According to legend, one of the famous Song Dynasty kilns, origin is still unknown. Handed products recognized Ge kiln device, its tires are black, dark gray, light gray and yellowish brown variety, known as black and gray tires with steel frame.
Ge kiln is the literature of one of five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, has been subjected to collectors, connoisseurs, archaeologists and other experts of the attention and concern of the research on Ge kiln has never stopped and the ascendant. However, so far not find the exact kiln. Ge Kiln porcelain is very precious, according to statistics, there are about a hundred pieces worldwide, far less than the number of surviving Yuan blue and white.
The earliest documented on Ge kiln visible in the Ming Dynasty “Xuande Ding Yi spectrum”: “hidden within the library firewood, Ru, officer, brother, Jun, fixed the kiln utensils ……”, due to be transferred to the Five firewood burned in the kiln; Later it listed only five famous kilns, that officer, brother, Ru, fixed, Jun.
As one of the five famous kilns Geyao, with constant discovery of literature and archaeological data to enrich the understanding of Ge porcelain has become more clear. However; literature due to the lack of the same generation and future generations literature often it reads, fragmented, and some conflicting, still unable to uncover the layers of veil, showing its true face. Despite decades of archaeological material associated with the Ge porcelain data increasing, and is based on the kind of information to solve a number of outstanding issues, but after their initial surprise, when I look back, it was found that these physical data and the resulting conclusions not correspond with the literature often described, and some even diametrically opposed. Therefore, Ge porcelain problem remains dense fog.
Ge kiln just as a colorful radiant glowing pearl, one can only afar its accolades, but can not see it real style.
Text associated with Ge kiln Yuan positive first seen in twenty-three years (1363) Kong Qi “to the integrity of mind”: “Yi Wei Dong in Hangzhou, the city of his brother by a Hong Ding dong kiln, fine quality is new, its color shiny as the old creation, the knowledgeable hesitation. would Jingxi Wang Weng Yiyun, recently brother kiln categories must ancient kiln, can not distinguish fine too. “is generally believed that this refers brother and brother-hole kiln kiln is Geyao “categories must ancient kiln” are also described in the literature and later Geyao feature match. Subsequently Ming Dynasty, “Xuande Ding Yi spectrum”, said: “Matsu worship the god of the lion head Horseshoe furnace, italics Ge kiln style, high-five-inch six points …… furnace”, the article, which mentions “Font Geyao style” and therefore Ge kiln Song Dynasty kilns is considered to be logical.
Geyao ever found really addressed earliest literature when pushed deep Ming Lu “Spring Hall Essay”: “Ge kiln, plain broken lines, number one hundred rubbish broken. Song has a chapter raw, raw two brothers, both at the state people of Okinawa main fields Longquan kiln, raw two TAO is pure as jade, are expensive for the world, that of the class kiln, pottery students a pale, named Ge kiln. “Lu deep, the word Ziyuan , Shanghai, Chin Hongzhi eighteen years, died in Jiajing twenty-three years (1545). Clear from the context of the Ge porcelain firing in Longquan sulfur fields, this name Ryukyu Tian large kiln, the central region of Longquan kiln. However, nineteen years of Ming Dynasty (1591) Gao Lian “Zunsheng eight chien” there differcence: “Character magnification and Ge kiln two kiln firing all the same …… not easily, noted for example be seen by the so-called official , burning within the Division in Song repair, in order to build local administrative officials also, the kiln in Hangzhou Phoenix mountain …… Ge porcelain burning in private, borrow all here. kiln hidden patterns, such as the quality of the crab claw, the quality of the hidden Ge porcelain patterns, such as roe, but not as good as the official feed sauce good ear …… “, the text” borrow all here “Geyao origin has been set at Hangzhou. After the previous two versions, is the most typical of the Ming Dynasty literature on Ge’s “origin says.”
Ming and Qing, deals Ge kiln literature more and more, but mostly the product of transcription interpretation of previous writings, followed the “Spring Hall Essay” and “Zunsheng eight memo,” said. However, for the description of the characteristics Ge kiln artifacts touches more specific, more clear. Comprehensive information on all kinds of literature, Ge kiln is characterized by: tire color dark brown, glaze Binglie glaze mostly powder blue or gray-green. Because color than black and tire temperatures while pouring juice glazed rim artifacts were hidden tire color, so purple iron foot is said; glaze layer has a small rough opening film, fine person that the “hundred rubbish broken.” According to the literature provides clues to people in Zhejiang Longquan kilns and large Xikou found to produce similar artifacts kiln. Its products for the black tire opening piece, powder blue and gray glaze with blue-based, monochrome pattern lines should be buried caused by pad fever. Average age of these characteristics and firing with the literature described exactly. So far, five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln become conclusive, the firing dating to the late Southern Song Dynasty, the origin of Longquan, Zhejiang.
However, shortly after it was discovered that a class of features consistent with Ge kiln and Ge porcelain produced with the characteristics of Longquan has other artifacts. Such artifacts are also black tire opening piece, purple iron foot, but its mostly fried rice yellow glaze, some gray-green; ridge of black and yellow, commonly known as “gold wire”; branch nailed with burn unit type is also different. Since these objects only National Palace Museum, Shanghai Museum, the National Palace Museum in Taiwan, which are small collections, not seen in tombs unearthed, it is called “handed down Ge porcelain”, and said that by the middle of Longquan “Longquan Ge porcelain.” Since the 1990s, people handed down Ge-depth study, but due to the kiln Ge porcelain handed down without a trace can be identified, it’s sometimes hard nature and inconclusive. One view was that handed down the Southern Song Dynasty Ge porcelain should be described in the literature within the Division kiln repair. The reason is that, according to Gu Jian Song “negative Xuan Miscellany,” the understanding of repair within the kiln product quality is superior to the Secretary under Jiaotan kiln, but so far without a trace repair within the Division kiln, but no way of knowing its Product features, while the existing physical data is only handed down.
Origin of the name
One legend
According to legend, the Song Dynasty Longquan Kiln Triumph brothers all the main thing, brother who said Ge kiln, one of the Song Dynasty kilns. Kilns were first seen in the early Ming Dynasty Xuande years of the “Xuande Ding Yi spectrum,” a book within the library are hiding “Cai, Yu, officer, brother, Jun, will be.” Jiajing forty-five inscribed “seven draft revised draft class continued” called “Geyao and Longquan Longquan County are the source state; Southern Song Dynasty, there is a chapter of Health, the Health and two brothers, one of the main kiln, pottery was born a brother kiln, to name it is also, Zhang was born two pottery Longquan to names also its colors are blue, shades; their feet are iron color, but also shades. old news purple feet, this rare Yan, but soil pulse, glaze purists expensive; Ge kiln is more broken lines, Xiao Yue one hundred very broken “;” at Fu Zhi “also contains:” From its birth to a brother, the Lord of the kiln, are pouring white broken lines , number one hundred very broken, also ranks first when the world, “Cao Zhao” ancient to be on the grid “,” old Geyao color blue, shades, some purple iron foot. ”
Qing Dynasty Blue Pu “Jingdezhen pottery record” Volume “town antique kiln exams on” Ge kiln records, Ge kiln, Song of the burning of the sulfur Tian Longquan kilns, brothers surnamed Zhang at the state of man-made, each student a brother ; was not their pottery, said Ge kiln. Soil thin veins purple, quality is quite thin, the color green shades. Purple iron foot, multi-grain cracked off as roe. Glaze but beige, powder blue two kinds of juice purists expensive, Tang “Stanford test,” says: ancient Ge kiln devices, hidden patterns, such as the quality of the beetle, ancient kilns, hidden patterns, such as the quality of the crab claw; broken control lines the size of the block is broken. Old brother who is a good color class officer, also number one hundred very broken, but now discernible pattern hidden ears, as Guan Yun juice Glaze study. ”
Qing Dynasty, “South kiln note”, “Ge kiln” article reads: namely chapter names kiln, the Hangzhou Grand later, Zhang’s brother, who is also at the state, industry, pottery, burglary repairs done in the inner temple, it is as if the glaze kiln. Coarse grain film, hidden in ink paint, alone into a glaze, also hypertrophy, there is powder blue, pale blue, pale color several teeth. Dark beige by another brother kiln, bear valuable. Between Sinan kiln, kiln supplier mountains like lace, both exposed the bone, but also good. Geyao who today are doing with her daughter Ma Ling glaze with garnet No, there is considerable room, steel frame will be coarse material with its black. Thus, Ge kiln iron foot, glazed shiny multi broken lines, almost like Southern Song Guan Kiln style characteristics. Ge kiln is known to pattern pieces, many of whom are black and yellow intersect, commonly known as gold wire.
The two legends
There is a legend about the gold wire: According to legend, the Song Dynasty Longquan County, there is a very famous porcelain artists, surnamed Zhang, village roots, he is a student of the legendary Zhang, Zhang’s father, born two. Zhangcun good root system celadon and famous, raw one, born two brothers brought their father apprenticeship, boss Zhang born a kind, willing to learn, to endure hardship, his father won the true mass, born two chapters in the body also stunt . Zhang village roots after the death of brother separation, each fired kilns.
Health boss Zhang is an open Geyao kilns, the second chapter of Health two open kilns is brother kiln. The brothers are firing celadon, have their own achievement. But the boss came out, burn out “purple iron foot” celadon, sometimes renowned the world over, its fame spread to the emperor, the dragon Yantai Yue, handpicked students a chapter named to its firing celadon.
Dick heart is small, heart jealousy, while his brother do not pay attention, the raw clay thrown into a glaze Chapter tank, boss with clay mixed with glaze applied in the blanks on the open after firing a kiln, he scared spent, full porcelain kiln all glazed surface cracking, crack some small, long or short, Rough is fine, a song straight and shapes, some like a roe, and some like willow, some like crab claw.
His tears, bitter experience, he re-pull themselves together, and he soaked up a cup of tea, the tea thick coated in porcelain, cracks soon become brown lines, and put ink painted to crack immediately turned black lines, Thus, inadvertently form a “gold wire.”
Suspected kiln
September 1996, in Hangzhou Tiger Cave discovered a kiln, Hangzhou Institute of Archaeology in May 1998 to December and from October 1999 to March 2001 the month of twice the kiln on a large scale excavations. Get a lot of artifacts remnants, tiles and kiln furniture. After extensive research, some experts and scholars believe that the formation of the Song Dynasty relics literature should be referred to “repair the kiln within the company,” while the Yuan Dynasty relics of the formation is “handed down Ge kiln”, which is a replica of the former. ” handed down Ge kiln “is that after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty official imitation products. Some experts and scholars believe that Tiger Cave kiln that is, “to integrity in mind,” said “My brother-hole kiln.” At this point; can basically determine the product of the Yuan Ge kiln handed down, not the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty Ge kiln.
Archaeological mystery
As the original is considered Geyao Longquan porcelain black tire opening piece is considered “official Longquan imitation” and “Longquan
Kiln “, Song Ge kiln do not seem to exist, the literature on account of Ge kiln is considered to be repeated the baseless assertion, however, careful study and analysis, you will find that things are not so simple, the key lies in” Longquan kiln “and Hangzhou Jiaotan our priorities under the kiln problem has not really been solved. because “Longquan kiln”‘s argument based on the “Longquan imitation officials” on the basis of that fake officer is impossible, but consistent with the kiln, naturally kiln, and that can not be met in Hangzhou Jiaotan the need of the court, and then firing to charge less in Longquan This view is naturally derived under Jiaotan Hangzhou Longquan kiln kiln earlier than the conclusion.
However, there is not enough data to show that this view archaeological, and thus also raises these questions: Jiaotan court can not meet the need, why not expand locally, the nearest expansion, rather than referring to build thousands of miles away Longquan kiln firing made? Song Shi crossed brought the northern artisans, they wont round kiln firing coal, why can build kilns in Hangzhou with firewood made? Discussion of the literature on Ge kiln are groundless Do we always do? Brother can not fake officer, but the officer but they can fake brother, the dynasties of the kiln kilns are built on the basis of, do not exist official imitation brother might do? Song Shi crossed, the emperor wandering for 13 years, during which crossed the kiln where survival? How to survive? Is the royal food or fend for themselves? These questions are ultimately focused on the initial Longquan porcelain black tire opening film era and nature, that is the first black tire Longquan porcelain opening film will be displaced more than ten years the emperor northern Longquan kiln artisans and craft workers combined with the product?
Study found
People and Hangzhou Southern Song Dynasty Longquan Ge kiln under Jiaotan depth study found that both in terms of furnace structure, porcelain craft, firing method or product tires, glaze, etc. basically the same device type. In the hierarchical feudal dynasty; Ge kiln as kilns exactly the same way to produce products with kiln is impossible, even mimic an imperial have banished decapitation. Thus, there is a “Longquan imitation official” and “Longquan kiln,” said. The so-called “Longquan imitation officials”, that is the envy of the bureaucratic aristocracy royal porcelain, firing sent privately for their own needs. In fact, this view is untenable, do not afraid of bureaucratic aristocracy behead you? Therefore, “Longquan imitation officials” deny basic argument shortly thereafter, instead it is “Longquan kiln.”
Defining the nature
Whether such products may belong kilns nature? From the historical conditions and things reasonable analysis, it is entirely possible. Flee the emperor’s life and does not guarantee more than ten years, the court unable to care Nandu kiln workers, they either are settled in somewhere, or had to fend for themselves. Anyway, at that time already quite famous Longquan porcelain is their preferred destination. In this long ten years, they
Together with the local kiln workers, the integration of the north and south porcelain art, using local raw materials, fuel, kilns and firing methods, firing out a similar Ru Fetus, the Ru-type products with similar, but Ru glaze layer and obviously there are other black tire opening piece porcelain, and gradually in the high society and the literati in impact, helping to create a product called “Ge kiln” brands. During this period, royal porcelain perhaps taken from this, but its nature and should not belong kiln kilns. Pending court stability, as this type of porcelain kiln, kiln workers then summoned to Hangzhou, built kiln firing, identified as the Southern Song Dynasty kiln. Therefore, the existence of the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln is possible, the official imitation brother is also possible. This is illustrated in the literature addressing the Southern Song Dynasty kiln can also find clues, such as Ming Gao Lian “Zunsheng eight chien” in the “character magnification and Ge kiln same ……”, which implied that the Colombian government imitation meaning. However, so far, this is only a possibility, if this may be established, then the literature and on the official record, brother some questions will be solved, and logical. But to confirm this possibility actually exists, still need enough evidence. I believe that with the continuous improvement of archaeological data and scientific testing means continuous complete, Ge kiln problems can eventually be completely resolved. Although still shrouded in layers of Ge kiln veil, but its name and characteristics but was most appreciator, collectors accepted and has been in use. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties imitation products Geyao uncommon, its quantity and quality are the most Jingdezhen, mostly for its products to the royal family and dignitaries, many world famous museums have collections. From the 1950s onwards, Ge kiln as a traditional product from the Longquan porcelain manufacturers to develop the production, mass market, exported around the world, entered the ordinary people.
Pure Ge kiln enamel strong, not very Ying Che, glaze and more bubbles, such as beads looming, it is known as the “save polyethylene foam beads.” Glory intrinsic glaze, moist, such as cakes. Varied pattern pieces to groove and call it a eel pattern, black and blue stripes, yellow stripes, roe pattern; to call it a grain shape and outline shaped pattern, plum pattern, fine grain, size Plaid, ice cracks , with a total pole named one hundred pieces. Ge kiln artifacts handed down to all kinds of bottles, furnace, washing, plates, bowls, jars is common. But Ge kiln has not yet recognized as one unsolved history of Chinese ceramics
Song Dynasty Ge Kiln porcelain being so expensive, it was their kiln where is it?
Ge in the name of the literature failed to be found in the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty “to integritkilny in mind,” beginning with Ge kiln said. The Qing Xu Heng, “Zhai said porcelain drinking stream” interpretation says: “Ge kiln, Song Longquan County State Department, Triumph brothers were good rule of Porcelain and brother were born one, then do it Dubbed Ge kiln, the Taizhi fine, sexual Kennedy, weight, multi-break, which means that the films are. “That is, the state Department Southern Song Dynasty Longquan County (now part of Zhejiang province) has two brothers surnamed Zhang in porcelain industry, is born a brother Zhang fine porcelain are hard to tread, fracture opening film for the characteristics, which is named Ge kiln, this seems to be true. Since 1956 archaeological excavations in Longquan County, which found a black tire Celadon, Longquan celadon filaments film grain.
But people still have doubts, since the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln handed down, carving and polishing shape much imitation bronze, porcelain style is like for the court, ought reasonably from kiln; while above, a student chapter of the Ge kiln obviously just folk private .
For the solution of this doubt, the 1964 Beijing Palace Museum special to Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Song Ge kiln of the available physical specimen for testing, the results prove its chemical composition, color and form of pattern pieces are different and Longquan celadon. The researchers therefore concluded, Song Ge porcelain seems to be within the company by the Southern Song kiln repair, just because at that time the folk kiln confidential Shiyou abandoned kilns were processed, so the kiln has so far failed to find. Later chapters due to the Ge porcelain born a fame and name in the Southern Song Dynasty kiln repair company out of the inside of these porcelains, the ingredients should be farfetched.
Song Ge porcelain in the Hereafter highly favored people, a lot of imitators Yuan, Ming, and have different styles, called imitation Ge porcelain or brother glaze, but the production process is not comparable with Song Dynasty Ge Kiln. Qing Emperor Qianlong is particularly fond of the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln tours, tasting pleased to praise poem goes:
“Iron foot round the waist ice cracks, Xuan Fu Hua Fun this into heel.” Ge Kiln porcelain dignified simplicity, the body moist delicious thick glaze, handed down by precious possession is mainly in Beijing, Shanghai and Taiwan Museum. Ding porcelain known to burn, bowls, plates coated firing process to use more products, astringent tire rim unglazed, so in some of the commonly used products, fine gold, silver, copper seal the mouth. Dynasty created with copper oxide, cobalt and other metal minerals as coloring agents, firing copper red, sky blue, pale blue, etc. glaze. Unlike Ru Guan Guan porcelain porcelain kiln first in Kaifeng, then moved to Hangzhou. Guan porcelain artistic pursuit starkness, elegant and natural; Fetus Kennedy thin; glaze emerald beauty fresh; Yu smooth as butter; grain film aspect, flowing smoothly; “purple iron foot” is its unique luxury office.
Main Features
First, Ge porcelain Glaze is matte glaze, like “butter” like luster, color colorful, with beige, powder blue, milky white various colors.
Second, the “gold wire,” the patterns, Ge porcelain glazed with mesh opening film, or overlapping like ice crack or a small opening into fine pieces (“vulgar rubbish into one hundred pieces” or “beetle pattern”), the “gold wire” is a typical, that thick glossy black crack intertwined with fine red, yellow cracks. Ming Dynasty, “to be on the grid ancient” in this description: “Ge porcelain lines take Binglie, eel blood is on the ink film grain plum followed. Crushing grain, grain beneath it.”
Third, the “save beads Synechococcus” like bubbles in the glaze, the glaze layer Ge kiln is usually very thick, thick at the most equal to the thickness even with the tires, the glaze containing bubbles, such as beads looming, like “save polyethylene foam beads.” rhyme-like beauty, which is to distinguish between true and false Ge’s a traditional approach. Sun Chou ancestors ceramic industry in its “Identification of the Ming and Qing porcelain” in an article, said the official, brother dense bubble glazes like “save bead” refers Ge kiln glaze bubbles like collections of fine water droplets, as covered in the unit table. Such feature is not easy to imitate.
Fourth, the “purple iron foot” of wind-induced, Ge kiln is blank mostly purple or brown, utensils mouth opening at the edge of the thin enamel exposing the hidden patterns and tire color was brown, but not enough to hang on the bottom Glaze rendering the black iron, thus, it can be summed up with “Purple iron foot,” said, this is the difference between true and false Ge’s traditional methods.
Porcelain features
Cracking
Costa Rica is an important feature of vitreous enamel glazed opening film, this is happening in a natural glaze cracking phenomenon. Cracking originally porcelain firing defects, then people mastered the cracking of the law, it produces a conscious opening film, resulting in a unique beauty. Song brother glazed enamel shiny, glazed henselae is coarse or fine shallow depth of two intertwined ridge cut, the term called “cracked ice”, commonly known as “gold wire.” Ge kiln clay veins slightly purple, thin-walled, with oil gray, beige, pink and blue three kinds of enamel color, full-surface cracks.
Because the soil is high iron content, burning embryo reduction occurs, embryos were Zihei iron porcelain color glazed porcelain did not appear at the bottom of the original iron-colored porcelain embryo, called “iron foot”, and the mouth was a thin glaze purple, called “purple mouth”, commonly known as “purple iron foot.” In general, the amplifier and the stingy small opening piece by piece wide open quite valuable. As brother delicate porcelain, fine, future generations it has a counterfeit. Especially to the Qing Dynasty, there was a fake brother glazed climax. To the late Qing Dynasty, brother Glaze obviously not as good as Qing Dynasty, the color deeper and deeper, opening film increasingly fragmented, uneven lumps and even glazed glaze, aggravation becomes loose.
Distinguish
Ge Kiln porcelain from the color distinction, there are pale blue, gray and yellow, powder blue, gray blue, putty, shades of beige and other species. Ge Kiln porcelain most notable feature is the glaze SHEN delicate, shiny shiny, like creamy; if the home of the microscope, the enamel contains visible bubbles as polyethylene foam beads, glazed condensate tired burst between large and small or close turns or sparse Binglie reticulate, which netted just like those of the color yellow gold, fine black person, such as wire, the two are intertwined, they have been named as “gold”, “wire” . Song Jian Ge kiln Taizhi fine porcelain rim sharp narrow, thick glaze porcelain rim can not be retained, along the border of the mouth hanging slightly glazed multi Xiachu slightly convex form of an endless belt, because the rim at the Fetus be slightly dim called “purple mouth”, this is absolutely one of the Song Ge porcelain ware porcelain, although there are many italics after the successive Geyao, but are unable to attain the firing on this Jueyi. In 1992, Christie’s Hong Kong auction a Song Dynasty Ge Kiln “Octagon VASE”, though it was the collection industry still people who hold different views, but their prices are still shoot up to 10 million yuan or more. Pure Ge porcelain enamel strong, not very Ying Che, glaze and more bubbles, such as beads looming, it is known as the “save polyethylene foam beads.”
Porcelain identification
Crack
Ge porcelain must have known as the “gold wire”, “purple iron foot.” The former is a distinctive crack Ge porcelain, big lines as “wire”, and some were blue, big grain of sets of small grain as “gold”, and some were not golden, large grain Komon collectively as “surface rubbish broken”, it should be dense and not sparse, curved rather than straight; latter Ge porcelain revealed more special tire color, but the two are often the same as the fish and bear’s paw can not have both. Glazed porcelain filled with “Purple goods” without iron foot. Iron foot should be Taizhi itself unglazed colors. Artificially imposed iron foot case a black glaze, its authenticity is questionable, and the “seven draft class repair sequel” recorded “their feet are iron color” contrary.
Glaze
Ge kiln is celadon series of Celadon glaze, shades, there are powder blue, pale blue, putty, Qinghuang other colors, due to the role of kiln, glaze were two or more multi-color, artificial subjective will of the to. Taizhi have two kinds of porcelain and sand tires, little pattern, no model year. Tire colors are black and gray, dark gray, apricot, gray and so on. Glazed not smooth, but there is a layer of light, such as butter, dark cloud is not perfectly clear enamel glaze layer uneven thickness, dip the glaze firing of the device upright, the bottom foot of the thickest enamel, some up to 4 mm. Its firing method Footwraps The nail or ring foot pad burn cake, which can be clearly seen by pad pie firing traces.
Bottom foot
Ge kiln bottom foot also quite special, its narrow ring foot flat bottom, non-generous bump, feet deep in the interior, the exterior light foot short, difficult to lift a finger to get up.
Save beads Synechococcus
Ge kiln is the most important, most wonderful, most admirable, but also the most neglected feature, namely the so-called “save beads Synechococcus.” Sun Chou ancestors ceramic industry in its “Identification of the Ming and Qing porcelain” in an article already said, “If the government, like the secret brother glaze bubbles save beads, …… these are not easy to pastiche features, can be used as the era of division a clue. “Obviously,” save bead “refers to the glaze Geyao vessel collections of fine bubbles like small drops, as covered in the inner and outer walls or objects within the body and the outer body. But Sunlao little more general, in fact, the real Ge kiln ware glaze bubbles is not just “save beads”, but also show a kind than the “save Pearl” slightly larger “Synechococcus.”
Ball beads than big words Ge kiln has two bubbles of different sizes, which are arranged in the form is not intermingled scattered, but more neatly arranged together. Synechococcus style beads bubble bubble than save a much smaller number, the general was arranged in a ring-shaped objects in the wall, like a very thick ring. “Save beads Synechococcus” It is well deserved for a division between true and false Geyao indispensable basis.
Celadon Kwai orifice plate damage
July 4, 2011, the National Palace Museum Research Laboratory testing of ancient ceramics in Song Dynasty Ge Kiln Celadon Kwai orifice plate occurs when the non-destructive analysis and testing artifacts damaged. After the accident, the National Palace Museum set up an accident investigation team to investigate into the causes of the accident. After repeated simulations and multiple experts, in the 10th and preliminary conclusions, determining cause accidents mainly due to the researchers in the lab operational errors, resulting in increased sample stage distance is too large, resulting in national heritage glaze Kwai orifice plate is squeezed damaged.
Damage occurred in the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln Celadon Kwai orifice plate was six sunflower type, Quintana Shi schungite glaze, glazed open fine debris pattern. Quanzu exposed child at dark brown. This dish elegant and generous; lines varied, the representative works of the Song Dynasty Ge Kiln.
