Woodcut
Referred woodcut, not only a long history, in large quantities, and forms. Before the rise of the modern printing press, it is the only art form can be spread by a large number of engravings Shuayin copy; printing even after the birth of the modern modern printing, woodcut, although social functions significantly reduced, but not completely exit the stage of history , still with its unique charm spread in the world.
1 Origin
Why should woodcut dubbed “folk” word it? its relevance is very obvious, is to see it as the basis of their cultures and be fully examined from a historical perspective, folk woodcut is relative to the court, scholars and religious woodcut purposes; From a practical perspective, folk woodcut difference was mainly dry professional (specifically, the creation of woodcut home course, the connotation of the term “folk” has always been not very. exact, true epitaxy also scattered uncertain while woodcut of “folk” and “non-folk”, it is the cross melted together, some really difficult to distinguish. depending on the need to tend to his art, to see about aspects while fixed if viewed from the perspective of Chinese prints to the history, we can easily find in the study of partial dump; mention ancient woodcut, is fiction drama “Illustrated”, “map” and literati used “Jian Zhi” ; mention folk woodcut, is the “New Year” For half a century, and many more who study folk woodcut “New Year,” said all there was, of course, this is all part ignore Chinese woodcut achievements; .. but on the other hand , yet plenty of folk woodcut style even richer excluded from the study in order to change this situation, we propose the concept of “Chinese folk woodcut Shuayin painting”, for its comprehensive study. aims to sort out China the context of traditional woodcut find court official engraved version, meaning interest-based scholars and religious propaganda depend. Only in this way, in order to see the whole picture of the development of Chinese wood engraving. described herein, only history of folk woodcut, species, spread and artistic features a brief description.
woodcut
2
historical development of Chinese folk woodcut, with the invention of printing and the use of Chinese are basically synchronized the line, even a little later, it will not too far behind in the ancient times, paper, ink and brush the invention, to the people writing the text and illustrations, image brought great convenience, has become a major progress of human civilization especially the manufacture of paper and popularity, after five centuries or so, with the need for cultural transmission, but also a feeling of a piece of Transcription and a drawing of the slow further to solve the woodblock engraving process, you can copy a large number of Chinese woodblock printing, generally considered to be invented in the Tang Dynasty or before the Tang Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, when the already very mature. oldest extant printed book. cannelloni is Xiantong nine years (AD 868 In India made “Diamond Sutra” full volume more than five meters long, beautifully engraved frontispiece Fei painting, the Department of Sakyamuni Foshui Fa figure; Ending engraved with “King of the order of two pro Keizo Purse” instructions. This is the religion by an instance of folk art in the form, and it is engraved book and portray synchronized proof. agricultural production emphasis on the throttle, but said that yin and yang in ancient direct contact with people’s activities, need to have a lot of almanacs, so India made almanac has become a major function after the invention of printing. Tang Dynasty Qian Fu discovered four years (AD 877 years) almanac also proved this point, while in the late Tang and two years (AD 822 years) of residual almanac page, Chengdu folk private printing. although the almanac seen engraved picture, but after “Chunniu map”, the “1999 Consumers cold map” and the like, there is a direct relationship.
3 History
rise
From here so that we get a historical information, the rise of woodblock Shuayin precisely adapt to the needs of folk beliefs and production, life as practical, convenient, beautiful, it caused a top concern and attention of scholars, so the Song Dynasty , woodblock printing widespread flowering, with almost everywhere from the record of urban life in the Song “Tokyo Midtown”, “capital of Ji Sheng”, “Dream Liang Lu” and “old martial arts thing” and other books can be seen very active civil Printing King on behalf of Pingyang (now Shanxi Linfen) engraved Kyi’s house, “Four Beauties”, the theme has been secularized, and later with the characteristics of folk paintings from the Song to the Qing, the country appeared in many woodblock printing center , Shuayin book illustrations, put up a picture card, as well as statues, paper and decorated horses, instruction sheet, cards, etc., to form a printed worlds. their continuation of twelve hundred centuries.
development
In fact, the invention of the printing is not accidental and isolated in a printed before, had a lot of similar printing processes, such as stamps, printing and dyeing, and later in the rubbing technique. Qin and Han Dynasties stamp use has become commonplace in Hunan Changsha and Wuwei in Gansu Han Dynasty unearthed silk fabric, half Indian half-painted patterns; That pattern is small woodcut stamp (stamped), this method has also spread to Xinjiang Uygur Tang Dynasty. large woodblock print clip has emerged, gorgeous screen can be printed, however, these are not printed despite some similarities in the nature and characteristics of the process, but it is not the same in the relationship has even be some direct reference and the impact of technology, which is in line with the logic of historical development, but can not be seen as the same thing, just like there is paper and paper-cut before, people have engraved metal foil hug pattern, such as the lacquer “金银平 stickers . “But is not that paper-cut. article to illustrate some common things a long, stretched at the history, it appeared” before woodcut woodcut “,” paper-cut paper-cut before “and” primitive society Flowers and Birds “(referring to pottery decoration, and” painting on bronze “(referring to the Shang and Zhou bronze decoration), etc., makes elusive. Zhe exists here for vague and unclear taxonomic basic artistic concepts, it should be noted.
do not live orgasm
concepts and classifications are also causing a chain reaction. most obvious is the “folk paintings,” The word summarizes all the folk woodcut here there are people realize the extent of the process and the importance of things. “paintings “The late appearance of the word. evening live 李光庭” Rural words amusement “in the official use of the” New Year, “the word, citing the” filial map “,” banker busy “sort of works, that” make the children see, whom commentary, perhaps the end of the non-dependents are also, “also worth mentioning that the book will port Painting” and “keeper”, “couplets.” and so tied, the concept is very clear, but before that, just generally known paintings “Painting paste”, “happy map”, “painted sheets”, “paper painting children”, the name is no uniform until modern times, Mr. Lu Xun advocated new woodcut, wood persuade tuck home draw young people, or used the word “paper flowers” .
4 and paintings
Early in this century, the West began to pay attention to Chinese folklorists folk paintings, a large number of works spread to France, the Soviet Union and Japan, while in earlier times, Japan and Vietnam New Year transplant will last from early Japanese “ukiyo-e” can see traces of Chinese wood paintings, and some primal Vietnamese New Year is carved over Taohuawu version. Artists began to participate in our old pictures of improvements, and the New Year painting creations dry before forty years of this century, while the official use of “pictures” of the term, but also to carry out research work and in-depth, that is to say, is the study of folk woodcut paintings from the beginning, and then gradually expand outwards , or because of the convention, right, also to other pictures to summarize this is one reason.
Historically, the early woodblock printed map is printed on the book to go along, namely that doubles as a bookshop. until the Ming and Qing Dynasties Some paintings workshops to expand its operations, it appears the independent industry. Regarding Offer New Year’s shop, has been a “peddler” do more “seat supplier.” Some selling paintings lyrics folklore, also shows this characteristic. and more widespread popularity of the work, it is the farmer’s household sideline production and specialty paper “Southern paper shop”, from India from the sale, form a national network. example, “paper horses” one, in the marketplace of life described Yuanmomingchu Kaifeng ” dream record “, the only paper shop there more than a dozen horses, mostly with candles, etc. and selling author in the early fifties in Wuxi survey paper horse shops selling mostly the paper shop, Zhizha grocery stores and liquor smoke The shops are from India since sold, collected over eight hundred kinds of paper horse. Obviously, these offerings with burning with folk art, paintings can not be summed up as a. forces
habit is great It will be bound to live people’s thinking and activities. usually “New Year” explanation, is posted in the New Year starts with one, seek good luck, which is cut at the facts, but in order to make “pictures” can be summed up another, someone they attempt to “New Year” change the meaning of the word ye in by the Year “New Year” is expanded to “perennial” of the year, which makes the concept of confusion if the “New Year” in the name refers to the perennial affixed to the painting, then, What special meaning, how, other paintings of paintings do not also perennial?
So, we will fully examine folk woodcut paintings, both to give the paintings. one should have an important position, but also take into account comprehensive and sort out the system. regardless of affiliation or from the point of view from the conceptual, logical, only folk woodcut including folk woodcut New Year pictures, but can not be reversed. less, we follow the actual characteristics of the application and the form of the folk woodcut initially divided into twelve categories,
(a) facade, including the goalkeeper, Quebec head, the door right, bar the door contractors, etc.;
(b) of the paintings, including the nave, with the shaft, hanging scrolls, cross match , Georgia King, Doufang, moonlight, window top, by the window, Kang Wai paintings;
(three) grilles, window painting including color printing, paper cutting Indian painting, etc.;
(four) light painting, including lantern painting, lantern painting, painting, and other riddles,
(five) banner painting, including color door pad, Chongyang flag, whisk paper, table surrounded paintings;
(six) statues, including often for statues, ritual statues, tablets brand, fathers, shafts, etc.;
(seven) paper horses, including vest, paper money, paper money and other tissues;
(eight) illustrations, including the title page, Illustrated fiction, fiction full map, skills images, images of things, topographic maps, etc.;
(nine) tie paste, including burial objects printed pieces, Aries cysts, printed version of the kite, wallpaper, calendering Huajian, grinding edge paper;
(X) mark, including shops stamp, instruction sheet, labels, packaging, etc.;
(eleven) gambling, including leaves, liquor licenses, horse logo, card, color selected grid, etc.;
(xii) other, including the draft version of printing and embroidery, printed version of the fan , eliminate cold map, printed version of the toy, Lung Kai, Mingbi etc..
more than 12 categories fifty kinds, just rough division. Incidentally, in this context, “Shuayin folk woodblock painting” water color woodcut engravings by Shuayin picture to do with a dry plain text copies, while the picture is not entirely with the plot of the painting in the art of taxonomy, whether ancient or folk, unlike today’s painting , pattern, decoration and other lines as distinct differences in other words, the actual work is often cross each other rubbing together.
5
handed manner described above, folk woodcut is then spread mode of production, lifestyles and customs related department. its production, production and sales, applications can be divided into at least the following forms and channels.
book printing workshop
since the Song, Yuan and Ming even after Qing Dynasty, in some form all over the country to print books based publishing center, in addition to the book while marking Fei painting, Illustrated, full figure, also printed professional Hua Pu, album artwork and independent Ming and Qing Dynasties. Generally speaking, these works are mostly painters painting, carving carved, scholars involved, so the tendency heavier literati art, but because carving concentration skills also higher, but a wander out alone put it in the folk splendor. Binh Duong Song period (now Shanxi Linfen, is an example. Others, such as Jian (now Fujian) version, Masha (now Fujian Jianyang) version, Nanking (now Nanjing) version, Xin’an (now Anhui) version, martial arts (now Hangzhou) version, Suzhou (now Jiangsu Suzhou) version, Wu Xing (now Zhejiang Wu) version, West Shu (now Sichuan Chengdu) version, etc., that has its own private nature, but also the impact on the surrounding folk Therefore, folk woodcut were each attached to different levels, the “cultural transmission circle” is also different.
professional paint shop
since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the number of economic, cultural and handicraft more developed cities, the traffic is convenient. appear the paintings at the wholesale level, and New Year’s goalkeeper gods (such as God of heaven and earth, kitchen king) consisting mainly of painting shop. painting shop set up workshops, sent for the painter, hire workers, production, Weifang Yangjiabu ballad in the “sit engraved edition case, incidentally paste fan “then.” Sit case “refers to the Shuayin picture card is in season production,” fan “means a fan of printing and mounting, is in the off-season production, in fact, such as kites, also useful for woodblock engraving. Such paint shop, and spread from the center to the sides, and gradually take root in local, and their formation characteristics, Shandong only one place, such as the production of paintings picture card distributed in the place where dozens of counties and villages.
also responsible for painting
somewhat larger “Southern paper shop” that Monopoly handmade paper shops often employ several workers engraved printing, in addition to a small number of Indian paintings, mostly commonly used throughout the year printed on paper horses, marriage with The Dragon and Kai, 笺纸 and festive moonlight, flags and other Chongyang.
household sideline
many in rural areas, after harvest, before the lunar month on the 23rd, some of the family unit, carry wood prints Shuayin. they are often asked people engraved version, and even the layout of several ancestral, much trapping, and hand-coloring, the whole family can participate. printed works are mostly small paintings Zhang, Wang, and stove paper horses and the like, and then get on the market sales. This form is most common in southern Shandong, the so-called memory version, only one ink line version, after Shuayin coloring.
some even village into pieces, each Several villages have, which is a pretty big number. relations in the study of folk woodcut stream cloth and with the masses, can not be ignored.
Zhizha shop
mostly Indian Paper horses and the like, some even smoke the hotel industry, while making the business side, generally serves the needs of local believers. Zhizha shop also there own version of the special needs of the moment, various parts specially printed papered goods.
sutras Fu
In the past, some of the larger temples and Taoist temples, mostly from India some of the Buddha, by the change and lucky charms Figure tract, some printed and sold to the believer, as Buddha, Immortality purposes: some of the donor provide engraved version, Shuayin certain acts giving. although it is religious art, but is the use of a form of folk art.
lettering shop doubles
in many small cities, lettering shop except for people outside the engraved stamp , also for some some small shops and workshops engraved promotional signs, such as stamp printed on the merchandise, instruction sheet, packing boxes and decorating.
carved from red or sub
farmers carved red marks from the child, the general Size small, multi-use red paper and ink printing, such as the pattern of the “blessing” Yu, “hi” and Tai Chi gossip centered “Jixinggaozhao” map, when the Chinese New Year posted on the lintel. also some engraved “grandfather in This “(apartment holds-barred), and build a new house with the” on 梁大吉 “and so on. Subei” cow print “is attached to the pen, and a large bullpen and travel tools. these” red marks on the child “, because Since farmers carved from India occupied (or for someone with a stick), often seem simple unadorned, and professional work of different artists.
more than eight cases, not only illustrates the multi-layered folk woodcut, multifaceted development, but also explains its popularity and richness. examine a specific work, despite all embody the foundation of national culture, but on the performance of their art, technology is concerned, there are still compete, coarse and fine, the size of the points, while show on people’s feelings, but it is often less processed, and even a rough surface, the more it can be seen that the good intentions of its truth.
6
have a correct evaluation of the secular concept had long shackled people’s thinking that too much praise those big large scale of production and processing work, and even concludes, “three”, “four” and the like. has been mentioned before, due to the economic, cultural, industrial, and transportation and other factors, indeed formed a number of large and small, wood engravings and marketing center, which focused talent, experience, conducive to the development of dry art, representative, this is very valuable, but it can not be three, four for unlimited extension, and even appear. “Three birthplace “,” four birthplace, “said Polo in which there is history of the sky like a star, there are nearly far, there are clear with bright, some small, some fall, some freshmen, some are temporarily The cloud cover, but the vast Milky Way, is a gathering of millions of stars, even Zhongxinggongyue, we can not ignore that little flashing light, there should be a comprehensive treatment of the national culture relies on a positive attitude.
Innovation in the Arts Repeat and conventionalism is not sterile, but the needs of the people and the existence of a “quantity” issue, the rise of printing being taken seriously because of the large scale replication, easy to spread. one version, Shuayin thousands, breeze , is regarded as a great contribution to civilization after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, many people fled to the south from the north, the Southern Song Dynasty hundred years, people often miss the lost empire and away from home, so there are genre painting “painting” of creation, and the emergence of a lot of copy. prosperity of the city’s economy and promote the improvement of people’s culture, but also led to a lively rural culture, which is an important reason for the development of secular folk paintings. slightly photogravure common sense would know that the artist painting sent photoengraving, is not “aliasing”, which is solved by modern technology has however in ancient times, in the case of hand-carved woodblock, and how to keep exactly the same painter hook line and carved seal version, is a great contradiction.
7 photos
there is a class with a photograph woodcut, is a continuation and development of the modern woodcut tradition, making woodcuts more personalized, she can use your own photos or their favorite pictures, love photo production, it can be used as a work of art placed in the bed, bookshelf, or when an exquisite decorative painting hanging on their walls; You can also use it as a unique gift for care their own people; Or, as a warm memorial to carry ……
process: 0.9cm thickness generally use high quality panels and images perfect fit, the surface of water, wear tight transparent protective coating exhibits a unique texture. painting-like effect.
8 woodcuts produced material
now become a very popular home decorations, materials used in its production process mainly consists of plate materials printed materials (ink and paper) form.
a plate-making materials
Muk: fine texture, greater hardness, not easy to deformation, the traditional woodcut quality sheet
ginkgo wood: wood is fine, but softer, and therefore should not be engraved fine picture <. br> Boxwood: hard wood, suitable for engraving fine picture but the higher the tool requirements, but also because the source is not wide, and now has few people with
Shelf: This is now the most widely used woodcut materials is relatively cheap, and there is a large enough area for the production of larger works.
2. inks and pigment inks used primarily
woodcut printing ink which has rich colors, colors Ink can be deployed to each other in order to achieve better results. should not use transcription ink, the ink oil content more easily contaminated screen, and coarse particles, the printing quality is poor. printmaker some oil paints are used in printing, in order to achieve a richer color effects, but this is important to note the degree of viscous oil painting color, and not a large area.
woodblock prints chromatic pigment, generally using watercolor, gouache and Chinese painting pigments.
3. printing woodcut printmaking paper
paper is a carrier. prints the final result by a very large impact on the paper. watermark woodcut painting students generally use thicker paper and should be a strong industrial absorbent filter paper. doing mimeographed wood When prints, you can also use paper more solid sketch paper. variety of different paper, can cause different artistic effects, but in the end what the paper, there is no fixed norms, which according to their characteristics and preferences printmaker, and want to get the special effects according to set.
