Jade carving is China’s oldest breeds. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the system becomes a professional jade, jade became a ritual utensils and decorative wear parts. Jade has always been treated as treasures in ancient China, jade is treated as a sign of good materials is a symbol and a gentleman demeanor. Many varieties of jade, the main character, appliances, birds, flowers, and other large works, there are pins, rings, seals, jewelry and other small works. Chinese jade carving works in the world enjoy a high reputation.
Outline
Jade carving is China’s oldest breeds. As early as the late Neolithic period, the Chinese have a jade tool. Shang and Zhou dynasties, the system becomes a professional jade, jade became a ritual utensils and decorative wear parts. Jade has always
By people as treasures in ancient China, jade was used as a sign of good materials is a symbol and a gentleman demeanor.
Jade, is actually high-quality stone. Many types of jade, a jade, topaz, jasper, jade and agate, turquoise, QUARTZ and so on. Processed carved jade exquisite handicrafts become known as jade. Artisans in the production process, depending on the natural color of jade and natural shapes, carefully designed, repeatedly refined to the jade stone made of fine crafts.
Many varieties of jade, the main character, appliances, birds, flowers, and other large works, there are pins, rings, seals, jewelry and other small works. Beijing’s Palace Museum in the collection of large jade “Dayu”, it shows the skill of a Chinese jade.
The main origin of Chinese jade Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other places appear modern. Chinese jade carving works in the world enjoy a high reputation.
Widely respected by the Chinese people cherish. Since the beginning of civilization, to date, day, regardless of how Chinese culture experienced tremendous Ji Tang, Sung jade jade national feelings and love is still deeply rooted, jade carving art has never been stopped. Eastern civilization wisdom jade bright light shining on it is Chinese traditional arts and crafts in the most attractive one, worthy of our cherished. “The beauty of jade stone” forward China Jade Culture!
Historical development
Jade is China’s unique skills, has a long history and distinctive characteristics of the times, different dynasties, jade has a different shape and characteristics.
Neolithic
Simple Zhengzhou Dahe Village Yangshao period jade carving dating back 5,000 years, excavations have two fish-shaped turquoise jewelry; Xinyi City unearthed a turquoise pendant, turquoise cicadas and frogs, and other crafts; Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan nitrate unearthed jade, green turquoise, agate jewelry, there is an intaglio in Zhengzhou xianwen bone ring is the oldest and the most perfect ring. More jade carving jade ax, shovel jade, jade knife to produce tools based; morphology simple jade wall, Yu Huang, Yu Jue, Ock to Jade-based.
Jade craft period
Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States –
Heaven appeared jade wall, Jide Jade, pass this celts, jade seal official post, so as to jade out on more, it is to wear decorative jade products, is also present. Late Neolithic Liangzhu cultural Hemudu unearthed more categories. Perry appeared in the Shang Dynasty Jade Bird, who first wear, Lopez and other people. Yu Huang is a bow-shaped arc jade, Spring and Autumn Period, and Zohar’s sleek, such as the Spring and Autumn Bai Yulong grain Juan, Juan Warring States HUANG Yu first.
Decorative prevalence of
Han and Tang dynasties –
Henan Dushan began mining in the Western Han Dynasty, the land belongs jade artifacts confirmed Liaoning Qiaoyan major jade ornaments. Western Han Dynasty jade dress is two 000 Xiuyan United decorated from the Han Dynasty unearthed in Xianyang “Chinese jade horse” is also a rarity. Now no longer the city of Anhui Han Dynasty unearthed both linked to curl as the Yulong annular ring diameter x thickness = 5×0.5cm, there are various sizes of jade wall, which is greater with jade wall diameter x thickness = 23 x0. 5 cm, carving exquisite; tooth wall white, diameter x thickness = 9 xo. 5 c m, Ling Qiao cute. Tang Dynasty Buddhism prevailed, jade used for decorative statues, Tang “young school days” in the more famous agate plate. 1970, Shaanxi Tang Ho Ka unearthed a thousand precious relics, which is an animal farm Danube Cup precious treasure (now in the possession Shaanxi History Museum), red sauce, high self. 5cm, length 15.6 cm, unique shape, so that foreign people fascinated.
Period of rapid development
Song and Yuan Dynasties
Jade carving has reached a qualitative leap, the court has “Jade Court” has shallow depth of cut grinding, relief carved circle. Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty founding fathers ministers hold wine with dinner founding ceremony of the “ditch Alexander Yuhai,” is a giant jade products. Hotan jade piece with a large carved by five years, weighing 1750kg, wine storage 30 I can bear. In addition to large jade, the small jade many, such as deer, eagles Shiyu Hu Qing Yuan Pei and so on. Fujian Shoushan stone carving stone as 1,500 years ago, the Southern Song Dynasty, has been large-scale mining, to double the value of the Yuan Dynasty, is a jade carving master material.
Peak period
Ming and Qing era –
Ming Sung book “Heavenly Creations” records, although there Liangyu set the capital, Handicraft Tweet Suzhou. Suzhou jade Ming Lu Zi Gang’s most famous artists, the development of the “Daoke law and” serial meeting “production process, creating a variety of yin and yang relief in one of the jade craft products, to get the court’s appreciation, who has constantly imitation is the collectors dream treasures. Qing Dynasty jade carving has reached its peak, the palace has a jade Office was to supervise jade, jade palace of Queen very much. most representative “Dayu Figure Yushan child” masterpiece, is the world’s largest jade pieces One of the king of jade in ancient China high 2.24 m, diameter Pa cm long and weighs 8 tons. small jade pieces abound, such as the Ming Dynasty jade Punta Takako Pei Qing Dynasty Jade tube embedded gem point, civil widespread.
Modern jade
Modern jade set the culmination of history and culture in Beijing, “treasury” and various outstanding jade, including the famous jade generation Grandmaster Pan Bingheng (1912-1970) of the jade works, variety, exquisite workmanship, known as ” Oriental treasures. ” Panlao masterpiece of “coral Daiyu play parrot”, “pretty color agate Qianbao mussels Buddha”, “coral six arms Buddha lock dragon.” Panlao creation not only as a national treasure, and was the Louvre in Paris, France, the United States Philadelphia Museum, Nagoya, Japan Museum collection, attracted the attention of the world art scene. Jade “geek” WANG Shu-sen (1919-1989) jade has Ruin: one must be art, materials, engineering, arts triple; two absolute best utilize pretty color; Ruin is widely thought, exquisite workmanship. His masterpieces are “coral Guanyin Purdue.” Modern country jade carving talents are numerous, but less high-precision artists. In addition to inheriting the traditional process in future, past serve the present, but also to learn the advanced stuff, foreign combination of jade industry priority.
Cultural
The old saying “less speed.” Any one good jade, through artificial polish, before giving it new value and charm. Of jade carving, a long history, the world recognized. Early stage of primitive society, our ancestors made with jade imaging arrowheads, spears, knives, axes, shovels, and other similar production tools and a variety of jade ornaments, such as the 1973 discovery of Zhejiang Yuyao Hemudu Neolithic , in which 28 of jade materials and fluorite production Juan, tubes, beads a class decorations, dating back more than 7,000 years of history. In the slave society, namely Shang and Zhou dynasties, jade carving, there has been new progress, wondering fine, graceful ornamentation and emerging with fish, turtles, birds, animal mask, rabbits, and other images of silkworm jade accessories. There ornamentation common Kui Dragon, Pan Chi pattern, motifs, burglary curved lines, checkered, etc., especially when the appearance of jade embossed lines are techniques handling a big leap.
Jade species
Most daily said jade is nephrite, a lot of types of nephrite, generally refers to the production area in Xinjiang suet white jade, jade, topaz, Purple, black jade, jasper, sapphire, ruby and Northeast Jade and so on. Suet fine texture, strong luster, white as suet, called the “king of jade”, “white crown.” Another Nanyang jade, Lantian jade, and nephrite, agate, crystal, coral, turquoise, lapis lazuli, etc., belong to the category of nephrite. Later, due to the opening of the Silk Road, Xinjiang Hetian jade produced in the region has been unanimously approved, beginning in the palace, the official and private jade processing, and gradually become the protagonist. Nephrite jade and nephrite gradually evolved into a synonym.
Nephrite
Nephrite jade (Nephrite), otherwise known hornblende, is hydrous magnesium silicate, hardness 6.5, excellent toughness, translucent to opaque, fibrous crystal aggregates. Nephrite fat creamy color and relatively close to the United States, by pure white color, delicate and moist. Secondly nephrite contains small amounts of oxidized metal ions and showed blue, green, yellow and other colors.
Jadeite
Jadeite that is a very high hardness of jade plants, is a pyroxene, which has a few renowned names – Jade is pyroxene family of sodium aluminum silicate, also known as pyroxene, Hui Yu. Mainly produced in Myanmar, China’s Yunnan also has produced, white, purple, red, yellow, blue, green and other colors, white, also known as ice to children; Green, also known as Green Land child, is the best in breed generation Chui The. Generally known as the kingfisher red, emerald green called, commonly known as jade. Another three color jade called “Peach” or “Gods.”
Jadeite (Jadeite), hard texture, density was higher, sodium aluminum silicate, hardness 6.5-7, specific gravity 3.2 – 3.3. Translucent to opaque, (but some good quality also nearly transparent body). Granular to fibrous aggregates, dense block, with a vitreous luster.
School
Chinese contemporary jade carving, from the big schools, it can be divided into North and South factions, North sent to Beijing as the representative, covering Liaoning, Tianjin, Hebei, part Henan, Xinjiang and other northern provinces, including the southern faction along the Yangtze River and to Southern regions, and is divided into several tribes, including the Shanghai Mu Yujing represented by the “Shanghai workers”, Suzhou as the representative of the “Suzhou workers”, as the representative of Yangzhou “Yangzhou workers”, in addition to “Guangdong workers” and the “Fujian workers.” Shanghai jade with white mainly, but also a small number of jade production. Shanghai Zhuo Yi Xuan jade produced a very wide range, mainly in Xinjiang and nephrite.
Beijing jade
Beijing jade carving art has a long history, profound skills, the amount of material in the production of drawn, because the material applied arts, particularly pretty color reflexes. We recognize Beijing jade, generally from jade texture, color, and texture to start carving. First Beijing jade carving hard, delicate crystal, while the south is generally used to send jade nephrite; secondly Beijing jade colorful, exquisitely carved jade pastel Southern faction, third, Beijing jade carving great attention to style, with a court art style, while the general shape of South Pine jade more casual, more rugged style. Overall Beijing jade-colored lip shape not only beautiful, but also save thousands wanzai so deeply to Favorites lovers. Chinese people have been put jade as a status symbol, ancient jade wealthy often carry side. Thus, a large number of jade artists have gathered around the flower market in Beijing Chongwen Gate, Beijing has become China’s jade center.
Old Beijing jade industry is a relatively high position in the industry, it’s Nade masters were very respectable, artists are more lucrative rewards and the title of “sir.” Beginning in the creation of this style jade inherited the old tradition, Beijing carved jade plant once had one pair matchbox sized “Dragon and Phoenix” Perry, the volume is so small, or a floating cut finely carved dragon, phoenix, butterflies, Double Happiness and other patterns, anomalies in the loss felt among the far-reaching. Another masterpiece is the “Pirates of immortality”: White Snake red dress in white, was flying chase into mouth a black fungus, stunning is that jade is the use of color in all the colors of jade.
Shanghai jade
Shanghai is a Chinese jade carving of four schools, formed in the late nineteenth, early twentieth century, in the present jade carving art has a strong influence. Shanghai jade number of outstanding teachers stand out, create a lot of valuable collections of art, as jade carving has injected fresh blood.
Shanghai jade, Shanghai as the center region of jade carving art style factions. Shanghai jade real contribution lies in “Heiner” and “fine for.” Its “Heiner” inclusive Vientiane – painting, sculpture, calligraphy, stone, shadow puppets and folk paper-cut, contemporary abstract art, as long as the United States, if they are good, but far from the origin, valuable is “Heiner” After digestion is still “slim.”
According to the Shanghai jade master Zhuo Yi Xuan Mu Yujing teacher said, Shanghai jade “fine work” even more amazing, material and color applications, different thinking, clever and refined for originality; themes transmission, transformation, innovation and overhangs are very rich ; process understanding, develop, use and changing more deification; ideas found, grafting, continuation and breakthrough worthy of the times ……
Shanghai jade carving artists have created and developed Shanghai style, has naturally become the new collection, investment hotspot.
Mu Yujing teacher, Shanghai jade in form has gone through the formation of a relatively lengthy process.
1. The initial stage of the formation of the early 19th century, Shanghai became China and the world trading port, so Suzhou, Yangzhou jade products and its surrounding areas are output externally via Shanghai port, this situation is Shanghai jade carving industry to provide a broad development space. Suzhou, Yangzhou and other regions carved influx of artists in this oriental metropolis to find the ideal place to display their talent. Was like the famous antique-style jade carving master Wang Xun, Wan vegetarian source, Fu Changhua, You Hongxiang, figures, animal carving everyone Yangheng Yu, Hu Hongsheng, Gu salty pools, all in Shanghai specific cultural atmosphere, absorbing new cultural nutrition, flourish So gradually formed a new carving style – Shanghai style.
Late 19th early 20th century, Shanghai jade workshops, stores up to 200, more than 200 people engaged in carving profession, mainly produced statues, ladies, stove bottles ornaments carvings, “Su”, “Young” followed jade respective local Features traditional skills. At that time, Shanghai jade industry, the main production processes to adapt to the needs of foreigners are called “dress faction”, Yangzhou jade ornaments to help artists to production-based, mostly, “dress faction”; while Suzhou artist specializing in jade jewelry, floral, In the main pieces of jade jewelry and play, called “The installed faction”; another one designed to do since the Qin and Han bronze modeling and imitation jade-based, is called “antique school.”
1930s, Shanghai jade ornaments categories of works that already has a high artistic level, “Jade Pearl Tower” in Panama International Exposition received the highest award, “jade pagoda” by the San Francisco Museum of long-term collection.
2. Succession and development stage in the 1960s, the state attention to personnel training and sculpting equipment improvements, sophisticated engraving industry developed rapidly. The late 1980s, Shanghai Region jade employing more than 2,000 people, over 200 kinds of works category, as Shanghai five categories carving varieties furnace bottle containers, character statues, flowers, birds, animals and natural bottles have begun to take shape. “Carve delicate, exquisite tricks, rigorous modeling, solemn quaint” and “furnace bottle containers refined, lively and vivid characters birds”, became the main features of Shanghai jade. Since the 1950s, and its representatives are “stove bottle guru” Sun Natural, Sun Tian-Yi, “Ruin Artist” Wei Zhengrong, “tradition and innovation” by Zhoushou Hai, “South jade a strange” Liuji Song and “flying beast king” Dong Tianji etc. .
Furnace bottle Shanghai jade ware category is the most iconic creations. Shanghai-style stove bottle containers to sedate and elegant style, simple and exquisite ornamentation, rich bronze interest in Chinese jade carving industry reputation. Tripod censer, Sixi furnace, five kiosks furnace, Chicken bottles, side oven, sheep statue, rhino statue, one hundred furnaces are Shanghai jade Buddha prestigious representative works. “Mexican jasper Yi Zhou Zhong Kui”, “jade Shoumian pot”, etc. are Chinese Arts and Crafts collection. Shanghai famous sculptor, “South jade a strange” Liuji Song design of the “Emerald Buddha, one hundred furnaces” in the high 7.5 inches, 8 inches in diameter furnace bottle carved 100 different shapes, statues look different in 1980 September held in Yokohama, Japan, China Shanghai crafts exhibition caused a sensation.
Old artist Huang Derong creation of “one hundred coral vase”, “Purple Jade Dragon and natural bottle”, “suet Qiaodiao butterfly daisy bottle”, “Begonia eggshell white bottle”, “Ink Longevity years jasper light”, “onyx crown on the official promotion “,” white Wuyang “,” jade unicorn “,” black and white jade color “and” A black jade rhino statue, “and so a large number of Shanghai masterpieces, caused a huge stir in the industry and reputation at home and abroad. Ruin led by the artist Wei Zhengrong design, 13 technicians cooperation sculpture carved jade giant secret “red flag Everest”, weighing more than 2500 kg, which lasted three years and completed in 1962. Artists use of relief, relief, openwork carving skills, vivid characterization of China’s 41 climbers heroic work was hailed as a national treasure Premier Zhou Enlai. In 1979, a more than 7300 kg of rare giant sapphire, and XIAO Haichun, Korea Wei, Zhu Ningfang, Xu Mr. Kang, Yu Longxi, more than 20 contemporary most outstanding masters and carving technicians, design high 2.6 meters wide and 1.4 meters of “Love map “, depicts the Red Army magnificent historical picture and become another giant of contemporary Shanghai.
3. Innovation boom phase in the 1990s, the new situation of reform and opening up, innovation and prosperity ushered in jade and a spring.
Shanghai jade innovation, inclusive, in Jiangsu and Zhejiang jade carving style of artists, based on the fusion of both Yang Gang, help the Soviet Union, as well as the court for South jade craft style, but also inherited the essence of Chinese Ming and Qing jade, absorbing, in the “delicate” efforts, which emerged a large number of representative jade master.
Currently, Shanghai jade the most unique and traditional furnace bottle containers classes, but also bright. Song Ming-fang, DAI Yong-cai, Qu Hui, the Li Yuhua, Jiangda Xiong, Yong Han Zhong Jianlin and was created in Shanghai furnace bottle containers, with “rules, symmetry, dignified,” truly, the “Seven Gentlemen,” said. “Seven Gentlemen” works board tie, rigorous and yet dynamic, very particular about the use of materials, is the “skill group” outstanding representative.
In the new century, Shanghai jade craftsmen who are like “Eight Immortals”, as the facilities talent, recount.
Golden Age for Love, sophisticated kinds of jade carving is also good at using natural shapes and different color, because feeding system should be, because the material applied arts, tall and graceful shape, forming a handsome and elegant “Shanghai” art style, it sent the court with Beijing and other major genres together form a new era of contemporary Chinese jade style.
Jade Bay
Jade Bay located in the “hometown of jade” —– town center Shifosi town Zhao River Sea. Bristol Flows Zhao Li River winding from the market and had a beautiful environment, convenient transportation, the district financial jade processing, trade, tourism, leisure and entertainment, with a strong rural flavor of jade, is the town following the He Chong ornaments Market , elm village markets and shifosi jade agate bracelet boutique market after the new planning integrated jade professional market, political and economic center. Here since ancient times to jade, silk and famous virgin is not only the birthplace of Nanyang jade carving, jade carving is the only industrial city in Henan, the “hometown of jade,” “Little Shanghai” reputation.
Bay Area beautiful, scenic, natural landscape and cultural landscape of many. Urban atmosphere with jade Bay industrial zone, rippling artificial lake, lush green corridor and into sightseeing, shopping, sunstroke in one of the Dragon Bridge, Rainbow Bridge, European-style commercial buildings and jade, jade Bay panorama constitute , which combines business, leisure, entertainment, tourism as a whole, contains a strong jade rural charm. Overlooking jade Bay, along the Chao River is an original ecological forest green manure, beautiful environment, artificial lakes Nei Bibo waves, ducks, osprey and other waterfowl flocks open habitat; clear water reflecting the blue sky; European-style jade Trading Floor group reflecting surface; shore weeping willows, grasses; Lung Bridge as a dragon lying in the blue above, like a rainbow arched bridge hanging horizon; assortment of jade jewelry, jade like people being in the ocean.
As jade Bay landmark – Chinese Jade Culture Center is internationally hailed by the Chinese, one of the eight outstanding designer Dr. Zhao Bing design, the entire building to the Script “Jade” word for the overall shape, with a total investment 8,000,000 yuan , construction area of 4,000 square meters, the exhibition hall, function rooms, jade culture museums and research centers jade culture, space and smooth, exotic novelty. Called at home and abroad a must.
Jade beautiful modern garden bay scenery and modern management mode complement commensurate with the market, making jade jewelry jade Bay demonstrated tremendous market potential and broad market prospects. Jade Bay has become the country’s largest market with jade based, the other a variety of products processing and sales of auxiliary craft market, daily recreation, shopping traffic of 5,000 passengers, on turnover of nearly 200 million yuan. Jade Bay market after the completion of the planning and construction in the area will be kindergarten center, railway stations, apartments for the elderly, water, recreation centers and other facilities and the development of public welfare, improve the functioning of markets, making jade Bay Integrated market has become fully functional, shopping, leisure and entertainment as one of the economic, cultural and business center.
Yangzhou jade
Yangzhou jade is not local, but the convenience of traffic and the ancient Yangzhou affluent people but for the formation and development of jade carving has created favorable conditions. Precious stones from around the country are working here, suddenly identity hundredfold. Each piece of jade composition, color, shape, size are not the same, in accordance with jade master adept at their different characteristics, first conceived the shape of jade, carved carefully before proceeding. Sometimes a large jade works to a man ten years Yangzhou jade carving jade hard texture used careful, Mohs hardness 4-8 degrees, hand-crafted technology is more complex, the process is characterized wondering, that is, “Zhuo” and “grind jade.” Yangzhou jade jade material used in Xinjiang white jade, jade, jasper, Liaoning Jade, agate, topaz, crystal, Jiangsu, Hubei, green seedlings, pine otoliths, Guangdong Nanfang Yu and Brazil jade, Burmese jade, Afghanistan’s green gold, Canada and Japan, jasper, coral and so on.
Yangzhou jade points furnace bottles, figures, flowers, animals, antique, carved six sub-category mountain, range, color range. Ancient Yangzhou jade were kept in different periods of art features, such as the Western Han Dynasty, “white jade cicada” in Hotan jade into, the “Han eight carved” approach, concise and straight lines, grind pole see the effort; Qing Dynasty, “Dayu flood “and use a variety of techniques, are priceless treasures, it is Xinjiang green jade materials, high 224 cm, carved six years before, employment 150,000, spent fifteen thousand thousand two silver.
Yangzhou jade carved creatively Yin, depth of relief, three-dimensional sculpture in the round, hollow carving and other techniques into one, forming a “rich, mellow, refined, witty, sophisticated,” the basic characteristics of its unique artistic charm known in world. Today’s Yangzhou jade composition novel, elegant, exquisite workmanship. Among them, particularly the “Mountain Eagle son” and “Lian live” craft unique, Yangzhou jade carving artist shows consummate skill. Today’s Yangzhou jade carving arts division, fully inherited the fine tradition of Yangzhou jade carving skills, innovation, in practice follow the “amount of material drawn, because the material applied arts,” the pondering process rules, combined with the times, constantly improve “phase Jade” capabilities and polish skills, creating a large number of novel composition, elegant, exquisite products. Their “Son mountain carving” and “practicing child live” art unique style, showing exquisite Yangzhou jade carving techniques.
Yangzhou jade engaged in the production of enterprises generally face high costs (jade prices rising every year), the high cost of higher taxes difficult, extremely difficult to survive. Yangzhou jade processing of raw materials mainly from Xinjiang.
Meanwhile jade for manual operation, the production cycle is long, because jade carving skills learning takes a lot of energy and effort, but also in the process of carving creators have their own ideas and thinking. Disproportionate effort and reward, carved jade carving radish as in restaurants, resulting in a lot of young people do not want to engage in learning skills jade, jade carving craft Houjifaren. These two reasons led directly to a huge loss of existing technical staff, young people do not want to learn and engage in this craft, Yangzhou jade carving skills Houjifaren in urgent need of protection and rescue. Country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, May 20, 2006, the State Council approved the estate included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. June 5, 2007, determined by the Ministry of Culture, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, Jiang Chunyuan and Gu Yongjun for cultural heritage inheritors representative, was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage inheritors representative 226 the list.
Nanyang jade
After carving artists and scientists and mining, sorting traditional skills, to learn foreign experience, Nanyang jade continuous improvement process, and gradually formed its own unique artistic style, flexibility and color techniques known to the world dignitaries. Nanyang Billiton Baoyu Co., Ltd., general manager, senior artists, said Wu whole, because jade alone rich colors, shades, skills, a colored stone above often smells.
This requires thorough consideration should sculptor, both have wonderful layout ideas, but also clever use of a variety of colors, making the whole works wonders of the heavens, and let the viewer can not help but lovely. Nanyang jade produced “Wolong mountains”, the use of jade alone colorful, one of the prime characteristics of fresh, rigorous layout, clever use of pretty colors, fine carving, imposing, it weighs 3.8 tons, 2.5 meters long, 1.6 meters high, is the The biggest giant jade, is a rare art treasures.
With a selection of Dushan jade rings crafted stove, flower smoked, absorbed the ancient bronzes and other crafts features, creating a multi-turn ball smoked yellow flowers, modeling simple dignified, highly intricate, in France, organized by the International Crafts Exhibition At the meeting, has won widespread praise. Nanyang jade processing on people, the choice of materials is very rich, in addition to outside as well as from Liaoning Dushan Jade Jade, Myanmar jade, Afghanistan jade, jasper, Canada, Russia, jade and coral, agate, QUARTZ, crystal stone, amethyst stone, red sapphires and other more than 150 kinds of jade.
Indeed, after years without failure of jade carving industry flourished, forming a rich, profound Nanyang jade culture, gave birth to a generation after generation, from generation to generation, endless, skilled Nanyang jade carving artists. Nanyang jade carving masters in succession, while the traditional process, the introduction, absorption and innovation art and design sculptures. It is a long history, rich cultural heritage and unique combination of jade resources, which makes the Nanyang jade carving art treasures to be handed down to flourish, jingshizhizuo also been published.
Nanyang jade carving artist who designed “Wolong mountains”, “Kowloon rotating flower smoked”, “Crane deer with Spring”, “Great Wall”, “Kowloon sundial” and so on more than 40 pieces of fine has won national and provincial awards many items as rare treasures from the National Palace Museum, art galleries and collectors. “Kowloon sundial” gift length 199cm, width 110cm, height 80cm, weight 500kg, the gifts design style unique, ingenious idea, imaginative, unique to the Nanyang Dushan Jade clever use of a variety of colors, using embossed, engraved, engraving , carved lines and other sculptures make this product line is smooth, shape and spirit have, imposing. Nine dragon surrounded sundial that Kyushu sons and daughters close unity and harmony, while expressing Jiujiuguiyi intended. The entire work symbolizes national unity, national prosperity and reunification of the motherland, Henan ninety million people expressing joy greet Macao regression of affection.
Known as the “National Treasure” and weighs 3500 kilograms of jade “ditch Alexander Yuhai,” is when the Yuan Dynasty Kublai reward the soldiers hold wine artifacts, the earliest history of China’s largest giant jade carving, artistic landmark of China treasures, but also the history of the world a rare gem masterpiece. But the advent of more than 700 years, the jade material has different opinions, not identified. At the Forum, after more than 20 well-known jade archaeological collection of experts careful observation, research, and Nanyang Dushan jade mine samples repeated comparison, identification, identification made in the Yuan Dynasty, is now on display in Beijing’s Beihai Park, Mission City ” Alexander Yuhai ditch “Nanyang Dushan jade material. Thus, an “ancient mystery” final word.
Tools Process
Jade carving tools
Drills original main application is a desktop machine can not carry a large jade works, often with the use of hand-held devices such electric grinder, electric grinder to complete the details of the work can not be carried out. As desktop grinding in dealing with certain fixed-type handle as flexible as indeed, many people will choose to be flexible shaft machine used in some of the smaller or more special-type on.
Due to the increasing demands of the fine jade, jade carving people continue to find and try to better equipment. Tooth machine is Zhuo who borrowed dentist medical equipment, its flexibility is the best of all models, and therefore mainly used details of the deal, and in the heavy work is almost no application value.
Jade carving process
Jade carving mainly include material selection, peeling, design, coarse carving, fine carving, finishing and polishing processes.
1. Choice of materials, skinning
In most cases is based on the design of jade, so-called “because of material applied arts.” Jade material especially after river erosion over gravel jade material, often has a layer of the surface oxide layer, in addition to how to crack and texture extends understanding required before carving, jade carving design so that it may make. Of course, good jade epidermis, not arbitrarily stripped surface can sometimes use different colors of jade carving a good design can be a pretty jade color, raise the value of jade.
2. Design
Jade jade carving design is the key. In general, designers are often based on the color of jade, slotted degrees, textures and shapes designed and crafted themes, select the appropriate subject of jade material characteristics, the first to maximize the use of jade, jade material according slotted degrees and exterior design , can not waste Tamaryo; make good use of color to produce the best results; Try abandoned jade pieces on lock crack flawed.
3. Crude carving
Good kind of jade pieces after hook can take the rough, rough carving embryos can also be called to do, that in accordance with the design requirements will be shaped carved jade, jade carving reached a preliminary design of the basic shape. Rough carving is very important in this process is the basis for the success of jade, jade carving once, it is difficult to turn back, really is a “turning back” So be careful before carving.
4. Fine carving and finishing
Fine carving, by definition is carefully crafted meaning. Carved out of jade rough contours after filling must be fine carving, carved jade pieces to complete the whole lake processes. The purpose is to fine jade carving further refined styling exploration plan; make the performance of bird fleas, figures landscapes, animals and birds from the outline of the state De Hu precise shaping into real, realistic, there is movement cut, carve a subtle process of expression .
5. Polishing
Jade polishing is very important and irreplaceable as jade. No matter how finely carved jade surface is always rough, does not reveal the beauty of jade crystal clear, the only perfect polishing to make the jade exhibit Wenrun Guang Jie appearance, to make jade with noble temperament, size can What is the true value of show.
6, trimming, lettering and inscription
The final repair activity is not necessary, but sometimes really crucial. Because some of the design process of the problems has not been found, the need to repair after polishing. Besides design makers may need to work on in the jade inscribed lettering, are generally required after completion of the works.
Process characteristics
One, because the material applied arts
Shi Yi jade material is due to the primary process. Jade is craft, amorphous. Jade need imagination, and note on top of jade, without altering sex. Each work is required from the material, color, shape, etc. starting to maximize the use of jade material, especially in the figures, flowers, floral, animal creation is due to material design, inventive. Jade carving of a long history, its arts facilities because the technology is getting more material and reasonable. Historically dominated only in small pieces, a single product, in limited quantities. As technology advances, improving his technique, because material applied arts skills increasingly high, the work is more colorful. Its shape jade, Op size, color, and so are the result of rational use of materials applied arts to get the best results.
Second, cut out dirty to lock
Dirty, jade products in the lock is taboo. That is, to cut out the dirty jade impurities removed, so Jade purer, brighter. Zhuo Yi Xuan and Tian Mu Yujing teacher introduced large jade are hard to find without a whole body of impurities jade material, cut out to do all the dirty, I its shape, according to its characteristic design work to maximize the use of materials. In this regard Zhuo Yi Xuan flattery most delicate work of the design concept, the pursuit of “aesthetic, Arts CD, CD-fine,” Wada seed material through fine design make up for its flaws, if there is no ability to make them fine handed down, preferring to let created by millions of years to maintain its shape and not to destroy its original beauty. In the work of the production process, or more exposed or re-yi impurities, or black or white or rice-shaped impurities, particularly the main part of the front, which is the most difficult problem of the designer were to try to deal with out or “cover.” Jade dirty work cut out to change a lot of work because of the original structure, both to remove the dirty spots and rationalize its structure modeling, the pains were evil jade fee.
To lock. Namely the natural jade lock crack, no definite shape, orientation and regularity. Due to the forces of nature into the lock of the impact of changes in the cold and many other factors. The types of lock breaking cracks, broken lines, Turtle pattern, fried heart pattern, patterns and other fried scared. Processing of jade carved in the choice of materials and the first thing to pay attention to the processing pattern lock, or cis tuft tuft saw jade, or hide. After going under the feed-shaped lock design. After carving the design, the pattern resembles a lock again, said, “ridge”, “waterline.” Brood design and workmanship required by reshaping it to lock by accident effect. Jade works amorphous, cut out dirty to her head, though to go negative, there is “a blessing in disguise,” otherwise creative effect.
Three, of the flaw as Yu
The flaw in the bogey jade, crystal clear natural jade is hard to find the jasper, particularly in the mining centuries later, treasure jade resources, make full use of jade, jade experts have long been aware that the formation of “The Opposite of flaws as” the carving process features. Xia Yu is the author of the works is not only does not affect the work, more so vivid works to increase the sense of realism, reaching beyond the reach of ordinary jade material effect.
Fourth, the clever use of waste
Using it for the purpose of waste treasure jade material resources, reduce the cost of work to create a material and finished product of equal value or higher than the value of jade carving crafts, especially in the full use of non-renewable resources of jade, “clever use of waste” is commendable.
Five, pretty clever use of color
Pretty clever use of color jade carving craft is a major feature for the jade industry in general applications. The main green jade, both yellow, black, red, white and other colors. There are lake green, apple green, grass green and green and white and other colors. Some variegated jade jade, red, yellow, black, green, all together in one color, colorful, river mill jade jade is dark green, brown yellow jade outsourcing skin. Jade jade rich colors and clever use for the production of pretty colored material provides a good foundation, but also the exquisite jade products, image, vivid, giving a vivid lifelike feel, leaving the world more love.
Six, relief
One of the kinds of jade carving reliefs. In the plane of the base plate engraving shape or cut system image, body contour approximation painting, punch varied from no formality, mainly from the front to enjoy. Relief is mainly used for hormone live, stove, bottle smoked, utensils among other works also impose relief. Jade works due to a variety of relief patterns, ornamentation, so that works antique, elegant and luxurious. More types of relief.
Bas-relief: the sculpture shallow, less hierarchical cross, its depth is generally less than 2 mm, bas-relief checkmark line stringent requirements. Commonly used in the method of combining lines and surface enhanced three-dimensional picture
In relief: “underground” to be darker than the bas-relief, the level change is also more generally to a depth of 2-5 mm son, also bore wall thickness determined according to its depth.
Deep relief: level crossing and more three-dimensional sense. Embossed pattern has two categories: one is the traditional variety of deformation patterns such as fret, thunder pattern, hook lotus patterns and so on. One for realistic patterns such as flowers, fruits, vegetables, birds, landscapes, figures and concrete type of dragon and phoenix, auspicious patterns and so on. Various modifications of the traditional animal patterns to make utensils simple, solemn, heavy. Plant design patterns splendid light. Geometric patterns to make utensils stable equilibrium. Deformation pattern patterns often applied in containers abdomen, neck and various edge.
Seven, engraved
Is the further development of openwork relief, also known as hollow carved. Or deep in bas-relief, on the basis of certain relief equivalent to “land” or background hollow parts. The more distinctive silhouette image of the scene, so that works can reflect exquisitely carved, cunning process effect. Increase the level of openwork jade works, many of the works up and down two triple patterns and even four. As levels increase, patterns, staggered up and down the scene, the scene near and far different. Because of its complex process, making more difficult, take drilling penetration milling method, it is hollow at the upper and lower lines scattered complex, polishing the most time-consuming, however, openwork artistic best.
Eight, Yuandiao
Also known as “body sculpture garden”, is three-dimensional sculpture. Around each side must be carved out, ornamental objects, regardless of its front, side, you can enjoy any angle up and down from the surrounding, such as physical devices, but the proportion of the difference it has real volume. Yuandiao widest variety of process applications is a prime live classes and character classes. North jade carvings craft nationally known, the proportion of the body and the cover fit, exquisite accessories, grooming gorgeous, rich. Quintana works just like practical objects, but it is an exquisite handicrafts.
Nine, engraving
Engraving is a more complex process. In a jade carved inside and outside the two-story or three scenes, jade industry called “skills.” From the early days of the Republic to as tools to limited conditions and is not skilled jade carving, engraving techniques have been blank. After the 1970s, artists explore jade engraving techniques, and achieved breakthrough results.
Ten, thread combinations
Threaded combination of industrial thread, assembly process used jade crafts. 80 years after the jade bulky products popular. Jade products introduced in the thread, the results are satisfactory.
In addition, although all kinds of craft divide and above it, then it is difficult to separate the jade works in a piece of work as some kind of craft, most boutique for the various process rolled into one, or to a certain kind of technology-based, Other processes of both. Works of the fine is this.
Identify examples
She too Chui:
She too Chui formed 18-24 million years ago siliceous sedimentary seabed, after the repeated tectonic movements and hydrothermal seep chromium, forming a chromium-based quartzite, pale green to white, translucent, hard and compact texture after polishing delicate moist, bright color, very enjoyable.
1. Mohs hardness 7.1
2. Density: 2.6
Refractive index: 1.54
4. Radioactive 3 — 5R (safety standards 40R)
5. Optical Properties: Transparent – Translucent
6. Color: light green — White
7. Anti-acid corrosion
1, Color: jade expert on color very seriously. Color is not only important to evaluate the merits of the standard quality jade, jade species but also the main basis for division. She too, though not the color of emerald is a variety of jade in the crowd, but its unique rich colors equally much cherished.
She too emerald color of jadeite and abroad compared to other regions, the tone more, since a series. She too jade white, blue, emerald green, three basic colors, there are some transitional color, such as green white, gray, green beans, dark green, and so on. She too Chui legend industry people in a race and Tian Baiyu Baiyu said. Jadeite Jade talk with Johnson. Is extremely rare high-grade jade.
2, Hardness: Hardness identification She too is an important sign of emerald. Mineral hardness of minerals other objects arrived engage an invasive mechanical properties. Hardness is usually two:
(1) relative hardness, or Mohs hardness is a carved hardness.
Jade carving
(2) absolute hardness, also called the indentation hardness. Is based on the mineral surface to bear the weight determined. She too Chui Mohs hardness of 6.9 to 7.2, between different varieties slightly different. Generally the hardness is slightly larger than white jade. Generally the jewelry industry as a division of gems and jade hardness is an important sign. Gem in Mohs hardness is generally 7.3 degrees or more, jade Mohs hardness is generally 4 to 7.2 degrees, She too Chui hardness, good polishing, easy to save, with some collectible value.
3, density: the density is the weight per unit volume jade. She too Chui’s weight was measured by using a small sample weight, of 2.65 ~ 2.85. Slightly different varieties, white 2.85, 2.65 green jade, jade is 2.75.
4, Transparency: Transparency is visible through the extent permitted jade, jade Dan Duiguang mainly with the absorption intensity related to mineralogy is generally divided into transparent, translucent, slightly transparent body, non-transparent four kinds. She too is slightly transparent emerald body, in general, progressive degrees that can transmit light, but not see through things like.
5, gloss: shiny jade Dan Duiguang reflective capabilities. She is too shiny glass emerald sheen. This gloss is not strong not weak, that is, no glare crystal inspiration, there is no low-light wax texture, soft and delicate, shiny lesson.
Jade history
Neolithic jade animals mostly birds, fish, turtles, pigs, cicadas and other animal-based, multi-use relief, relief art expression, carving technique is simple, clean lines but very expressive, quite a mystery.
Many animals in the Shang Dynasty jade image, was quite popular animal patterns, bronze ornamentation often used. Mainly tiger, rabbit, deer, birds, etc, and mostly jade jade, there are holes, in order to wear, animal ornamentation beautifully concise.
Western Zhou Chunqiu animals when jade tiger, deer, pigs, horses, cattle and sheep were the most common, the use of multi-reliefs and carvings craft skills less stress lively and vivid expression.
Warring States Period, Han Dynasty jade animal theme has leap-type development, in addition to the common animals, but also the emergence of various imaginary animal and auspicious, jade carving techniques used in relief carvings Individually, both realism and abstract art style, lifelike , expressive matter.
Tang and Song Dynasty jade animal theme change a lot, Tian Lu, evil spirits and other animal almost disappeared, peacocks, camels and other Western began to appear in large animals such as jade among its artistic style is also affected by Western cultural influences, free and easy rough.
Jin and Yuan animal jade style was influenced by northern ethnic minorities, such as swans swimming appear, eagles and other birds hunting lively and natural scenes.
Ming and Qing jade animals peaked themes including animal, zodiac, poultry, etc., carved exquisite and delicate, dense lines, both realistic and vivid.
Because animal-shaped jade is mainly used for wear and ornamental, decorative function, so it was out of the conception of ritual jade ideological shackles to become Yu-workers to get rid of the mysterious art of color, to express the feelings of longing for natural beautiful image a small world.
Identification methods
People love jade jewelry and jade, but jade identification method but few people know that, in fact, can be considered jade jade identification of a knowledge, if you love jade, must learn it for identification.
Zhuo Yi Xuan’s Mu Yujing teacher to teach you a visual identification methods jade, jade knowledge which it is more basic one.
Grossly law and nephrite a color to white and cyan color tone, color more evenly. White jade, especially suet is unique and nephrite. Nanyang jade Jade and also white, but no positive Hetian jade, some of them with green and other impurities. Sapphire blue, sometimes green jasper and Jade so easy to confuse, to grasp the characteristics of blue, it ranged between blue and green. And Tianyu Zi Yu and some have skin color, skin color tones are mostly brown, localized.
Two texture analysis method and nephrite dense texture and delicate, moist and soft, with oil sheen, giving a soft but just see sense, white is particularly evident. There are also other jade fine texture, but not moisture and oil sheen and nephrite.
Three test impurities France and nephrite pure quality, very few impurities. Common for the iron and graphite impurities. Impurities are distributed in the crack, there are different color rendering, brown or brown-black, naked eye visible. Graphite black, black jade in distributed.
Four judgments hardness method and nephrite hardness 6.5-6.9, steel Daoke does not move, its hardness is similar to a jadeite jade, Nanyang jade, chalcedony, etc. Emerald hardness of 6.5-7.0, 6.0-7.5 hardness Nanyang jade, chalcedony is 6.5-7, you can use other features to distinguish.
Some basic knowledge of jade, besides watching presentation, also available online some large jade forum, look at some expert tips published learned.
Cleaning and maintenance
Maintenance of jade
People talk about Yang Yu, a “raise” the word, not only tells Jade is a living material, and which contains a lot of learning. For the maintenance of jade jewelry, roughly summed up in the following points:
Jade is very hard, but very easy to crack by the collision, although sometimes with the naked eye can not see the crack, in fact, within the molecular structure of the surface of jade has been damaged, there are dark cracks, which significantly impair its perfection and economic value of the degree.
Try to avoid dust. If daily jade dust, then use the soft brush to clean; if dirt or grease, etc. attached to the surface of jade should scrub with warm soapy water, then rinse. Avoid the use of chemical degreasing agent, in addition to oil.
Best placed jewelry bags or jewelry box, to avoid scratch or collision damage. Case of high-end jade jewelry, but not placed on the counter, and free product grime, affecting brightness through.
Avoid contact with perfume, chemicals, soap and body contact with sweat. Jade as much contact with sweat, not immediately after wearing wiped clean and will be subject to erosion, damage to the outer layer, affecting the others vividness. Especially the “ground glass” jade, suet, but avoid sweat and grease.
To avoid sun exposure jade, jade case because of thermal expansion, the volume increases, will affect the quality of the jade. Hibiscus jade, crystal, agate subjected to extreme heat may even burst.
Accessory use clean, soft cloth wiped, not to use dyed fabric, fiber hard cloth. Inlaid with diamonds, red sapphire, emerald jade jewelry and other precious stones, only suitably clean white cloth and wipe the grease, dust, etc. erase, which helps to maintain the original quality of maintenance and.
To maintain proper humidity. Jade rely on a certain humidity to maintain, especially water tank agate, jade crystal classes. Surrounding environment can not be too dry.
