Shakuhachi, bamboo, external incision, five-hole (the top four after a), is a vibration gas alarms edges wind instrument, eight inches to a foot long tube, named after its tone desolate expanse, but also the performance of ethereal, quiet mood.
Historical heritage
Sui and Tang, shakuhachi become a major instrument in court. “New Tang Lu before Biography”: “Dynasty (627-649), the loss of ancestral music SUN Zeng Xiao law, and tone of king long pass, white informed more difficult matter, can not decide. Taizong imperial courtiers who give good sound …… paternity in Wang Gui, Wei Wei Sheng said the only system shakuhachi, where twelve, different lengths, and the harmonic deed. ”
Todai-ji Temple in Nara, Japan’s positive position in the yard, still preserved in China’s Tang Dynasty Chuan Tang Dynasty went eight shakuhachi. Where an eagle carved bamboo shakuhachi, 43.7 cm long, tube top opening five holes in front of the tube body behind a hole. Each has a circular pattern at the edge of the sound hole. Production is very beautiful, the whole body carving patterns and ladies like. The first hole is engraved with two women, one who stoop and pick flowers, one by subsequent legislation for Zhang sleeve. Behind a hole under a female stand while holding a fan, another woman sitting pipa. The rest are decorated with flowers and birds pattern. There are also jade shakuhachi, dental shakuhachi, shakuhachi and birch carved stone tape measure eight and so on.
Song shakuhachi developed to form a five-hole shakuhachi and severance by the Japanese monk eastward Japan, has been preserved, and its complex skills, sound unique and ancient flavor. Shen Kuo, “which” contains: “Later Han Ma Rong conferred flute, empty bottomless, quiet on hole, five hole, a hole out of its back, just like today the shakuhachi.”
After the Song Dynasty, with the Chinese cultural gap, from the folk flute, flute and other instruments gradually replaced the music of the shakuhachi for Gong Ting Ya’s position that the country has not seen such an ancient musical instrument. China is now made of bamboo vertical spread
There flute wind instrument, South Sound Xiao (South flute), Guangdong Xiao and so on. The main difference is with the shakuhachi flute and Guangdong Xiao such as the internal dig u-type mouthpiece, often capped lid; South Sound xiao (South flute) as the internal dig v-mouthpiece, no cap cover. The shakuhachi is a half-moon shape of the mouthpiece exonuclease mouthpiece. Flute with South flute, shakuhachi mouthpiece are associated with a significant difference. Patterned openings in the flute is different to the one foot eight inch pipe Patterned example, the sound tube is D, the pitch of the holes F, G, A, C, D. Patterned with an inner diameter of the other flute, sound also has a significant difference.
With the popularity of the international shakuhachi and Japanese shakuhachi sector to China’s roots, all kinds of shakuhachi gradually returned to China. (From left to right right shakuhachi, South flute, flute).
Communication History
Shakuhachi in Japan 1,300 years ago had spread eastward, into the Japanese mainland. According to records shakuhachi is Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (581-618), the equivalent of Japan’s Nara era of the Tang Dynasty as playing gagaku instruments pass by the Chinese to go. From Sui Gaozu Kaihuang 20 years (600 years) since the time of Prince Shotoku in Japan, the Japanese have repeatedly sent “Sui make” and “Tang Dynasty” Go China, shakuhachi flute and many other Chinese musical instruments such as the Long eastward to Japan. So far, Japan has also preserved Shosoin Tang system shakuhachi kinds. First introduced to Japan only for Gong Ting Ya shakuhachi music, tin, known as the “ancient shakuhachi” is often used as a plaything of dignitaries, it is also called “Gagaku shakuhachi.” According to legend, Prince Shotoku particularly fond of the Japanese shakuhachi, he was used by Chinese shakuhachi, now also treasured in Nara Horyuji temple.
Today in Japan, the popular five-hole “shakuhachi”, it is the Kamakura period (two to Song Chao Xi Shun Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty) by Japanese Zen monks were ordinary sense of the heart to protect the country Nio Temple in Hangzhou, China during Xuechan Lay sheets with reference to the study door playing shakuhachi, shakuhachi and returning back to the “virtual bell” and “void” and shakuhachi music. Later, heart felt were founded generalization, imparting
Skills, playing the shakuhachi into meditation, called blowing Zen. Therefore will he teach shakuhachi shakuhachi called generalization.
After 1871, generalization shakuhachi pass in society. Modern Japanese shakuhachi is from the Cape of shakuhachi evolved, more generally for three, five holes (after the first 4 1), no pore, with different length dimensions, both playing classical music, but also can play Modern music; often with koto and shamisen ensemble, but also with the Western orchestra, electronic organ, among others. Improved modern Japanese shakuhachi diameter changes, so more perfect sound, consistent temperament.
Todaiji in Nara positive positions yard, still preserved in China’s Tang Dynasty also pass to the eight shakuhachi. Where a carved eagle shakuhachi, 43.7 cm long, tube top opening, the tube body behind a hole in front of five holes. Each has a circular pattern at the edge of the sound hole. Production is very beautiful, the whole body carving patterns and ladies like. The first hole is engraved with two women, one who stoop and pick flowers, one by subsequent legislation for Zhang sleeve. Behind a hole under a female stand while holding a fan, another woman sitting pipa. The rest are decorated with flowers and birds pattern. There are also jade shakuhachi, dental shakuhachi, shakuhachi and birch carved stone tape measure eight and so on. Suzhou National Musical Instruments Factory has carved carving shakuhachi a copy.
In addition, by the Chinese brought to Japan as well as “a cut shakuhachi.” 1970s Americans seamount (kaizan) will be transmitted to the United States from Japan, shakuhachi. Today, the modern shakuhachi are more and more international attention. Although shakuhachi originated in China, but the Southern Song Dynasty has been the Japanese heritage and development of the 20th century, but also through Japan, spread to other countries and regions in the world, and in its hometown of China, has almost been forgotten, the international research also customary to shakuhachi called “shakuhachi” (Japanese “shakuhachi” transliteration), the shakuhachi classified as Japan’s national instrument.
July 2008, in Sydney, Australia at the World Conference on shakuhachi, Chinese artist Zhang Suzhou shakuhachi listen (frequency gamma Samadhi) as the sole representative of China attended the meeting, and in the nine countries and regions worldwide nearly a hundred players Get World Youth shakuhachi contest finals fourth. From the first time in the modern international arena with China shakuhachi human figure.
Manufacture
Shakuhachi flute is the predecessor to Zhugen production, in the pass no end, the tube foot eight inches, cut half-moon songs outside the mouth of the front by opening four holes at the back to open a hole.
Shakuhachi production is very complex.
Selection
Need to choose thick, bamboo fiber closely, the inner wall of thick bamboo, more suitable due to Makino, so 90% of the shakuhachi were selected Makino (Japan called true bamboo) for the material.
Bamboo is also very particular about the selection of projects, because the mouth must song on bamboo, cut each hole must be a certain distance away from the bamboo, so the choice of making shakuhachi bamboo pitch have very strict requirements. Plus generally must take root shakuhachi, a bamboo forest, only twelve suitable for making shakuhachi. So therefore shakuhachi prices increased a lot. Distance requirements for the festival, in addition to songs port must be in bamboo, the other a distance of aesthetic requirements, is not necessary.
Shakuhachi song port is circumscribed, and flute as endo, which is the difference between shakuhachi flute and one purchase, please note. Tang did not cut inside the mouth song. Song of the mouth cut method will result in different playing techniques different.
After digging through some bamboo handle, must be kept more than 3 years before they can produce shakuhachi.
After doing crude embryo, Modern Patterned bamboo conditions need to fill the inner wall, the inner wall of the design requirements in order to achieve a curve. This process is the production of shakuhachi hardest place, because the entire process is done by hand, in small space, using tools like abrasive rasp made in full compliance with the drawing of the curve is very much needed experience, a good curve can Let shakuhachi more perfect sound. Will be more good blow. Filler material commonly used internationally for the lacquer + whetstone powder mixture. Of course, the inner wall is also useful as a new method for plastics.
Outside
Do need to use the old lacquer thin layer of protection. The wall will need to use black, or Zhu Hongsheng do paint protection.
Playing
Shakuhachi sound can be high or low. Voices can be deafening, but also delicate as silk. This requires that those who play a considerable ability to grasp.
Shakuhachi Shakuhachi external incision song mouth makes an increase of ups and downs with the flute tips (angle airflow through the rise of bow making changes resulting pitch and timbre will change).
With only five classical shakuhachi holes. Making it part of the sound must be blown out with the ups and downs. So ups and downs is one of the greatest charm shakuhachi. Shakuhachi player is verified an important indicator of the level.
Species
Don shakuhachi shakuhachi can be divided, to no shakuhachi, a cut shakuhachi and modern shakuhachi of four. One, Don shakuhachi exo-type mouthpiece, tin, and according to the presence or absence of water hyacinth to choose. Fingering and Xiao same, and the same with Xiao distinguish different lengths with a tune, there are common Don shakuhachi G tune, F tone, E tone. For custom tin with eight holes fingering friends, only need to be familiar shakuhachi exo-type mouthpiece, music can play a very convenient. Second, to no shakuhachi exo-type mouthpiece, five-hole, the top four after one, no water hyacinth. To the classical genre generally used without shakuhachi solo in this song, so both require absolute pitch, but also requires only relative pitch. Commonly used as a foot eight inches, also can take some bamboo for production, do not deliberately required length. Ancient pipe production methods, more modern tube easier, the ancient tube pitch is the average distance, the inner wall are not altered, so to speak without shakuhachi no intonation, but by the artificially corrected through the ups and downs of the pitch.
Third, an exo-type cut shakuhachi mouthpiece, five-hole, a cut in the ancient monk shakuhachi is nothingness tube shakuhachi evolved on the basis that only a unified length. (Right picture shows a cut shakuhachi) four, also known as modern shakuhachi modern pipe, fill soil pipe. Exo-type mouthpiece, five-hole, modern shakuhachi is based on the Song shakuhachi evolved. Modern shakuhachi demand absolute pitch, and timbre has a very high demand, so the production is very high. Modern shakuhachi bamboo lumen must be what is called a “putty tuning” of the production process (fill the name of the resulting soil pipe), which is the human inner curve for shakuhachi effective control, so that the optimum performance of shakuhachi.
Shape of the structure
Song of the mouth
Shakuhachi part of a song port horn inlay, due shakuhachi song mouth for foreign incision, unlike the flute, shakuhachi bamboo sharp part of the softest part of the meat, while the flute because it is within the incision, so the most acute part of the hard epidermis. Therefore shakuhachi song is very easy to break something and mouth caused by infestation whole shakuhachi scrapped. Song of the mouth in order to protect the ancient people, the choice of song horn inlaid in the mouth, is to break something both can be replaced. Song mouth inlaid right shakuhachi timbre have a certain impact. Selected material has a certain elegant.
Horn: sound more moist, is currently the most commonly used material inlay.
Ivory: Ivory grade shakuhachi will use as inlays, sound more tough. Crisp.
Plastics: Voices ranged between horn and ivory. There is a trend to gradually replace the horn.
Genre Relations
Ancient Shakuhachi: Ming undercurrent generalization shakuhachi songs were generally inverted fan inlay mouth.
Qin ancient stream: similar inverted fan in the shape of inverted triangle (right picture piano Pavavalung inlay),
All mountain streams: the semicircle. Song of the mouth area is to protect the largest and most scientific one.
Modern five-hole shakuhachi through behavior, international teaching, competitions are five holes. Modern production house is also exploring a number of shakuhachi five-hole shakuhachi based porous shakuhachi, there are seven holes, abalone, etc., are based on the increase in the five-hole open holes to achieve. Enka ballads and performers usually use seven-hole shakuhachi. Abalone shakuhachi rarely used. Five-hole shakuhachi, through mastery of appropriate technology, you can easily blow out all chromatic, playing all the tunes of music, and be able to demonstrate the porous shakuhachi do not have results. Now pitch and pitch and size dimensions listed to facilitate understanding:
Size 10 11 12 13 14 15 1,617,181,920,212,223 2,425,262,728,293,031 32 (18 to 1 feet 8 inches)
Pitch Bb A Ab G Gb FE Eb D Db CB Bb A Ab G Gb FE Eb D Db C
The biggest difference with the flute and flute biggest difference, not just in the pitch, number of holes, the mouthpiece structure.
On the inner curve of modern shakuhachi has almost demanding, computational science perfect resonance structure. This makes the shakuhachi sound more crisp, bright and delicate.
Genre works
School
Shakuhachi spread to Japan since the Tang Dynasty, into the Japanese mainland shakuhachi, the first Buddhist instruments used for the transmission is. So, shakuhachi and Buddhist music is inseparable.
Japanese shakuhachi many schools, and its source is “generalization were shakuhachi.” Gradual emergence of “Ming undercurrent” such a big branch.
Edo period, with the generalization cases, the abolition of nothingness monk, shakuhachi gradually people. You can also learn shakuhachi is not a monk. In the aristocracy gradually formed as the representative of the ancient piano Blackpool “Qin ancient stream.”
“Qin ancient stream” is a classical court music of the shakuhachi and the combination product. Its characteristics are gorgeous, self-assured. Similar to the Chinese Painting.
In modern times, with the inflow of Western music Orient. Produced by Nakao are mountains of the “all mountain stream”, which is characterized absorbed Western scientific method of playing musical instruments, retaining classical shakuhachi features. Mostly for playing folk and modern music.
With the growing number of shakuhachi repertoire, for ease of learning and to distinguish the characteristics of each genre. Different schools will choose their repertoire as “the song.” Different schools can not learn other genres tracks. The modern boundaries of this martial art has been weak up.
In the medieval period, mainly koto music tracks and songs adapted from the ground, and more songs with koto and shamisen ensemble to become three ensemble. Generated after the creation of the track specifically for shakuhachi, becoming “the song.” In addition to solo, duet and other forms as well.
Representative track
Japanese shakuhachi most fundamental three tracks: “false bell”, “empty”, “Wu Hai Chi” (“chi” read chí)
Classical this song: “deer away tone”, “Crane’s Nest cage”, “bell Mu”, “123 bowl back,” etc.
Qin ancient streams: the song of 38, on behalf of tracks as “deer away tone”, “nest crane bell Mu”, “sixth”, etc.
All mountain stream: mostly ballads, only an ancient classical as “Crane’s Nest cage”, the other as “rock water”, “moon”, etc.
Modern Music: “far sound” (Newages), “paternity something bright” (Rock + POP), “Fortunately Soul”, “Sakura Sakura” (dance), “East Wind” (JPOP)
Place name
Jianli Jianli County, Hubei Province is located in the southern town of shakuhachi door, longitude 113 ° 03′-113 ° 05 ‘, latitude 29 ° 35′ – 29 ° 37’, east of Honghu Lake, west of the Yangtze River, Yueyang City, Hunan Province across the river, Version soil area of 152 square kilometers, 95,142 acres of arable land, with a total population of 70,433 people, is a strong comprehensive strength Jianli five major towns.
Zhilin
Title to migratory birds like the seeds of a different party,
Masted ship came a shakuhachi.
From the sunset from the Hercynian head,
Changan pill came out Hercynian passengers.
Middle of the night listening to drunk downstairs shakuhachi,
Like a stranger Fan passenger Guguan
Listened Yansheng, move nostalgia,
Got solace in my neighbor’s shakuhachi.
Times toward the bustling Chang’an City in
Take a visit alone desolate bamboo ……
(Why was the ten thousand red flowers,
Also inundated with a plume of desolate ancient incense? )
Also go back, go back too, go back too –
Title to migratory birds like the seeds of a different party,
Masted ship came a shakuhachi.
Shakuhachi became Mishima flowers.
(Why neon Wan flowers,
Also inundated with a plume of desolate ancient incense? )
Also go back, go back too, go back too –
Hercynian people want to bring back the sorrow of losing it?
Bian is a contemplative philosophy of life of the poet, but also a profound historical consciousness of the poet, he has paid attention to the phenomenon of life from a wide range of mining profound philosophy of life, given the universality of poetry to philosophy symbolic meaning, but also to extend tentacles to a deeper cultural complex historical phenomenon, trying to capital stock and foreign cultural and historical perspective of the development of rheological phenomena, the trajectory of its rise and fall of unspeakable law and complex multi-causal, so that his poems are full of a deep history feeling. On this latter point, “shakuhachi” a poem typical. “Shakuhachi” a poem in 1935, has been hailed as the best for Zhilin maturity. The so-called “shakuhachi” is a kind of ancient wind instrument, also known as “Xiao tube”, produced in India, according to legend, at the latest has been introduced between the Sui and Tang China, Tang Lu was customized to have one foot eight inches, so there is a name. Become a common instrument Han nationality. But after the song has not lost about seven or eight centuries brought to Japan, and now is still popular in Japan, called “Jin of the shakuhachi.” It can be said, a little shakuhachi symbolically reflects a nation’s culture and local transport of circulation and the rise and fall. The spring of 1935, when the Japanese imperialists stepped up China’s military invasion of the occasion, Bian guest in Japan because the incident. May one night, he heard spread to Japan, Chinese ancient musical instruments playing the shakuhachi worse Tang Yin Rhyme tunes, feel that this “simple shakuhachi as a key”, inadvertently for himself “opens up a forgotten hometown. ” There seems to be a culture of “symbolic” objects, side “of the history of eolian sounded the mirror” (Bian “vicissitudes set · shakuhachi Night”) caused by changes of the spread of human culture and ethnic ups and downs of deep thinking, and soon , then the idea created a “shakuhachi” This is the first with a profound sense of history and extensive symbolic meaning of the lyrics.
As always scouring Zhilin simple, heavy subtle hint, the pursuit of overtones, overtones style, plus the author has used this poem main modernist poetry layered, multi-voice chorus and omitting jumping skills, so “shakuhachi” is more abstruse. But its structure is still sense a pattern. Authors wrote in 1936, “shakuhachi Night” once evoke his experiences in Japan, after the poem with the idea of creation, in which they talked about, he felt shakuhachi as a “key”, “mirror”, history and culture. ” symbolic, “and he created” shakuhachi “is” Imagine a night in listening shakuhachi natives in Mishima, Mishima and think how many years ago a passenger in Chang’an City Night Wen shakuhachi moving homesickness, like self-view history eolian sounded mirror “, therefore, the poem” Although called “shakuhachi” and is not intended to chanting, “but do not have sustenance, shakuhachi by writing to convey a” historical consciousness “(” vicissitudes set · shakuhachi night “). We refer to historical facts, background and readme Zhilin, again read “shakuhachi”, the poem’s internal structure is more reasonable came to light. Generally speaking, the “shakuhachi” a poetic sense structural clue is this: “Hercynian off” – a modern Chinese people (with Bian’s shadow) from Japan to the west of China take a Japanese ship “Chang pill” came to Tokyo, Japan, when Japanese imperialism stepped up its aggression against China, the Chinese crisis aggravated the day off so Hercynian midnight in Japan hear “shakuhachi”, not only from the nostalgia, but also lead to a more profound complex thoughts, and “Chang pill” named after the ancient capital of China, Japan Vessel also inspired his imagination. So he can not help but step back from the deeper origins in streaming shakuhachi history (shakuhachi spread of cultural history and the pros and cons associated with the rise and fall of national local transport), then the emergence of a mind this historical picture: probably in Datang Golden Age, when the Han Chinese cultural prosperity, the state power when the shakuhachi instruments such exotic flourish in Turkey. There were a flown from Japan’s “Fan off” in China Chang’an Guguan sojourn, accommodating both admirers Tang Empire culture developed, but also sad in their own homeland behind. When he heard Yansheng, moving nostalgia, the sound of shakuhachi Credit goes to the Pro family gave him solace. The next day in the bustling Chang’an Li then look for a shakuhachi, – this is the ancient civilizations developed cultural learning and the pursuit of symbolic expression, and finally in a three-masted ship east to return home with the shakuhachi Back Mishima settled. Hercynian off back chase remembered this scene, and then think of more than a thousand years after a few days he, as a Chinese, Han and Tang refuge, seen in Tokyo, Japan has been lost in his own country’s ancient culture was “healthy to live in the exotic.” , but also see the old backwardness “foreigners”, but now emerged as the modernization of the power, “Now their world, no matter how dry the outer comparison is always strong …… finally a world of peace and prosperity, at least a spirit of the world “(” vicissitudes set · shakuhachi Night “), while the back view of an ancient civilization itself has always lagged behind the country, culture, lose, people numb unconscious. (Brackets two line poem vaguely hinted Hercynian off in Japan between modern urban neon looking shakuhachi, which is looking for national culture has been lost, this layer by the author omitted.) Then, Here and now, history and display linked contrast, tension, heart Hercynian off the same as the old Fan filled with passengers, “Better go back,” the voice (but which emotion should be different), and further arouse his deep pain and bad history History Meditation: both sorrow behind the motherland and national culture spread loss, more sorrow in people for the backwardness and numbness of the crisis and unconsciously, so poets have “Hercynian customer wanted to bring back the sorrow of losing you,” the rhetorical question, to inspire people to ask thinking about how to inherit the national culture, revitalization of the ancient homeland of the problem. This is the “shakuhachi” a poetic sense structural clues. Of course, “shakuhachi” a poem inherent implication limited thereto, but very rich. The state in which both ancient town thinking, there are feelings of nostalgia read far, that’s good tan in the Japanese nation constantly motivated to learn, but also sad at the loss of national culture and the decline of the motherland, but also in the hands of the right people wake up, inheritance, and carry forward the national culture, the revitalization of the motherland machines shipped aspirations, I am afraid there is also a metaphor for all ethnic groups learn from each other, and promote, the prospects for peace thinking, so that from the vertical level, there is nostalgia, writing today and for the future suggests that from horizontal level, but also culture, history, customs, and psychological dimensions. These different levels are authors of “shakuhachi” as the core radiation or contact clues interwoven into one organic whole stack, and thus a higher broader sense, “shakuhachi” concrete and symbolically unite the poet of human civilization circulation changes and nations rise and fall of deep thinking machines shipped in expanding space-time poet and placed on the potential future hope of mankind, this is a profound meditation Zhilin history and breadth of the Department. Because the real “historical consciousness, although without sequestrum fascination” can not simply “look ahead” (“vicissitudes set · shakuhachi Night”), nor confined to one country one nation, but should be broad dialectical ground perspective through the ages, look foreign seas, can be achieved. From “shakuhachi” to see the author really “in a moment of ancient and modern concept, ask at the moment Cosmopolitan” (“Wen Fu”), or if Liu Xie said, “silenced condensate consider, think connected with the past, quietly moving, depending on Through Miles “(” Xie ‘), the idea of the profound self-needless to say, but in artistic expression how much he has overcome the difficulties ah.
