Wooden bar Nie , also known as tie -year . Tibetans playing stringed instruments . Let its six strings , so called guitar . Popular in the Tibet Autonomous Region , Sichuan, Yunnan , Qinghai, Gansu and other places. According to Tibetan history ” red history ” set, wooden bar imported from China during the Tang Dynasty Nie .
Outline
Sapporo wood Nie Ming Tibetan plucked musical instrument playing . Tibetan ” bundle of wood ” is a voice, ” Nie ” as sweet nice meaning, ” Nie wooden bar ” means sweet piano sound . Said the bar had been translated , the wood Nie , Nie representing wood , wooden bar years . There are six strings because Zhang Han also known as the Tibetan guitar . Popular in the Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan , Qinghai, Gansu and other provinces of the Tibetan autonomous prefectures, counties , especially in Lhasa , Xigaze, Lazi , Sakya and Angren , etc. The most prevalent. According to Tibetan history ” red history ” set, wooden bar imported from China during the Tang Dynasty Nie . Commonly used in dance and playing and singing accompaniment , but also for instrumental ensemble or solo. Mostly solo dance accompaniment tracks , the ” grandmother Le Fire”, ” Dawa male slaves” and “Yeah several long wooden ” and so on .
ZHANG six stringed , a group of two strings , four- , five of tuning up a, d1, g. Reform of the sixties made big speakers , Mongolian python Nie three wooden bar . Treble wooden bar Nie , length 103 , Speaker length 27 cm ; alto wooden bar Nie , length 111 , Speaker length 27 cm ; bass wooden bar Nie , length 126 , length 48 cm speakers .
When playing the piano destroyed in the shoulder, according to the string piano left hand , the right hand horn plectrum playing . Often sit on the grounds of bombs or dance while playing .
2 Structure
Traditional wooden bar NIE by resonance box , headstock , piano bar , pegs , MA and strings and other components , the Tibetan people as well as its commonly known these parts . More use of mulberry wood, mahogany, walnut , sandalwood production, with mahogany products better. Piano body sizes, common person full-length 100 cm – 110 cm . Resonance box ( Tibetan commonly known as ” pond ” below) seems half- gourd-shaped incision , about 27 cm long , with a single piece of wood production, the upper part of a small , hollowed out cavity , the surface was prism, the lower abdominal cavity dug Oval surface with Mongolian goat , river deer skin or skin, 14 centimeters wide and 16 centimeters. Qin Qin skin surface at the top , there is a crescent-shaped opening of the sound hole ( ” Nie wooden bar card ” , meaning ” wooden bar Nie ‘s mouth” ) . Between the inside of the back and abdominal film set a pine frets , piano back surface engraved with seven vertical ridge pattern or stick with thin strips of wood , both aesthetically pleasing at the same position , playing time and avoid sliding piano . Headstock ( “When in ” , meaning ” horse ” ) after先向, then bent forward , semicircular top general without ornaments . And some carved wooden bar with leading Nie headstock carving , folk called “leading piano .” Chord groove transparent, pegs ( “Home cloth” , meaning ” tighten ” ) six points out both sides ( left and right ), the string groove of under Yamaguchi . Slender and hollow piano bar , down the front of the shaft dug empty slot , rod wall thickness of 1.5 cm is appropriate , then stick it on with mahogany fingerboard surface with no taste. Empty wooden bridge set horses, Zhang six gut strings or stringed . Long wooden bar Nie has maintained a rustic style, on some piano or by bonding together the next two parts of a whole inlaid wood , folk also humorously called the mother of the cut , cut under the parent . To maintain the appearance of multi- piano body wood color , and some brown or brown-red paint , coating and more to maintain color or dyed dark green .
3 On the origin of
Historic , investigate its origin , everyone mixed . Some scholars believe : In ancient wooden bar imported from India to Tibet evolved a multi- stringed instrument ; according to some scholars of ancient Tibetan literature “Tibet Wang Tong Ji “, the artist had to play when Gampo Ciyan record instruments , wooden bar was the judgment passed in the Tang Dynasty Tibet from the mainland , dating back more than 1,000 years of history . The relatively large number of Tibetan scholars based on ancient Tibetan literature that : wooden bar from Tibet in the local community, are native Tibetans to create their own musical instruments , about 67 years old. Chinese famous ethnomusicologists , the Central Conservatory of Music Professor Tian Liantao two decades has toured Tibet and other Tibetan areas to conduct investigations. In his ” traditional Tibetan musical instruments ,” the article said: ” Chin barrel , wooden bar , the clarinet , etc. should be created for the Tibetan device itself .” In addition, Tibet and other Tibetan areas of many Buddhist temples , including the ancient temple built in the Tang Dynasty , there are four kings in front of the statue , where the instrument is a hand held wooden bar years . These murals on the temple , both hands pluck the wooden bar , the bow is also useful in playing the wooden bar .
4 History
Sapporo wood Nie : also known as “wood Nie ” or ” Jammu Nie .” Tibetan more ancient stringed instrument . Historic , widely spread in Tibetan areas . Because there are six strings , Han called ” Tibetan guitar .” Timbre rich, loud, Tibet and major classical dance musical accompaniment sac Mary folk dance heap Xie also
For the solo.
Tibet ( sound zang or cang) family is a singing and dancing , as early as 1300 years ago Gampo period , there is a more complete dance . Sapporo wood Nie spread to Tibet from China during the Tang Dynasty , from the ancient murals can be seen pulling both hands bomb Sapporo wood Nie , also useful for bow wood Nie outs of Sapporo .
“Ci Hai “: ” Sapporo wood Nie , …… shapes sizes, piano and wooden resonance box shaped like a gourd cut in snakeskin or sheepskin hooded , long piano bar , no goods, Zhang six strings, with o two strings each as a group, divided into three groups , according to four degrees relationship tune a stringed instrument . ”
From ancient times , Sapporo Nie has remained quaint wooden style . Headstock back into semi-circular curved around each side of the three volumes chord pegs , headstock generally no ornaments , and some are carved into the faucet . Piano bar thin and long , the surface that is Anxian fretboard , connected below half gourd-shaped wooden resonance box . Upper small piano box , showing prism, the lower the larger rounded, with python or Mongolian sheepskin . Zhang six ( three groups ) stringed , is tuned from low to high as (a, d1, g1) respectively . Hold while playing the piano on the right shoulder, left hand piano Anxian , pull the child to play with his right hand , pronunciation deep , loud, and shamisen sounds similar. Previously, only one Sapporo wood Nie , improved , high , middle and bass wood Nie taste Sapporo to meet the performance needs of different music .
Since the 1960s , China’s Tibet and other places of professional musicians , based on the traditional wooden bar Nie , in order to expand the range , had wooden bar chord NIE number and tune a stringed instrument design methods carried out several reforms tests. Meanwhile there have been four strings four syllables , many attempts banjo four syllables , and six- string banjo pentameter six sound like. Tibet Autonomous art school teacher Mr. Phuntsok Dhondup improvements made wooden bar Nie , a total length of 115 cm piano , six-string , six tone. The first chord thickest , tapering in turn , first to fourth string nylon string , fifth string nylon string wrapped around the wire , the smallest sixth strings, steel strings . Six strings were tuned in by four degrees : B, e, a, d1, g1, c2. Mr. Phuntsok Dhondup also draws sanxian playing method , playing the lute and other stringed instruments , on the wooden bar with a change to play Nie , generally three to change position, range B-c3, up to three octaves , and can Transpose playing. Can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment, is most suitable for the use of the national orchestra .
5 instrument specifications
Nie multi wooden bar into four specifications , size and purpose are: Nie wooden bar bass , piano and a total length of 126 cm , the resonance box length 48 cm, 20 cm wide . Only for formal gigs ; big wooden bar Nie , piano and full-length 111 cm , length 27 cm resonance box , wide 16 cm . Playing for the usual general ; Nie in wooden bar , piano and full-length 103 cm , length 27 cm resonance box , wide 14 cm . Also used in peacetime general play ; small wooden bar Nie , piano and full-length 81 cm , length 23 cm resonance box , wide 13 cm . Designed for children to play to use. Nie previous wooden bar , multi- produced by Tibetan artisans. After the 1960s, China ‘s many ethnic musical instrument manufacturers have started manufacturing wooden bar Nie , resonance box to use more python hooded , harp back vertical ridge pattern is not carved in wood or stick , easy to slip while playing the piano .
Beijing China Art Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Music Instrument Museum Nie two wooden bar , where a whole body into mulberry wood , length 108 cm . Resonance box was half- gourd -shaped, 30 cm long , thin wooden upper half of Mongolia , in the middle of the crescent-shaped sound hole has opened a hole 11 centimeters long , the lower half of the Mongolian sheepskin , wide 18 cm . After bending arc-shaped headstock . Chord grooves on both sides of the home -axis , rosewood pegs system, cylindrical cone , the top of the shaft spherical . Slender neck , rosewood fingerboard on a stick , no taste, in the middle of an empty tank and through the resonance box . Empty shaped bamboo bridge the bridge . Last column is shorter, on the set of copper tied string , Zhang six stringed . This piano from the Tibetan people, has been loaded large album ” Chinese musical illustrations ” in the . Another wooden bar Nie , also known as Tibetan banjo , piano with a piece of walnut production, total length of 64 cm . Oblate resonance box , dug in the lower part of the whole wood carved abdominal cavity , in front of the Mongolian goat , leather bubble surrounded by two turns of copper nails , piano box 18.5 cm long , 17 cm diameter surface , thickness 4.2 cm . Piano department head carved antelope head for decoration , rough lines , modeling realistic, the lower end of the headstock through a rectangular opening chord grooves on both sides with five pegs ( left right) . Spun pegs made of mahogany , as references to strings button type, shaft length 8 cm , width 2.6 cm handle . Piano bar short and wide, flat front after round, rod length 32 cm , width 3.6 cm on the lower 4.6 cm wide , 3.4 cm thick rod , rosewood fingerboard with positive sticky , thickness of only 0.3 cm, no taste. Qin bamboo Maro , was Sikong bridge . Zhang five stringed . Pronunciation crisp and bright.
6 Production
Mahogany , walnut or sandalwood system , length 108 cm . Speakers for the semi- gourd -shaped, 29 cm long , the upper prism was smaller and lower large oval, Monsanto zhangzi sheepskin or leather . Piano bar slender, fretless fingerboard . Semi-circular curved back headstock , six-axis points out the sides , top or no ornaments carved into the faucet .
7 of artistic expression
Tibet is a ” dance of the sea” , people have time to sing a jump , not only young love dance , is elderly and children are also hi good dance song . Whether in the streets of Lhasa , the rally, or in the harvest season or festive days, even in the Tibetan home , you can see their excellent singing and dancing and moving , sometimes all night long all night lingers . Tibetan music has a fine tradition of seven or eight century AD , had influenced the development of the Central Plains culture to a higher level , Tang sent messengers Tubo was there heard Yanyue Okuma playing. “New Tang Tubo ” in: “Music played Qin Destroys music, Youzou liangzhou , Hu Wei , green waist miscellaneous song , a hundred Kabuki all Chinese people .” Tibetan folk music , rich in content , forms, can be roughly divided into the “Lu “, ” thank ” categories : “Lu ” is a separate singing , beautiful melodies , words and moving ; “thank ” is a form of singing and dancing . In Lhasa, Xigaze , spread cystic Mary , in the majority of towns, villages and pastures prevalent thank the heap . In addition, Tibetan folk songs , dance and pans harp village dance , but also people of all nationalities are familiar and loved.
Sac Ma ( meaning ” the house music” ) is a Tibetan art form of classical dance . Initially popular in Tibet, the upper class , first singing alone , the singer stood among the crowd , only a wooden bar next to the accompaniment Nie , dignitaries sitting around. Later sac Han Ma affected ancient music , it gradually developed into dance , popular in Lhasa , Shigatse , Gyantse and Lazi and other places. Mary sac neat musical structure , contrasting with great appeal. It points songs, dance in two parts, melodious songs quaint , full of lyricism ; dance warm , strong rhythm . Musical accompaniment is also developing flute , wooden bar Nie , dulcimer , glockenspiel ( Tibetan erhu ) , will be Wang ( Tibetan jinghu ) , the root of the card and string of bells and other seven . After the founding of New China , Ma sac band configuration is flexibility and freedom , but still the main wooden bar Nie musical accompaniment , sometimes using two wooden bar Nie played simultaneously .
Heap Xie is widely popular in Tibet, folk songs and dances . Heap is a place where western Tibet , Xie is the meaning of the song , usually a collective dance form . Dance floor often issued to foot tap sound , so Han called tap . Previously heap to the people worship or celebrate the harvest , it is such a song and dance performances . Later by street artists bring it to Lhasa , Shigatse , Gyantse and Lazi and other cities, and make it popular all over Tibet . Xie heap past performances , mostly for street artists from playing wooden bar Nie , from the singing , from the dance , or a young and old together , dance and imaginative enthusiastic. After entering the city , it is more at home on a festive banquet performance nobility officials lost the true nature of folk songs and dances . Heap drop Xie Xie music and feel grateful for the points, the former slow to song -based, melodious lyrics ; latter rapidly , dance and try a warm atmosphere. Xie Nie wooden bar is the main heap musical accompaniment , often use a wooden bar Nie accompaniment, sometimes adding clarinet and horn violin . Big band accompaniment Subsequently , in addition to wooden bar Nie , but also with the dulcimer , roots cards, Glockenspiel , will be busy, flute and string of bells composed .
By pulling Tibetan folk songs known , has vast high plateau folk unique style and rich folk flavor of life . In the past, Tibetan folk songs with a toast to the complaint , the brutality of the slave owners and the people dare to express determination to fight ; Today, sing folk songs of grassland rapid changes, sing beautiful rivers and mountains of the motherland .
Wooden bar Nie wide range of applications , except for the folk dance ensemble or accompaniment , the herders often used to playing and singing amused , some places for religious activities. Since the 1980s , there was the new chic wooden bar Nie playin female performances . Improved Nie wooden bar can also be used solo, the music played mostly drawn from the dance music , the more famous songs of ” Grandma Le Fire”, ” Dawa male slaves” and “Yeah several long wooden ” and so on.
8 bass wooden bar Nie
In 1964, the Central Nationalities Song and Dance Ensemble Zhao Feng design , Beijing national musical instrument made of wood bass bar Nie developed.
This wooden bar Nie , Nie maintaining the traditional ethnic style wooden bar is almost the original piano -shaped amplification layer and set the film in parallel vertical webs Paulownia resonance box , piano box arched upper prismatic panel , before the opening round of Mongolia to the lower part of the piano box between python , python web and support to the frets , strings tied to orbital variations piano horse, a horse that is ordinary piano legs were pressed flat on two concave on wood, wood is pressure in the middle python and aprons , and move around , the bridge can reduce the pressure on this film to make it free vibration, but also the soul of the instrument such reforms .
Bass wooden bar Nie full length 138.5 cm , 29.5 cm thick resonance box , panel width 26.5 cm , 40.5 cm in diameter coating . Headstock inlay in front of white peony flower bone ornaments , neck sticky surface Anxian fretboard . Posture adopted when playing , played by the resonance box sandwiched between the knees , both plucked playing, but also easy to pull a variety of bowing and chords. Pronunciation uniform, pure, bright treble , bass rich, deep . Reforms to make this ancient folk instrument to get a new life , not only significantly enriches the Tibetan ethnic band’s bass part , but also can be a strong national characteristics , and strong performance of the solo instrument .
” The birds can not live without wings, the Tibetan people can not live without dance .” In Tibet and other Tibetan areas , every New Year , happy , harvest or assembly, the Tibetan people have come to love with the song Manwu express joy in my mind . They bounce wooden bar Nie , danced tap dance , sing the party’s good leadership , praising the new life of happiness. Nie wooden bar piano , singing and laughter of the people , come together to form a symphony of joy .
9 related legends
From time immemorial , the Tibetan ancestors ancient Qiang people will live in the vast Tibetan Plateau , nomadic and hunting . By the early 7th century, when the Tang Dynasty of positive Sui , after ” noted supplement wild” tribal leader Gampo to other tribes merged , unified Tibet , established the Tubo Dynasty , with its capital logic Suo ( now in Lhasa ) . In the long, dark old society, the Tibetan people seriously ridden feudal forces of imperialism and oppression , living in misery , eager to see the light. Tibet’s peaceful liberation and democratic reform in the future , I thoroughly million farmers become their own masters , and began a happy new life.
Tibetan is a singing and dancing , according to Tibetan ” Make a dry cloth ,” a book records, as early as 1300 years ago Gampo period , Tibet will have a more complete dance . Tang Dynasty Central Tibetan contacts with the continuous development of both the Tibetan and Chinese peoples was closely related to fifteen years of Tang Dynasty ( 641 AD ) , Emperor Yang clan woman Princess Wencheng and the Tubo ( ie Zao ) Gambo marriage , for the development of friendly relations between the Tibetan and Han peoples and made important contributions to cultural exchanges . Tangshao Di Tang Long Dynasty ( AD 710 ) , who married Princess Jincheng and Tubo red Dezu praise . So far, the Tibetan people are also widely circulated into the possession of the two princesses accident , there are Tibetan Princess Wencheng to Tibet repertoire before the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa , but also retained the AD 821 years to build the Tang and Tibet monument, which is a sign history Tibetan, Chinese friendly relations witness.
Tibetan folk circulating such a myth : In ancient times, Tibet is a vast ocean , the waves come and go regularly , rhythmic waves transmitted to the distance, moving in rhythm gods ears ringing , so he is happy , dumping it. One day , out of the sea come from a hand-held wooden bar Nie days of wandering woman , while she played the hands of the wooden bar Nie , while dancing and singing . Father ‘s wandering days women are gods , the mother is the sea, her daughter , also known as the sea , not only poetry -loving literature, the art of music have higher attainments , the Tibetan people very fond of her, therefore , wooden bar Nie also loved by the masses .
