other birds hunting lively and natural scenes.
Ming and Qing jade animals peaked themes including animal, zodiac, poultry, etc., carved exquisite and delicate, dense lines, both realistic and vivid.
Because animal-shaped jade is mainly used for wear and ornamental, decorative function, so it was out of the conception of ritual jade ideological shackles to become Yu-workers to get rid of the mysterious art of color, to express the feelings of longing for natural beautiful image a small world.

Identification methods
People love jade jewelry and jade, but jade identification method but few people know that, in fact, can be considered jade jade identification of a knowledge, if you love jade, must learn it for identification.
Zhuo Yi Xuan’s Mu Yujing teacher to teach you a visual identification methods jade, jade knowledge which it is more basic one.
Grossly law and nephrite a color to white and cyan color tone, color more evenly. White jade, especially suet is unique and nephrite. Nanyang jade Jade and also white, but no positive Hetian jade, some of them with green and other impurities. Sapphire blue, sometimes green jasper and Jade so easy to confuse, to grasp the characteristics of blue, it ranged between blue and green. And Tianyu Zi Yu and some have skin color, skin color tones are mostly brown, localized.
Two texture analysis method and nephrite dense texture and delicate, moist and soft, with oil sheen, giving a soft but just see sense, white is particularly evident. There are also other jade fine texture, but not moisture and oil sheen and nephrite.
Three test impurities France and nephrite pure quality, very few impurities. Common for the iron and graphite impurities. Impurities are distributed in the crack, there are different color rendering, brown or brown-black, naked eye visible. Graphite black, black jade in distributed.
Four judgments hardness method and nephrite hardness 6.5-6.9, steel Daoke does not move, its hardness is similar to a jadeite jade, Nanyang jade, chalcedony, etc. Emerald hardness of 6.5-7.0, 6.0-7.5 hardness Nanyang jade, chalcedony is 6.5-7, you can use other features to distinguish.
Some basic knowledge of jade, besides watching presentation, also available online some large jade forum, look at some expert tips published learned.

Cleaning and maintenance
Maintenance of jade
People talk about Yang Yu, a “raise” the word, not only tells Jade is a living material, and which contains a lot of learning. For the maintenance of jade jewelry, roughly summed up in the following points:
Jade is very hard, but very easy to crack by the collision, although sometimes with the naked eye can not see the crack, in fact, within the molecular structure of the surface of jade has been damaged, there are dark cracks, which significantly impair its perfection and economic value of the degree.
Try to avoid dust. If daily jade dust, then use the soft brush to clean; if dirt or grease, etc. attached to the surface of jade should scrub with warm soapy water, then rinse. Avoid the use of chemical degreasing agent, in addition to oil.
Best placed jewelry bags or jewelry box, to avoid scratch or collision damage. Case of high-end jade jewelry, but not placed on the counter, and free product grime, affecting brightness through.
Avoid contact with perfume, chemicals, soap and body contact with sweat. Jade as much contact with sweat, not immediately after wearing wiped clean and will be subject to erosion, damage to the outer layer, affecting the others vividness. Especially the “ground glass” jade, suet, but avoid sweat and grease.
To avoid sun exposure jade, jade case because of thermal expansion, the volume increases, will affect the quality of the jade. Hibiscus jade, crystal, agate subjected to extreme heat may even burst.
Accessory use clean, soft cloth wiped, not to use dyed fabric, fiber hard cloth. Inlaid with diamonds, red sapphire, emerald jade jewelry and other precious stones, only suitably clean white cloth and wipe the grease, dust, etc. erase, which helps to maintain the original quality of maintenance and.
To maintain proper humidity. Jade rely on a certain humidity to maintain, especially water tank agate, jade crystal classes. Surrounding environment can not be too dry.

Name: lacquer painted dragon spoon

Category: Bamboo tire
Year: Han
Collection: Hunan Provincial Museum
Unearthed Address: Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb
Heritage Appreciation: Bamboo tires, bucket and handle two sub-sections. Bucket with bamboo as the bottom, into a cylindrical, long bamboo handle is made ​​of bamboo nails at the joints connected with the fight. Bucket painted with red paint without ornamentation, the outer wall and the bottom of the black ground, respectively, and Shi Di painted red geometric pattern pattern. Tread pattern is divided into three sections, a section near the bucket as a form of engraved, embossed on the braiding pattern, painted with red paint; Central section of the three-shaped engraved, embossed on the braiding pattern three; handle end of a period of red paint , the above relief dragons, dragon painted black, painted with red paint on their lin claws, dragon for Pentium shape.

Jade, carved jade refers to artifacts. Jade contains jade, carved synthesizers from counting more than 100 years of ancient jade called jade or jade. Modern varieties of jade ornaments variety of styles, are: the jade beads, each jade bracelets, jade hairpins each, jade pendant, set jewelry, various jade rings, Phyllostachys jade products, the jade belts and other dazzling, except Jade, agate, jade and other jade dense material, but also by emerald, green gold, chicken livers stone, malachite, Donglin stone, coral, crystal, QUARTZ, wood becomes raw jade stone and so on. Specifications ever-changing style, single string of beads have flat, pagoda string, color string, shaped string, string, and so with the shape. These jewels jade ornaments through careful equipped with, will give people’s lives, clothing play a perfect match results.
 
In 1863, the French geological mineralogist De Moer, according to Europe’s Qing dynasty Qianlong jade, physical chemistry experiment, the results show that there are two kinds of jade, namely amphibole and pyroxene. Amphibole also known as nephrite, including tremolite and actinolite, Mohs hardness 6-6.5 degrees, the proportion of two. 55-2.65, whose main component is calcium silicate mineral fibers belonging to a hornblende . Hornblende fat creamy color closer to the United States, by pure white color, commonly known as white jade, delicate and moist, very expensive, high economic value. Because a small amount of oxidized metal ions hornblende and showed blue, green, black, yellow and other colors or variegated. Also known as jadeite pyroxene, because those who best texture green, emerald in China have said Blair. Hardness of 6.75-7 degrees, the proportion of 3.2-3.3. Pyroxene places sodium silicate and silicate-based, there is a hint of crystal-like structure, hard, high density, with a sheen of glass, crystal clear. Emerald green, apple green, snow white, delicate lavender are pyroxene typical color.
Pyroxene (jadeite, such as jade) 18th century Qing Dynasty Emperor Yongli Ming Wu Sangui chase entered and took control of northern Yunnan and Myanmar jade mining area rich formal entry into China and then just pop up, Fang Yu Jiang widely adopted by China. Therefore, the vast majority of Chinese ancient jade amphibole (nephrite, such as Hotan jade) products. And nephrite mineral composition to tremolite – actinolite-based, and with serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, the formation of white, green, black yellow, such as different color. Most monochrome jade, few have variegated. Translucent jade, polished was fat-like luster, hardness of 5.5 degrees to 6.4 degrees, which is the jade mineralogy.
China Jade Chinese civilization is the world’s major producing jade [2] countries, not only long history of mining, but also a very wide geographical distribution, Yun-rich. According to the “Shan Hai Jing” records, made in China, jade has two hundred at the location. After several years of exploitation, some jade mines have been exhausted, but some famous jade mines still a lot of mining, as Chinese jade carving art forward, providing endless stream of raw materials. For example, “Shan Hai Jing” chronicles the northeast region Yiwulushan yield and quality beefy Xun, thousands of years later, the names remained unchanged, Yingkou, Liaoning, produced talc. China’s most famous places in Xinjiang Hetian jade. And Tian Yun amount richest, most brilliant color, best quality, the price is the most expensive, is the ancient Chinese jade important source of raw materials, ancient royal love with and nephrite grind control, the ancient Silk Road, the first is Jade Road, after and westward extension made. In addition and nephrite, the Gansu Jiuquan jade, Shaanxi Lantian, Henan Nanyang Dushan Jade and password County, Liaoning Xiuyan, etc., but also Chinese jade raw materials used.
Chinese people’s eyes jade is different, it has gone beyond mere taxonomic category and become the Chinese ethnic spiritual sustenance.
As early as ten thousand years ago, the Upper Paleolithic, the ancestors of the Chinese people and start using jade found it. Generally believed that the ancient people in the making, using stone tools discovered the jade of this mineral. It is more than the average rock hard, so people use it to process other stone products. It is another distinctive color and luster, Bach, endearing, so people will use it for decorations slowly, so that the original is “beautiful stone jade.” In the long life practice in which people gradually realize that the part of the “beautiful stone” has a special nature, took them from the “stone” in the independent, known as “Jade.” Jade carving also has a unique nature, before the invention of the metal Seiko, jade is an indirect method to polish grinding, using utensils driven solutions to grind jade jade sand. With the development of productivity, the amount due is not a lot of jade and processing difficulties, and therefore only a limited number of prominent figures such as family patriarch, priest only qualify to wear and use of this labor-intensive goods, which in turn makes it gradually evolved into ritual, ceremonial vessels or totem. It is in this long slow process of evolution, jade from the original is just a stone into a special representative of the nature of power, status, wealth, symbol of divine right.
More types of Liangzhu Culture Jade, Jade typical device has, Bi, Yu Yue, trigeminal shaped clusters of jade and jade pendant and so on. Liangzhu jade to a large body itself, seemed deep rigorous, symmetric equilibrium has been fully applied, especially in bas-relief decorative techniques known, especially carved lines feat unmatched by almost reached the point where future generations. Best reflects the level of the Liangzhu Jade carving pattern varied and numerous, but also makes the enigmatic Jade and Shoumian immortal lines characterizations.
Compared with the Liangzhu jade, rare dull square Hongshan Culture Jade, and animal-shaped jade and jade circular features. A typical device has Yulong, zoomorphic ornaments of jade, jade hoop-shaped and so on. Hongshan Culture Jade carving skills biggest feature is that Yu Jiang able to skillfully use jade, grasp the object shape features, a few knives, to portray the image of objects to life, very vivid. “Spirit” is the most important feature of Hongshan jade. Hongshan jade, not the big win, but to elaborate reflexes.

From Liangzhu, Hongshan jade and more from medium-sized tombs analysis, Neolithic jade except to worship Heaven, burial buried corpse, such as several purposes, there are evil spirits, a symbol of power, wealth, social status and so on. Chinese jade outset, with mystery. Legendary Xia Dynasty, is China’s first class society. With the continuous accumulation of archaeological data, legends gradually become a reality, Xia culture is constantly revealed. Xia Dynasty jade style, should be Liangzhu Culture, Longshan Culture, Hongshan Culture Jade Jade Shang transition to form, which is available from Henan Yanshi unearthed jade glimpse of its evident. Two inside seven holes unearthed jade knife, modeling the source of the late Neolithic porous stone knives, and also with a Shang Dynasty jade sculptured double outline marked the beginning should be the Xia Dynasty jade.
Shang Dynasty is China’s first to have discovered writing is slavery. Shang civilization is known not only solemn bronze, jade is also known for its many.
Early Shang Dynasty jade found small, rough cut system in general. The late Shang Dynasty Jade Yin Ruins in Anyang tomb of Fu Hao jade as the representative of the jade 755, use can be divided into ritual, ceremonial, tools, appliances, decorations and miscellaneous devices six categories. Shang Yu Jiang use and nephrite larger quantities. Yi Shang Dynasty bronze imitation appeared (yi yi) The Jasper Gui (gui ghosts), Sapphire feasts and other useful utensils. Animals, geometric figures greatly exceed jade jade, jade dragon, Yufeng, jade parrot, look different, Bi Xiao form of God. Jade, or standing or kneeling or sitting, posture and diverse; is the master, or slave, prisoner, it is difficult to discern. Shang has emerged of China’s earliest pretty color jade – jade turtle. The most compelling and most successful is that Shang has begun to work with a lot of sculpture in the round, in addition to Yu Jiang also uses two-wire parallel incised lines (commonly known as double hook line), there will be a conscious male pattern presented in two Yin middle of the yin and yang lines also play a vigorous and effective role, and the whole pattern of change was to make its wonderful song. Completely eliminate the use of both Yin sense of monotony, but also enhance the lines of the three-dimensional design patterns.
Shang Zhou jade jade double outline in succession skills while yimianpo original engraving of thick or thin Yin Zhuo skills, which in the bird-shaped jade ornaments of jade knives and animal faces shine. But generally speaking, the Western Zhou Dynasty Shang Dynasty jade jade is not lively and varied, but seemed a bit dull, too rules. This is a strict patriarchal Western Zhou Dynasty, rituals system is not unrelated.
Spring and Autumn Period, political feudal hegemony, academic contending the arts flourishing, jade carving brilliant, it was the Mediterranean basin with Greek and Roman stone carving art comparable.
Eastern Zhou royal family and dysfunction, for their own interests, regarded jade as their (gentleman) in disguise. They Peigua jade ornaments to flaunt themselves as the “moral” good men. “Gentleman for no reason, not jade body”, so that every scholar, from head to toe, there are a number of jade ornaments, especially the waist jade series more complicated. So when Pei particularly well developed. Embodies the spirit of the times is a lot of dragon, phoenix, tiger-shaped jade, beautiful styling was full of dynamic S-shaped, with a strong Chinese style and ethnic characteristics. Microhyla emerged from hidden valley pattern, accompanied by hollow techniques, to impose on a single sub-Yin Yin collusion between the lines or double hook leaf patterns, appears saturated and harmonious. People first snake pendants, parrot head arched jade ornaments, reflecting the spring vassal state level and wear jade Jade carving case. Hubei tomb unearthed jade multi-section, solid walled village unearthed in Henan Huixian big Yu Huang Pei, jade pieces are composed of a number of sections with a full jade, jade is the Warring States in the most difficult process. Jade ornaments hook and Yu Jian (Jade with sword), was then emerging jade.
Spring and Autumn Period, a large number of inputs and nephrite Central Plains, the royal princes competing for selection and nephrite, jade Palace Museum of collusion between the lines lights are standard and nephrite, then the Propriety and scholars who combine research and nephrite, and nephrite used to reflect Ritual Ideas. In order to meet the psychological and nephrite favorite ruler, then the Confucian benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, propriety, music, loyalty, faith, heaven, earth, Germany and other traditional concept of analogy in the physical and chemical properties and nephrite on various characteristics, followed by “gentlemen Bede in Jade”, jade has five virtues, nine German, eleven Germany and other theories emerged. “Expounding jade attributes assigned to philosophy and moral; arranged jade shapes, endowed with Yin Yang thought and religious; compare jade scales, endowed with title and political level.” (Guo Baojun “Jade New Interpretation” ) Propriety and jade was highly theoretical research summarized. This is the Chinese jade carving enduring theoretical basis, seven thousand Chinese people love jade fashion spiritual pillar.
China has a history of 7,000 years with jade, jade 2500 study of history, which makes China won the “Jade of the country” in the world. The early history of ancient Chinese jade, extended duration, wide distribution, the shape of the public, the fine workmanship, the impact of the deep, as in any other country can match. Chinese people in the long historical process of the formation of a deep-rooted respect for universal jade, jelly national psychology, jade deification and fetish concept, special powers views are rooted here, and Chinese jade culture itself as an important civilization part of the history of civilization for thousands of years in China has a profound impact incalculable. Famous scholar Joseph Needham in the “History of Science and Technology of China” and it is said: “The Jade hobby, it can be said that one of the characteristics of Chinese culture, enlighten the sculptors, poets, painters unlimited inspiration.”
Chinese Culture on the jade, meaning wider. Han Xu Shen in the “Dictionary” said Jade, beautiful stone and five virtues. The so-called five Germany, referring to the five characteristics of jade. Where a tough texture, Crystal Run luster, brilliant colors, dense and transparent organization, Sujan Zhiyuan sound beautiful stone, jade is considered. This standard, jade eyes of the ancients, including not only true jade (hornblende) also includes serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, red, green and other colored gemstones Yu Shi. Therefore, in appreciation of jade, we can not just use modern scientific knowledge to identify strengths and weaknesses, but also must have a historical perspective.
Chinese saying wisdom, called “Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade,” which tells the true meaning of Jade carving. In fact, the intricate jade is not carved out, but to use emery harder than jade and quartz, garnet and other “Xie Yu sand”, supplemented by water to grind jade, cut into the design of the finished product. Therefore, in the jargon, the system is not called jade carved jade, jade and said the rule, or Jade carving, jade grind, grind Zhuo. Jade carving skills are superb, and rule jade tool is simple. Until modern times, the Chinese people have been using traditional tools, such as wire saws, steel and wrought-iron disc, circle round, drilling, semicircular plate and frame with wooden lathe to produce jade. Before the invention of the Neolithic in the Iron and Bronze Age, most of the tools or even just to bamboo device, bone and sandstone from the preparation. So primitive tools that can figure out such a wonderful jade, really miracle.
We now see that the early prehistoric tools jade jade jade mostly knives, jade axes, jade pin. Then there jade ritual (sacrificial) as Liangzhu Culture Jade, trigeminal type device, there are some pictographic as Hongshan Culture Jade Dragon, Jade pigs, etc., should be used as the production of ethnic totem. This period of jade is not entirely within the meaning of jade from the modern sense produced, it can be jade, it can only be a beautiful little stone, such as marble and metamorphic ore mine symbiotic tremolite. Until the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, in the Chinese mainstream culture within the region has been hard to see the jade tool, from appearing on behalf of a large number of jade burial objects, jade accessories such as curtain Fu Hao Shang Dynasty unearthed Dragon, Jade wind, jade crane. At this point has been widely used to produce objects of nephrite.
After three generations by the old Han to Sui, jade has been a noble public Emperor proprietary decorative items. Song is a prosperous economy, business prosperity, technological progress due handicrafts, jade processing becomes more convenient, the wind playing Jade Jade Dasheng reward. At this time a large number of ingenious, processing delicate, wonderful idea jade ornaments, jade pieces.
Ming and Qing jade production and appreciation peaked and more colorful varieties, small hairpin head jade, jade buttons, large whole piece Yupingfeng, Jade, jade boat. Nobility family day is also commonly used to make appliances such as jade jade bowl, jade cup, jade and so on. Generally jade to white (especially in Xinjiang produced suet) is on the second topaz, sapphire again, miscellaneous jade (such as the South jade, Henan jade) for the next.
Early Qing jade into the Central Plains, and its captivating green immediately won the people’s sight. Made with jade jade ornaments popular, when people become fashion pursued. But when we see a piece of jade, appreciate its shape, its impregnation, it is material when the heart liters of oil, however, it would be a strong sense of national pride.

Jade preservation
1, not with a hard object collisions. Jade bumped easily after rupture, although sometimes the naked eye can not see the crack, but the inner surface of the molecular structure of jade has been damaged, resulting in a dark crack, Over time it will be revealed, greatly impair its perfection and collection value.
2, try to avoid dust, oil. If Jade surface dust, use the soft brush to clean; if dirt or grease, etc. attached to Yumian, used warm soapy water scrub, then rinse.
3 jade pendant wear when not properly placed, preferably into jewelry bags or jewelry box to avoid bumps.

4, avoid contact with perfume, chemicals, soaps or contact with human sweat. Because jade contact with sweat too much later, that will be eroded, so that the outer damaged, affecting the original bright color. Especially white – suet but avoid sweat and grease, use soft cloth after wearing wipe.
5, do not set the long-term direct sunlight. Jade sun exposure to thermal expansion, molecular volume increases will affect the quality of the jade, and therefore more bogey near a heat source.

Classification
Texture classification
Jade in China is synonymous with beautiful stone. The ancients as the jade treasure, precious jade people today again called gem. China is a country of jade, but the domestic jewelry industry, archeology and geology sector jade, jade and precious stones are the defining difference. Internationally collectively refers specifically nephrite jade and jadeite (jade), collectively referred to as other jade jade stone. Gem is composed of one or more mineral aggregates with special optical effects, the vast majority are single crystals of a mineral, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, opal, tourmaline, purple teeth black and so on.
[Jadeite]
The latter half of the 19th century, the French mineralogist De Mul to China’s “Jade” is divided into nephrite and jadeite (see Geological Information Institute: “Jade Chong” Foreign Geological Science and Technology “, 1981 No. 2) categories. Jadeite, China commonly known as “Jade” is a rising star in the traditional Chinese jade, jade is all in the top grade modern. Whether emerald “mountain material” (primary ore) or “seed material” (secondary minerals), jadeite mineral composition is dominated by a dense block. Under a microscope, the composition of the mineral jadeite jade closely intertwined to form a fibrous structure emerald. This tight fibrous structure, the emerald has a delicate and tough features.
Jade is made of a steel and aluminum silicate minerals, purified by a colorless or white. The chemical composition of the block is: 58.28% silicon dioxide accounting, accounting for 13.94% of sodium oxide, calcium oxide, 1.62%, 0.91% MgO accounting, accounting iron oxide 0.64%, also contains trace amounts of chromium, nickel, etc. . Among them, Chromium is emerald green emerald with a major factor. Emerald usually contain 0.2 to 0.5% chromium, up to 2 individual -3.75% or more.
Emerald hardness of 7, specific gravity 3.33. Mineral Refractive index: Ng = 1.667, Np = 1.654; re-discount rate 0.012.
Common emerald colors are white, gray, pink, light brown, green, green, yellow, purple, etc., most opaque, individual translucent, shiny glass. By color and texture points, there are gems green, brilliant green, yellow green sun, sun pretty green, glass, green, parrot green, spinach green, shallow green, light green sun, green frog, green melons, plum green, blue-green , gray, glossy dark green, and violet and lotus root starch, more than twenty varieties.
Jade in China explicitly called jadeite, may begin the Song Dynasty. The Han Zhang Heng “Xijing fu”, Ban’s “West Ode” and Six Xu Ling’s “New Wing order” mentioned are likely to refer to nephrite jade in Jasper, rather than jadeite. Because of jadeite has not test in the Tang Dynasty, the Annotation “Selected Works” Reappraisal to “Han” are a bad idea and it. British historian Joseph Needham in the “History of Science and Technology of China,” said the third volume: In the 18th century, Chinese people do not know this kind of thing jadeite. After only jadeite from Burma into China via Yunnan origin. Not long ago, the Soviet geologists base also Fulin Ke also pointed out that Myanmar degree of risk, Burma take, take and Nan Nai Pan take secondary emerald mine was discovered in 1871, has been mined for over a hundred years, has not yet taken empty. Myanmar Wulongjiang native emerald valley as early as the 13th century (Song to early Yuan) has been mining (see “Foreign Geological Science and Technology”). The Chinese treasures and relics from the palace not been found before Ming Dynasty jade. Therefore, when the Chinese people is called jadeite jade, Burmese Jadeite when do I enter China, has been a history of not figure out the mystery. We expect to have a new archaeologists found to resolve this outstanding historical issues.
[Jade]
Nephrite Nephrite is a Chinese translation of the English mineralogist. The English name comes from the Greek, the “kidney” means. This is because the ancient continent that this kind of jade Peigua can cure kidney disease at the waist (long surgery Beowulf: “Precious Gem Dictionary”). However, whether European or, like jade Mexico and New Zealanders or whatever, no Chinese people use Nephrite history. China in the world, “Jade Country,” said the discovery and use of this with a long history of nephrite relevant. Nephrite jade in China, jade, jasper, topaz, and black jade and other varieties. They jadeite different from amphibole group minerals tremolite actinolite minerals (mainly in tremolite) consisting of a dense block. Observed under the microscope, as also nephrite jade with fibrous structure. The tremolite or actinolite by the composition of the fibrous structure is a delicate and tough nephrite main character. Tremolite is a hydrous magnesium silicate and fluorine, the ingredients often contain less than 4% of the iron, when the iron content of more than 4% of that transition actinolite.
Nephrite common colors are white, gray, green, dark green, yellow, black and other colors. Most opaque, individual translucent, shiny glass. Nephrite varieties are divided according to different colors. Best score of white as jade suet, called “mutton fat jade.” Bai Zhiqing grayish white jade, jade was the gray called “green jade.” Jasper was green to dark green, sometimes visible black dirty spots, containing impurities such as chromium spinel minerals due. When impurities are many and black, the black jade is precious. Topaz is a relatively rare breed. There syrup yellow sapphire hull, the existing call it “sugar jade.” Pinkish white who was known as “pink jade.” Tiger skin color is called “tiger jade” and so on.
Knowledge, domestic production regions except Taiwan nephrite Toyota outside (including tremolite opal), mainly grown in Xinjiang. Xinjiang and nephrite long history in the “Historical Records”, “Han”, “Wei”, “Sui Shu”, “Old Tang,” “New Book of Tang”, “History of the Five” and other ancient books, both records . However, before the Western Han Dynasty, historical records contained in the case of Sinkiang Nephrite often carries a lot of myths. From the “Historical Records” recorded “Reese Remonstrance Zhuke book” and “Su Li Zhaohui Wen Wang to the book” in a few words (“Today Majesty caused Kunshan jade, there are over, and the number of treasure treasure …… this person Qin Yan not born. “” Substitute Ma Hu dog does the East, the Kunlun jade not, nor is this the king Sambo who have been. “) point of view, as early as the Warring States to Qin unified, the Xinjiang soft Hetian jade from the northern foot of the Kunlun Mountains to continuously lose all the mainland. Especially by the middle of dense Erdai nephrite larger pieces, often on those kilograms. Clear when 乌沙克塔克 Taiwan region has produced close Erdai abandoned jade three, the big jin, jin times in eight, and weighs three times in extremely heavy. National Palace Museum Treasures from the Museum collection of “Dayu Yushan” original weight ten thousand seven hundred kilos, this by far the biggest pieces of jade, which produced dense Erdai.
Origin Classification
[Xiuyan]
Referred to Jade, because production Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province, named. The main varieties of jade surface, with Xinjiang jade or jasper somewhat similar, but the composition of minerals and hardness is different. Jade is the main mineral composition is serpentine. Composition often contains divalent iron, trivalent iron, further mixed with manganese, aluminum, nickel, cobalt and other impurities, these mix-in the Xiuyan having various colors. Jade colors are white, yellow, yellow, pink, light green, green, green, dark green, brown, green, and other variegated. Which often dominated by green tones, colors ranged between sapphire and jasper. Jade composed of serpentine minerals, typically accounts for more than 85%, common small calcite, tremolite and other minerals. Mixed with tremolite, can increase the hardness of Jade.
Jade jade and nephrite jade with easily distinguished, mainly gloss (both old oil sheen) and hardness are different.
Jade extensive contact metamorphism produced magnesia marble in many parts of China have such a geological environment, so its origin quite extensive. The following are known to have different origins and to the division of species origin of the name:
Jade green, translucent to opaque, grown in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province, tile ditch. Chemical ingredients are: silicon dioxide 43.80%, 42.10% MgO, 0.56% calcium oxide, aluminum 0.006%, 0.64% iron oxide, 11.81% water, 12.85% impurities. Hardness of 4.8 to 5.5, specific gravity 2.61. Produced in dolomite marble in ancient strata.
South jade mining history is unknown, because produced in Guangdong Province Xinyi County Si flow region, so called “Xinyi jade.” Most of the serpentine jade, and contains a small amount of gold mica, talc, calcite, tremolite, chlorite, epidote. Because it contains impurities, often with Jade different colors, dark green to brownish green hue. While output Jade geological conditions there are differences, it is produced in mica schist and banded gneiss mixed strata, jade ore often below 0.2 to 5.5 m thick layer of talc. Qilian production Qilian jade dark green, with more black dirty spots, Jade and South jade do not have this feature.
Beijing topaz yellow, also composed by a serpentine, because productivity Beijing Ming Tombs Laojun Tang contact metamorphic marble in the name. The 1960s found that history is mined, the situation is unknown. Because production is too small, now stop mining. An Greenstone also serpentine jade, because first discovered in Jilin Ji’an County, named after the river of green water. Produced in serpentinized marble ancient strata. Jade than pure, delicate and smooth, apple green to dark green, slightly transparent to translucent. Jade jade and serpentine similar origin and there are many varieties. Therefore, when we identify since Neolithic jade jade fall into this category, must not easily determine the source of jade. In 1977, the Nanjing Museum in Jiangsu Wuxian Caoxieshan, Zhang Ling Shan discovered Neolithic jade, was identified with a jade tube serpentine jade, it is not produced in Liaoning Jade, jade material may be Zhenjiang, Jiangsu product.
[Lantian]
Yin poem reads: sea pearl moon tears, Lantian day Nuanyu raw tobacco.
Lan Tianyu has shown signs in the name of “Han Geography”, jade produced in the “Beijing North (now Xi’an North) Lam Mountain.” Subsequently, “Han Chuan wife’s family,” Zhang Heng “Xijing fu”, “Guang Ya”, “Waterways” and “Yuan and counties map” and other classics, there Lantian jade records. To the Ming Dynasty, Sung in the “Heavenly Creations” said: “The so-called Lam Tin, namely Conglingxi (Kunlun) out of jade alias, and then also mistaken Xi’an Lantian also.” From disputes caused after the world has Lam did not say jade, jade and some say even likely laiyu (color green like jade leaves).
In recent years, Shaanxi geologists discovered in Lantian jade serpentine marble, archaeologists also attracted interest. In 1982, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources Geological Museum, displaying the Lantian original stone. This strongly serpentinized, the local has become identical with Jade jade it. Jade in appearance, with yellow, light green, etc. uneven tone, accompanied by pale white marble. This jade, though not very beautiful, but because Lam is located near the ancient city of Xi’an, jade hardness of about 4, easy to process, so the ancients may use as decorations.
In the Han Dynasty jade has two much like today’s Lantian, a Han Wudi Mao Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province unearthed near the first large-scale embedded in the tomb jade shop door; Another thing is the Palace Museum of the Han Dynasty jade. From these two pieces of jade and jade color point of view, many geologists believe that with today’s Lantian similar. But is it really the ancient Lantian, you need to be further examined.
[Nanyang jade]
Nanyang, Henan Nanyang jade named due to capacity, because of mine in Nanyang Dushan, so called “Dushan Jade.” Nanyang jade bright color, texture is fine, good gloss, high hardness, can be comparable with the emerald. German has been called “Nanyang jade” Soviet geologists base also Fulin Ke once vested in Nanyang jade jadeite jade type deposits. According to the Henan geologists in recent years of research, is a proven Nanyang jade altered anorthosite, plagioclase composition of minerals in addition, there zoisite, epidote, tremolite, sericite, black such as mica and sphene. After microscopic identification, jade contains a variety of alteration minerals, alteration to zoisite Petrochemical, epidotization and tremolite-based. Because jade contains a variety of metal ion impurities power factor), so there are a variety of jade color shades of green, white, variegated mainly, but also saw a purple, blue, yellow and other colors.
Nanyang jade hardness of 6 to 6.5. Shiny glass, most opaque, a few slightly transparent.
According to written records, Nanyang jade mined in the Han Dynasty is no doubt. Nanyang jade unearthed information will be pushed to the provider of advanced mining ago. In 1952, Li Ji, “said Yin edged stone figure,” pointed out, the Yin Ruins edged stone where four hundred forty-four, including jade seven, and that seven of the material is all Nanyang jade jade.
[Turquoise]
Turquoise is dominated by a small turquoise mineral composition Aphanitic dense block, containing copper, aluminum and water, phosphates, usually produced in the secondary epithermal deposits. Mostly sky blue, dark blue, blue-green and green, weathered intense greenish white. With a soft waxy luster. Hardness 6, the proportion of 2.6 to 2.8. Average refractive index 1.61 ~ 1.63.
Turquoise is an ancient tradition in Chinese jade, as early as the Neolithic Age, it is the same jade, agate and other jade together as decorations. According to “History of Ancient Chinese mining development,” a book of statistics, Qijia late Neolithic culture and cultural sites to the Northern and Southern Dynasties tombs, there are many discovered turquoise decorations.
Chinese turquoise, in addition to its known origin northwest Hubei Province, in recent years in Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Anhui, Henan and other provinces have found that due to an ancient Morogata northwest Hubei Xiangyang Road jurisdiction, so again produced in northwest Hubei Morogata turquoise called Yangyang tal, and also a long history of mining. But the world production of turquoise in Persia as the most famous, due to enter Europe through Turkey, and “turquoise” or “Turks jade,” said. We unearthed in ancient China in the identification of turquoise products, they should consider the source of jade, are not necessarily Xiangyang tal.
】 【Huanglong
Huanglong was originally called yellow stone. It seems the locals, it has Tianhuang like color, hardness of jade, and nephrite jade and other soft compared to better hardness, porosity higher, more vibrant colors rich. Because of its production in Longling, Youyi yellow in color, so the final was named Huanglong.
In the year after the year 2000, Guangxi, Yunnan Longling dragon stone supplier in the new and the like up to the junction of the Supa River found in the “Yunnan yellow stone.” Nourish its stone, golden color, a block-type large, varied, a high ornamental value .2004 year, the market is good mountain material Mans just a few dollars per kilogram, but this has come to a few thousand or even a million per kilogram its price speed, hit a miracle in the history of jade.
Huanglong jade industry is an emerging jade. It has the warm and nephrite, Tianhuang of color, emerald hardness (Mohs 7 degrees), Shoushan stone pliable. Huanglong appearance, both emerald visible fibrous structure, there are also similar with Tianhuang radish grain; their transparency both satisfactory jade “head” (its penetration of up to 3-6cm), there are more than nephrite better “oil head”; their shiny glass is more fascinating, coupled HuangLongYu main color is yellow and red, yellow, meaning “rich”, red means “good luck.” Many scholars and players think, Huanglong quality perfectly pitched, but unfortunately its earthly time is too short, lack of cultural heritage.
[Jade] Afghanistan
Afghan Jade scientific name “marble.” Marble is a metamorphic rock. Also known as marble. By the regional metamorphism of carbonate rocks by contact metamorphism or formation. Composed mainly of calcite and dolomite, in addition to containing wollastonite, talc, tremolite, diopside, plagioclase, quartz, periclase and so on. With a granular texture and massive (sometimes banded) structure. Different because the original rock can form different types of marble.
Afghanistan jade line referred to as “A material” is not what we usually refer to the true meaning of jade, the most obvious difference is that having a layered structure and granular structure. Produced in Afghanistan is Afghanistan jade marble.
Afghanistan jade sometimes look more delicate, layered structure is more obvious, and often carved jade cabbage. Afghanistan white hot weather, health care, health, the effect is very significant. Aristocratic lady in particular, the production of competing with this white beauty appliance, there are indeed a magical beauty in tolerance,
[Onyx]
Since agate pattern with beautiful ornaments used by people since ancient times.
Unearthed jade, agate beads clusters common to pendant as much. Han previous history books, agate known as “Joan Jade” or “Red Jade.”
“Guang Ya” with “agate stone plays Jade” and “Jade Red head Joan,” said. Agate a phrase from Buddhist scriptures. Sanskrit name, the “阿斯玛加波”, meaning “agate”, see the introduction of Buddhism to China, jade or red Joan Joan was renamed in China “agate.” In addition to a small mineral composition agate chalcedony, but also sometimes see a small amount of opal or aphanitic particulate quartz. Strictly speaking, there is no characteristic pattern with a pattern can not be called agate, chalcedony only. On the market today that have no pattern with pattern chalcedony is also known as the “agate”, which is the meaning of the same ancient agate inconsistent.
By pure white agate, because it contains other metal elements (such as Fe, Ni, etc.) appear gray, brown, red, blue, green, green, light green, black and other colors, sometimes mixed with several colors or white appears. Agate blocks are transparent, translucent and opaque glass luster to waxy luster. Hardness of 6.5 to 7, the proportion of 2.65. Agate pattern with a pattern according to their thickness and morphology of many varieties. Striatum was “onyx” shape are called “onyx”, where a red pattern with those most precious, called “red onyx.” Additionally, there are “banded agate”, “Walled City agate”, “Tan agate”, “moss agate”, “brocade red agate”, “zygote agate”, “sauce spot agate”, “cypress agate”, “song significantly less agate “,” agate water tank “and other varieties (see Li’s” Compendium of Materia Medica “). In the absence of pattern with pattern “chalcedony”, there are also many of them are raw jade. According to the different colors, the “carnelian”, “green chalcedony” (also known as the British card stone), “light green chalcedony”, “Bloodstone” (also known as the Blood Stone) and “jasper” and so on.
Agate is the same as the traditional Chinese nephrite jade. North yin and yang camps in Nanjing unearthed in the ruins jade and agate beads agate cup there. In a lot of agate beads, there is one for the evil-like, long 1.7 cm. Gansu Yongjing Big Ho Chong Qijia cultural sites, Shandong Junan large stores in the Spring and Autumn and the tomb of the Eastern Jin Dynasty tomb in Nanjing Xiangshan medium, also have been found agate beads. Ancient Agate both from Central Asia, India, Persia, Kang, Japan and other countries tribute, but also from China mainland. Such as the Northeast Fuyu and pour Lou, the former where this rule Siping City, Jilin; latter name for the nation, living in the north of Changbai Mountain, the Songhua River, Heilongjiang River, where since ancient times to a “Akaishi” share name (see “Han Dong Yi Chuan “). Furthermore Yuzhou (now Yuxian) nine empty mountains and Xuanfu (Xuanhua), square Hill (see “Heavenly Creations”), Gansu and Ningxia area (see “Museum Highlights”), Yan’an, Shaanxi Province Shenmu and Fugu region (See “broad public opinion in mind”), Zhen Yu Chau Chi (see “Song”), Guangxi Bobai County (see “Bobai County”), Nanjing Yuhua (see “curios continued examination”) and other places, are produced agate. Today Chinese geologists in the northwest, north, northeast and southwest and south China regions have proven many agate origin. All times, because many agate origin, so identification of the source material unearthed jade agate not then the easy. Such as the famous Tang Dynasty animal heads agate cup, and its source on Tamaryo confused.
[Lapis lazuli]
Qing Jinshi Yu material is lapis lazuli mineral composition, often containing calcite, pyrite, and sometimes a small amount of diopside. Qing Jinshi Yu material produced in Afghanistan, and its average content of mineral lapis lazuli accounted for 25 to 40%. Jade was a unique blue, dark blue, light blue and ultramarine blue. Opaque glass to the oil sheen. Hardness 5.5, specific gravity 2.7 to 2.9. Color dark blue and thick but not black person, called “green gold”; dark blue lapis lazuli and pyrite content than mineral, it is called the “golden lattice waves”; pale blue and with white calcite (generally without pyrite) who said “birth stone” (this name comes from the ancient medicine with lapis lazuli for birth is said).
Lapis lazuli in ancient times was called “cite Lynn” or “glass” and more are used to make the emperor’s burial is, because of its green color, you can reach the road to heaven. “Yi Ji” Volume set: “Xi Emperor as their home, …… with glass miscellaneous treasure for the turtle fish.” Tomb of Qin Shihuang whether there lapis, archaeologists need to verify. Chicago Hull foreign scholars believe that China in the 2nd century AD (Han) has lapis lazuli, and Zhang Hong Zhao in the “Stone Ya” in the view that China has three generations beginning. The dispute, the majority of archaeologists also need to be resolved. China has not yet found the origin of lapis lazuli. Famous ancient origin in Persia and the Soviet Union. According to records, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union by the middle of Lake Baikal lapis lazuli, have entered China. If we have unearthed the tomb lapis lazuli, jade materials whose origin is not in Afghanistan, there may be a product of Lake Baikal.
[Chrysocolla]
“Read the history of geography” Kango sixteen contains: “Tianzhu, State (Larix states, now Shaanxi Ankang County) West fifty years, under the Bi-tin, turquoise Zhu hole more than twenty, all taken into Tribute Song , begin close-out. “Xia Xiangrong, etc. In the” History of Ancient Chinese mining development “and said:” Not at Austin dianzi Bi Yuan, Ming Bi tin when no exception. “This is because the turquoise (tal) is generally not with malachite (green, also known as “malachite green”) symbiosis, and “chrysocolla” is often associated with malachite symbiosis. Since it is known with “Bi tin” symbiosis is malachite, then the “Bi-tin” or “Bi-tal” probably means “chrysocolla.”
Malachite is a secondary oxide minerals, usually copper produced in the upper oxidized zone. Malachite green peacock was named because, mostly massive, bell emulsion, hull shape and concentric banding. Hardness 4-6, the proportion of 3.9 to 4. Often with limonite, calcite, manganese soil, chalcedony, chrysocolla as symbiotic.
Chrysocolla is also a secondary minerals, mostly by chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and other hot solution of alkali silicate by the changing role of the formation. Was green, blue to blue, often opal or enamel-like block, there are earthy or grape-like person. Hardness of 2 to 4, the proportion of 2 to 2.24. And malachite, like opaque glass to earthy luster. In addition to the distinction with malachite different chemical composition, the color than the malachite blue light and near (close to turquoise), specific gravity and hardness less than malachite. Furthermore, chrysocolla brittle, but also with the important difference malachite and turquoise characteristics.
[Gem]
Learned from a lot of archaeological data, China unearthed jade jade material is mainly traditional, but there are also accompanied unearthed gems. Now some important gems as outlined below:
Diamond mineralogical name diamond. Isometric crystal system, mostly octahedron, there are rhombic dodecahedron and octahedron six persons. Chemical composition of the carbon. Hardness of 10, the proportion of 3.5 to 3.6, refractive index 2.40 ~ 2.48 18 centuries ago, India is the world’s only diamond producing area. Brazilian diamond was discovered in 1728; African diamond was discovered in 1850. China Shandong diamond output, said only three hundred years of history. According to the “Heritage” 1972 11 Issue 32 reports, Nanjing Xiangshan the 7th Eastern tombs, inlaid with a diamond ring, which is by far China’s oldest diamonds unearthed in chronological look should be Tianzhu products.
Mineralogical name is ruby ​​and sapphire corundum. Trigonal crystal often has barrel, cone, plate, cylindrical, irregular granular, etc., often crystal surface twill or stripes. Hardness 9, chromium component is mixed red; mixed iron, titanium, manganese blue or other color. Today, in gemology and jewelery industry, in addition to those called ruby ​​red transparent, the other transparent colored corundum crystals (do those gems), them registering “Sapphire.” Such as yellow person, called “yellow sapphire”; Green who said “green sapphire” and so on. In ruby ​​and sapphire and two special varieties, called “star ruby” and “Star Sapphire.” This gem is generally opaque or nearly translucent, refined into cabochon gems, appeared in six curved top surface of the radial band of light, like a shining star.
Ruby, Chinese ancient “red thorn”, “according to the house red” and “Balas,” said. It is known that “Balas” a real means mineralogy called “spinel” gems. Sapphire, Chinese ancient “howling,” said the ancient “howling” as the names and refers to other jewelry blue or green gem. In recent years, the eastern and southern China to discover the origin of the sapphire, ruby ​​has not yet discovered. If found in the tomb sapphire, probably from Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and other places; ruby ​​likely to come from Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia.
Emerald late Yuan Tao Zongyi writer in the “augmented farming record” called “to help spunlace.”
Emerald, generally refers to transparent colored gemstones do beryl mineral crystals. According to different colors, they have their names. For example, sky blue are called “Aquamarine”; yellow-green are called “olive Aquamarine”; pure yellow are called “Golden Emerald”; pale red are called “Emerald Rose” and so on. Only when the chromium content, making it the color becomes dark green or green when is the emerald.
Unique emerald green emerald crystals mixed because of chromium ions, chromium oxide content is generally from 0.15 to 0.20%, deep emerald green by chromium oxide content of up to 0.5 to 0.6%. Regular hexagonal columnar crystals. Hardness 7.5, specific gravity 2.71. Transparent, shiny glass. Refractive index: No = 1.585, No = 1.579; re-discount rate 0.006. Crystals are often flawed, mostly small pieces of shiny, also known as “onion skin.” As beautiful emerald color, the “Emerald of the King” Fitch said. Four thousand years ago, in ancient Egypt and Greece it was used as jewelry inlaid goods, often refined into a disk-type or price ladder, arts and crafts field specifically called “Emerald.”
Emeralds produced in ancient Egypt. 1930 Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union only to find emeralds. Since the 1920s, South Africa (Azania), Zimbabwe and Brazil, have been found a large emerald deposits. Today emeralds in Colombia Qi Woer famous origin and Kisa boroughs. Besides India, Tanzania, Zambia also produced emerald. China has not found the origin of emeralds. Ming Emperor Wanli Wang Ding Tomb unearthed large emeralds inlaid belt, I do not know from where.
Opal commonly known as “cat eyes”, called “Lion negative”, meaning by a lion carrying of meaning. This gem is mainly produced in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), so called “opal Ceylon.”
Opal mineralogical name “chrysoberyl” is a special mineral chrysoberyl varieties. This gem crystals with parallel distribution because of the “tubular” holes inclusions, processed into cabochon gems (commonly known round the waist), can produce concentrated light reflections appear like a cat’s eye “Tongmou” like band of light, so called opal or cat eyes. When opal appeared in China, historical records difficult to test. Zhang Hong Zhao in the “stone ya” and cited “Lang ring in mind,” said language; “Fairy on the negative two …… reign reign lions hidden in the peony steel when combined in order to verify the cloud.” Here “Lion negative” if that is earlier opal, waiting. Qianlong Qing Tombs now known tomb unearthed opal; Palace Museum Treasures shop urn atop also has very good quality inlaid opal. Chinese ancient opal input rests Sri Lanka, the first time you enter China remains to be verified. Tourmaline “Qing Hui Figure” volume thirteen called “Bi imports (Ya) imports (Wang Si)”; “Museum Highlights,” said “Phi Jesse”; “Dian Hai Yu Heng Zhi,” said “crooked Bixia “” Bixia imports (Wang ratio) “,” Bi wash “;” Yu Ji “, called” Bixia hope. ” In the beginning, the Beijing court jewelers often called “Bi Se” or for “tourmaline”, all lines of today’s “Tourmaline” gem. Today “Tourmaline” has been become colored tourmaline gemstones process name.
Tourmaline mineral composition quite complex, columnar crystals, the cross section for the spherical triangle, the crystal surface of a vertical and horizontal. Jewel colored transparent crystal, strong shiny glass. Hardness of 7 to 7.5, specific gravity 2.98 to 3.05. According to a different color “red tourmaline,” “Green Tourmaline”, “Pi-Xi”, “brown tourmaline” and “tourmaline opal” and a number of varieties. By crimson commonly known as “double pink” light red by commonly known as “single pink.” National Palace Museum Treasures from the Museum collection in a large variety of colors tourmaline products, mostly in the Ming and Qing thing. Ancient records tourmaline production Burma. Now China Xinjiang Altay tourmaline produced the most famous, but the exploitation of unknown age.
[Fluorite]
In 1978 the first phase of “archeology excavations · Hemudu Phase Report,” where there unearthed jade fluorite products. Xia Xiangrong, who think that this is obviously make the best of fluorite. There are colored transparent fluorite crystals, China’s jewelry industry called soft crystal. Fluorite chemical composition of calcium fluoride, often containing yttrium, rare earth impurities and cesium. Cubic or octahedral crystals. There are white, green, yellow, blue and other colors. Hardness 4, the proportion of 3.18. Refractive index 1.433 ~ 1.435. Component because it contains trace amounts of uranium emits green fluorescence. Strong phosphorescence who, according to historical records is “Night Pearl” kind. According to legend, ancient Indian discovery of the “Snake Eyes stone” that firefly glowing pearl color, night half feet away from it, you can borrow its light viewing prints. Needham, “History of Science and Technology of China,” a book contains: the ancient Chinese people love Syria produced glowing pearl, alias “Peacock warm stone.” It is said that the Empress Dowager Cixi with nine glowing pearl in the crown, which has lost four folk. Not long ago, someone found a glowing pearl in Luoyang, Shaanxi Fufeng County, it was also found that the glowing pearl, none of identification is what gems. It showed that there glowing pearl of ancient. “Beijing Evening News” June 3, 1983 2nd edition of “Chinese discovered glowing pearl,” a paper reported tungsten mine in Guangdong province was also found in fluorite concentrator strong phosphorescence fluorite, can be described as a modern glowing pearl. This finding not only illustrate the ancient legends and documented glowing pearl gems do exist, but also the new origin.
Crystal jade unearthed along crystal products more common, since the Warring States tombs often unearthed.
The chemical composition of crystal silicon dioxide, a geometrical shape having a quartz crystal. Hardness 7, the proportion of 2.65. There are colorless, transparent, purple, pink, brown, black and other colors. For the same color of certain impurities; citrine contain ultra microscopic state of iron hydroxide gel; smoky quartz may be linked to radium radiation-related; rosy may contain amorphous silicon manganese oxide and hydroxides; containing microscopic state hematite inclusions may be noticeable pink; amethyst may be caused by boron; black smoky quartz may contain more impurities.
Except for the color divide amethyst crystal, citrine (false topaz), citrine and ink products, but also by inclusion into the crystal (a variety of needle-like mineral inclusions) and a water tank crystal. Where the pink block, called QUARTZ. Crystal ancient water jade, water fine, white with dry ice in the glass, purple hard, red quartz, amethyst, green quartz and many other names. Crystal is not only variety, but also more ancient origin. In addition to China produced many provinces, but also from the ancient Qin Empire, Persia and other countries inputs. According to information in today’s world of gems and jade have been found up to two hundred and thirty kinds of minerals above. In addition to the common gemstones, the Western Zhou Dynasty tomb unearthed also Tianhe stone.
Use classification
According to different purposes of jade, jade can be divided into jade weapons, jade tools, ritual jade, jade burial, accessories jade, jade ware and jade ornaments and other categories. Jade jade weapons and tools – along with bronze manufacturing industry, to the Shang Dynasty, the vast majority of weapons and jade jade tools have lost practical value, and become a status symbol and ritual symbol; jade ritual – – As early as the Neolithic Age, China has been widely used ancestral jade ritual; Funeral jade – jade burial, also known as burial jade, referring specifically to preserve corpses ancients manufactured jade, jade burial instead refers to all; accessories Jade – Jade is an ancient jade accessories important one species, the ancients hanging on clothes or close at hand as a decorative jade, are small, compact, lightweight and good quality. Since ancient identity and accessories Jade is a symbol of accomplishment, so since ancient times, jade accessories on a good multi-material, carving exquisite treasures, it is the focus of jade collection; jade ware – first seen in the Shang Dynasty jade utensils , but because of the difficulty of making bigger until Ming and Qing dynasties became jade produced mainstream products. Jade utensils huge number and variety; jade ornaments – jade ornaments, also known as ornamental furnishings of jade, including jade animals, jade, large jade tablets, Yupingfeng, Yushan son, Ruyi and so on.

Function
Health functions
China is known as “Jade Country” in the world of the ancients as the jade as something precious. According to legend, on behalf of North Korea dynasty, emperor concubines health separated from jade; Huizong L. Yucheng addiction, such as; containing jade town summer as Yang; held jade was blowing as the Empress Dowager Cixi …… ancient homeland, said: Jade is a beautiful stone, sweet nature without poison. Qigong master various schools agreed that there is personal “fine, gas, god,” Sambo, “gas” is used particularly prominent, and jade is build “gas” the most abundant material.
Some people in the study concluded that the mechanism of health jade, jade contains many trace elements beneficial to human body, such as zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, chromium, manganese, cobalt, wearing jade can contain trace elements absorbed by human skin, produced a special “photoelectric effect” focus on storage, forming the equivalent computer-like electromagnetic field in the resonator, resonance with the human body, so that a more coordinated various physiological functioning.
Some jade absorption during the day, night, shine a wonderful physical characteristics. Some people think that when the spot aimed at a point when the body can stimulate the meridians, and clear the organs, there are significant therapeutic role in health care. Located on human wrist dorsal “pension points”, often wear jade bracelets, available long-term healthy massage can not only get rid of the disease elderly blurred vision, and can build strength, raise the spirit.
Jade mouthpiece, with the nutrients contained in saliva synergy with lysozyme, to thirst, in addition to stomach the heat, the gas flat tired of melancholy, AIDS and lung, larynx Run sound, raising the hair, after another jade health pathway. Run in the mountains and vegetation jade, jade water in the river is clear, we can see jade health beneficial undamaged.
Jade is a natural mineral, minerals are a class of traditional Chinese medicine in a very unique part of China its research has a long history, and gem stone which has accounted for a large part. Chinese ancient medical classic “Yellow Emperor”, “Tang Materia Medica”, “Shen Nong’s Materia Medica”, “Compendium of Materia Medica” and are said to be Jade: “On soul, thinning the blood, heart and lung Run, clear eyes and ears, soft tendon strong bones ……” According to modern scientific determination of jade itself contains a variety of trace elements such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, selenium, chromium, titanium, lithium, calcium, potassium, sodium, and its efficacy has come out on top in the surgical . It was our ancestors disease control arms, have long-term health for old age and alchemy as the main drug. For tumor therapy also show unusual role. From the pharmacological point of view, long-term wear can add to the body of natural minerals and trace element deficiencies, absorption or excretion of excess elements and micro-elements that make the body maintain a positive inter-specific values. For example; amethyst, quartz: a calm, soothe the nerves of power; Diamond: avoid evil, energetic people; Ruby: for male impotence patients are very effective; Emerald: can enhance fertility; sapphire, aquamarine: to relieve respiratory system ailments; amber: to help people overcome depression; nephrite jade: Run cardiopulmonary Qing Wei Huo; JADE: calm nerves; agate: heat eyesight; Turquoise: detoxification, clear anger; lapis lazuli: detoxification, clear yellow water , the solution Rat sores, Yin Wu subject; Malachite: Phlegm fans panic, malnutrition sores.
History of the “Compendium of Materia Medica” in too early writings, jade has: “In addition to stomach heat, Chuanji tired of melancholy, mayonnaise hair, nourishing the five internal organs, soft tendon strong bones, thirst, Run cardiopulmonary help sound larynx, Ann soul, Lee blood, clear eyes and ears “and other effects. Today, we jade as raw material, processed into fine ornaments beautify life, the yardsticks, as well as healing and sickness. Its products directly to health care are: jade pillow, jade cushion, fitness ball, massage, walking stick, jade comb, etc., on the human body has the beauty, sedative effect. Yufu Workshop remind long-term use, will make you refreshed and longevity.
Decorative features
Ancient people wear jade, is not primarily a simple decoration, not just performance outside the United States, but the performance of the spiritual world and the extent of self-cultivation, that is, the performance of Germany, and also has reflected the identity, emotion, grace, and The role of verbal communication. Ancient gentleman must wear jade, that requires a gentleman’s character moments with jade demands on themselves, the moral norms, with the voice of restrictions mingyu action of human behavior.
Today, jewelry jade ornaments still regarded as a symbol of luck and social status, and has gradually become a performance personality, decoration, taste, style is an important part, but also from the overall appearance of the clothing dress up more mecamylamine BEAUTIFUL . Modern varieties of jade ornaments variety of styles, are: the jade beads, each jade bracelets, jade hairpins each, jade pendant, set jewelry, various jade rings, Phyllostachys jade products, the jade belts and other dazzling, except Jade, agate, jade and other jade dense material, but also by emerald, green gold, chicken livers stone, malachite, Donglin stone, coral, crystal, QUARTZ, wood becomes raw jade stone and so on. Specifications ever-changing style, single string of beads have flat, pagoda string, color string, shaped string, string, and so with the shape. These jewels jade ornaments through careful strap, give your life, clothing play a perfect match results.
Political function
Jade is hierarchical materialized in:
1) From the Neolithic onwards, the clan leader’s tomb unearthed many refined jade, such as the Liangzhu culture.
2) Zhou Dynasty, the phenomenon is more prevalent. Erlitou culture as “handle-shaped ornaments” appears only in large tombs.
3) Spring and Autumn period had “six Swiss,” the use of the provisions.
4) Qin ago, “Highlights” symbolic monarchy; After the Qin Dynasty, Yuxi became the symbol of monarchical power; emperor made an Imperial Seal, after each emperor Xi is the real thing that got this. With jade seal system, has been followed to the Qing Dynasty. Qianlong Emperor Bao Xi determined 25, the vast majority of jade.
5) Han future generations requires a person reaches a certain level in order to qualify to get what shape jade seal.
6) clearly defines the Tang Dynasty jade regime officials.
B, Jade was given the moral, cultural values ​​reflected in the following aspects:
Jade’s moral cultural values ​​developed from the Western Zhou Dynasty, from folk; publicity by Confucianism, respected, is the concept of thinkers, more vitality; dynasties ruling class cleverly utilized; being accepted by people. This is an important reason for enduring jade.
“Gentlemen Bede in jade” is a Confucian concept with jade. Ancient times, jade symbolizes ethical concepts in noble character.
Han Xu Shen’s “Dictionary” in “Jade, beautiful stone, there are five virtues.” Means:
“Moist with warm”: shiny moist and soft; symbol of virtue and morality, benevolence.
“Gills from the outside, one can know of”: jade inside and outside the same; symbolize what they seem, righteousness.
“The sound Sujan, specifically beyond smell”: The sound comfortable while Chhnang, much can be heard, a symbol of wisdom and far to seek, intellectual.
“Do not scratch the fold”: hard texture; symbolic rather die than not guns, courage.
“Rui Lian without sticks”: angular fracture, but not very sharp; symbol of incorruptible integrity, clean.
Our ancestors created the text by more than 200 words and jade on, these words are mostly beautiful, noble meaning.
Such as: Xi, country, Jue. Another example: jade: Beautiful girl; jade tree: gentle young man; Tingtingyuli: beautiful beautiful people; Yujiebingqing: pure in heart, noble and so on.
Jade in the minds of the Chinese nation is beautiful, noble thing, so to jade artifacts, mostly elegant, stately artifacts.
In spiritual terms, it is considered a symbol of jade noble, pure, friendship and good fortune, peace, beauty. Jade has magical function, can be evil supporter, and some can be used for drug treatment. [3]
Economic Value
The economic value of ancient jade:
1) Jade as a means to amass wealth, showing a sign of wealth, in the Neolithic Age have been emerging, such as the Hemudu culture, Liangzhu culture.
2) Shang Dynasty, jade has been used as currency, Yu for exchange and tribute.
3) Western Zhou Dynasty, “Yu Zhang value of 80 friends” is equivalent to the price of 10 fields.
4) Spring and Autumn Period, precious priceless jade, jade appeared to put out the war in order to seek a wide interpretation of jade, the jade was official post; to white as currency. Jade fight, war, cede territory to give way.
5) Song, has four operating jade jade.
6) After the Ming Dynasty, jade shops more.
7) to the Qing Dynasty, jade worth generally higher, there is “no old jade bronze worth,” said.
Edit this paragraph jade culture
Chinese civilization from the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors tradition has never been interrupted, this is a miracle in the history of human civilization, but as a carrier of culture jade true record of the birth of Chinese civilization, the continuation and development of the entire historical process, even for a moment never separation, which is miracle of miracles. China Modern geologists chapter Hongzhao in the “Stone Ya” one wrote: “Cardiff jade as property, although slightly, but said that Yan enabled, then the round trip every nation and culture preaching Evolution, who obtain the so levy . “Today, the government and civil society has a considerable collection of jade various historical periods, restricting academic research is gradually remove institutional obstacles, we have reached the right jade,” Yan said that while “the time.
Edit this paragraph jade decoration
Jade ornamentation on the rich and varied, with obvious characteristics of the times.
Fold lined: incised lines, top folded, mainly used as animal decoration.
Heavy rings: the two Yin Zhuo a ring pattern, decorated in a dragon and other animals of the body.
Diagonal checkered: a double Yin Zhuo carved squares diagonally adjacent two cells connected continuously arranged equidistant, mainly decorated in a dragon and other animals of the body.
Double xianwen: Yin Zhuo carved single herringbone and arc short, decorated on its body and the first corner.
Triangular pattern: the Yin Zhuo carved triangular, more common in dragons, jade artifacts Juan and shank.
Horn pattern: mainly dragon horn, horns and croissants three.
Chen words: like classical “minister” word, hence the name. The Birds Eye ornaments, animal decoration common.
Mushroom-shaped angle: Pre jade dragons, dragon horn top with a round ball decoration, like mushrooms not open, hence the name.
Animal Mask: Animal Mask on jade dragons, cattle, sheep, etc., there are also unknown animals, ornamentation incised lines or extrusion method using a straight cut and fold composition. [4]
Wen Chi: Chi is the legend of a dragon without horns, capuchin, Chi Qu, popular in the Spring and Autumn jade dragon decoration on the structural changes in the Song Dynasty head, mouth, more square, slender, large eyes, thin body, Buttocks, Ming and Qing dynasties still see there.
Dragon: Dragon is the main decoration of ancient jade, first seen in the Hongshan culture. Generally snake, or vegetarian body, or decorated with scales pattern, and some have enough, and some no foot.
Bird: generally elongated feathers are mostly incised lines, bird peacock tail or tail with curly grass type, ocular manifestations of courtiers shaped, triangular eyes and a single water hyacinth, etc.
Moire: Jade moire on many forms, a single Qi cloud by cloud head, tail cloud composed of two parts; There Bifidobacterium clouds, cloud head portion bifurcation; There are three Qi cloud, cloud head section is divided into three small cirrus; also There Ganoderma yun.
Gu pattern: small circular raised grain, some spiral, ancient jade is one of the main and auxiliary lines. [4]

Collection distinguish
Identify the method is very simple, as long fingernails scraping hard look, if you can scrape a little white skin, it is not white.
Identification methods
Can be identified using the following method:
First, when you are in dazzling selection of jade jade stalls and can not distinguish between true and false, you can make the best of the drop of water drops in the jade on. If water droplets eventually becoming a dew-like spread, it proved to be true jade; If water droplets suddenly disappear, then that is defective or fake.
Second, the perception. Selection of jade, you can touch the hand back and forth, if you feel a cold sense of lubrication, there may be real jade, jade have this as true mettle.
Third, to pick up the fancy jade, looking toward a bright place, if the color clear, green uniform distribution on the note is real jade.
Fourthly, if the jade traders allows, tongue lick. Really have a dry sense of jade, jade is not fake this mettle.
Fifth, if you are in the informal selection of jade jade market, it is best to bring a magnifying glass. Because jade with a magnifying glass can tell a good bad. Under normal circumstances, the jade under the magnifying glass to see if it is real jade, small cracks or no cracks for good jade. If the crack is large or very large, then the proof is sub-standard.
Common sense identification methods
Water identification method: a drop of water drops in the jade, such as dew-like spread by long-suppressed truth jade; droplets disappear soon is the shoddy goods.
Hand touch method: If true jade hand touch, there is a sense of cold lubrication.
Inspection method: Jade toward the light, such as in the sun, the light place, if the color is clear, that is true jade green uniform.
Tongue lick law: tongue licking true jade has a dry sense; rather fake jade no astringent feeling.
Magnifying glass method: buy jade under the magnifying glass watch, mainly whether the cracks, no cracks by superior quality jade, there are cracks by the second. Even the real jade, there are cracks in its value is also greatly reduced, the more obvious cracks, the lower the value. [5]
In addition, if we are not related knowledge about jade, or there is not much certainty in the informal market to buy good jade, then go to Jade, buy jade, it is best to bring a friend know how to read Jade avoid eating Yaba Kui.
I. Identification of traces from jade crafts; Second, oxidation identification; Third, condensation identification; Fourth, artistic level identification; V. Qin color identification; six, odor identification
First, before the first collection of jade should carefully read, read more about Jade monograph, these academic works embody a wealth of knowledge. Recommended books are; Qing Wu Zheng book “Jade map test” on the jade era, use, name, description and dimensions are detailed Textual and precise drawing, well worth consideration. Contemporary Yang Boda editor of the “Complete Works of Chinese Art Jade” Hebei Fine Arts Publishing House “Chinese jade works” one to six volumes, Zhou Nanquan of the “ancient jade”, Zhao Ming, ABBA’s “Chinese ancient jade”, ZHANG Guang-wen of the “Jade Industry “, Hong Li Yinghao” Identification jade “,” folk jade “,” supporter jade “,” hedge white. ” Taiwan jade expert Li watchman old man’s “jade identification Works” (upper and lower volumes) and so on.
Second, direct contact is very important, most people in the museum can only see through the glass, it should look as much as possible to use the doors of all kinds of jade. Feel more able to feel the difference between them. True ancient jade jade old, heavy feel, appearance smooth, natural impregnation, knife neat, including pulp moisture. Without these new jade feeling.
Third, at least the Song Dynasty appeared antique jade, when someone with Avision grass forged with blood ooze, more and more clear after fraud, there are an unprecedented creation, such as “dog Jade”, “sheep jade”, “wind jade” and other new , introduced fooled.
Fourth, the ancient jade imitation goods, mostly using inexpensive fake Xiuyan, Dushan jade, Lantian jade or other low-quality miscellaneous, mostly these jade hardness below 5.5. Hotan jade annual yield very little quality, market price per kilogram has more than $ 100,000, and its hardness is 6 to 6.5, due to the high cost and difficulty of processing, who rarely used and Tian Baiyu fake.
Five, generally small steel knife hardness of about 5.5, hard poke jade, imitation goods, fakes can glance.
Sixth, the market has emerged to jade powder by high-pressure synthesis of artificial pseudo jade, color and hardness approximation and nephrite, take special care when identifying.
Seven, true jade have land Qin, Qin lime, mercury Qin, Qin corpse blood, cinnabar Qin, Qin copper, the surface oxide layer, etc., fakes Qin spot some fried, some are roasted, some are using chemical solution etched, clear phase genuine and fake in color, luster, thickness aspects of difference and distinction,
Eight, jade carvings line the surface of the different sections, there are V-shaped, semi-circular and U-shaped, etc., U-shaped modern machine engineering characteristics.
Nine, carving notches surface hull lines, in color, including pulp and other aspects consistent with the real thing, there are two sides of the line hair products trough road chipping is the modern “machine work” features.
Collection point
First, we must understand the goods
Three levels: the true and false identification, quality assessment, market prices
Two look at technology
Process: Process performance of the beauty of art. Jade angel unawares. The Book of Songs says: “gentleman bandit, such as cutting, such as consultations, such as cut, such as grinding.”
Process purposes: First, to remove impurities blemishes, cover lock to avoid cracking; Second, clever use of color, kind, blemishes, etc.; Third, through the process of expressing people’s cultural ideas and aesthetics, making jewelry as a work of art.
The merits of the technology assessment: mainly from the shape, pattern innovation, unique themes with Yun Yi, carving fine, pretty color kind, polishing and other six areas
Three features and selling concept
Four solutions of markets and trends
Five chemicals art: high quality, exquisite, upscale, rare jewelry.
Six Tibetan series, professional, targeted.
Seven case treasures: Do not miss decisive start. (Collectors know whether each one holding the bag is to look at the fate of)
Collectible
As the saying goes: “Jade must be intentional, Italy will be lucky” pendant ornaments carved on a variety of subjects, meaning good luck, fortune again and again that, indivisible, riches, longevity boundless.
However, anti-modern society development, frequent outbreaks of the financial crisis, making the trend of gold fluctuated considerably, while the value of jade firmer than gold, some countries will jade as a checkout currency.
Jade not only as a national gift exchanges in the affairs of state as the use of praise, but also the town of evil dispel the disaster was intended.
Why can increase the value of jade ornaments?
A beautiful sex
2, the durability
3, rarity
4, worldwide: (jade for its cosmopolitan and strong currency as the checkout currency)
5, the monopoly: raw materials by way of auction trading
6, the traditional cultural factors: Confucius believes that jade has eleven Germany, namely: “benevolence, knowledge, righteousness, propriety, music, loyalty, faith, heaven, earth, Germany, said” So gentleman for no reason, not jade body. “Gentlemen Bede in jade”, “No jade not expensive.”