Chinese musical instruments violin

Violin can be broadly divided into violin, viola, cello as well as double bass, these four stringed instruments have many similarities, such as the shape name, etc., but to talk about a different point, it is too numerous to mention, for example, the volume size, bomb in this way, etc., etc. …… playing sound principles stringed instrument to trace its origin, it should be the original ancestors after hunting or war victory dance after midnight, inspired by the sound of the bowstring to produce the most prototype stringed instruments. Then, because the chord length, thickness, different degrees of tension have different sound effects, and to develop the two strings (such as erhu), three strings (eg sanxian), four strings (such as the violin), five strings (as some large-fold Division), six strings (such as guitars), eight strings (eg mandoline) and other wide variety of stringed instruments.

1 Basic Definitions
Words: violin
Pinyin: tí qín
1 stringed instrument. A violin.
Ming Xiling long “Hibiscus shadow Chun preserves”: “This is a wonderful vegetarian aunt Suppan cleared off the song, even take violin flute pipe, the cable drama series, are all fine.” Xu Ke “clean barnyard class notes · Music · violin “:” violin, logs for the tank, and empty on its next take python, consistent groove bamboo handle, the handle end of the dragon head carved wood, handle a small ring, and through four strings in which the groove surface is flat, set the column in order of the strings. bamboo bow, horsetail double strings, and rolling between the. ”
2 stringed instrument. Violin, viola, cello, double bass in general. Also refers to a single violin.
Ba Jin “new”: “She’s as soft bottom like a violin sound to flow into the bottom of my heart, I felt I was going to cry.” Wei Wei “Oriental” fourth part of the second two chapters: “Xu Fang knew his heart sad, think be alone, they sighed, his backpack, violin, went back to the village alone. ”
3 refers to the four strings to pull strings, such as: Four Hu, Hu Ge and so on.
Violin

If the set you want to violin musical instruments looking for some evolution evolution traces the course of history in it, then its ancestor when the Sri Lankan geographical Joseph Finnerty Adams Tsuen (Ravanastron), Arab 冉芭 (Rabab), Central Asia geographical grams Manci (Kamantche), Rebecca Pyrenean peninsula area (Rebec) and other ancient musical instrument has its roots. The development of the European regions around the twelfth century AD, there is a man named Vea (medieval stringed) instrument, there must be a more intimate kinship with violin musical instruments. Its shape even letters spelling are a lot of similarities with the violin.
Violin

Violin (violin) is a stringed musical instruments ming wipe outs. It is widely spread in the world, is the most important group of modern string orchestra instruments. It plays in a very important position in instrumental music, is the backbone of the modern symphony orchestra, and it is highly solo instrument playing skills. Emergence of the modern violin than 300 years of history, its production in itself is a very sophisticated technology. It sounds similar to the human voice, for the performance of gentle, warm, lively, brilliant and even the most dramatic of strong feelings. For centuries, the world famous composer writing a lot of classic violin, violin virtuoso on this instrument developed a superb performance art. Both violin ensemble, and can be solo.
The violin is a four stringed musical instrument strings, is the main violin and treble family members (the other members of the family are: viola, cello and double bass). Modern violin originated in Italy Crane Mona, in 1600-1750 years to become the largest center of violin making. Notably: Amati, Stradivari, and Guarneri; their musical instruments made ​​today are priceless. Five degrees violin is tuned: g, d1, a1, e2, range over three and a half set, is essential for all regular orchestra instruments.

Andre earliest violin is an Amati designer (Andrea Amati, 1525 年 ~ 1611) and Gus Paro – up – Salo (Gasparo Da Salo, 1542 年 ~ 1609). As the two of them had been working together in different historical documents have a different point of view: a saying that Amati mainly up – Salo is deputy; while another view is just the opposite. If we consider Andre – Amati than up – Salo older 17 years old, seems to reach – Salo should be worked under the guidance of Amati. Because at that time, seniority will represent the authority. However, this is just speculation. This inference, the designer should be the first violin Andre – Amati’s view is preferable.
Naruto rubbed string instrument played. Family of violin music, a violin shape and structure is basically the same, just slightly larger body. Five degrees is tuned c, g, d1, a1 piano typically 42.5 cm length. Viola sound more solid than the violin, warm and full, fingering and bowing with a violin basically the same. Viola from lower than middle C octave C starting five degrees each string spacing interval, followed by C, G, D and A sound, five degrees lower than the violin, while the higher octave than the cello. As a solo instrument, it lacks the deep and powerful sound brilliant violin and cello, and violin and cello as good as when playing concertos and the band can be contest. So the composer wrote for the viola concerto rare (common in the violin).
Viola

Viola (Viola) name, from Old Cello (Viola da gamba). Cello is an ancient pull sandwiched between two legs playing musical instruments. But in fact the ancient Viola (Viola da braccio) is the predecessor of the viola and violin, the viola is because the ancient pull outs on her shoulders. The development and history of the viola and violin is very similar, but in the case of missing violin solo adaptability and had the status of residence accompaniment, so that the sound will be played in harmony.
In the eighteenth century, the last two decades, many musicians gradually admit viola unique and beautiful sound, so commonly used in Hayden and Mozart’s String Quartet. But when used as a solo instrument, it sounds unique, full of twang like stringed instrument, issued a deep and mysterious voice. This feature is used by many of China’s outstanding composers, make plus mute dances imitating the sound of the viola, played in “Gada Meilin,” “Yufeng Miles,” “Prairie Song” solo or symphony, etc. huge role, give people a fresh feeling. Because the viola unique sound, so in the symphony, mostly in the middle part, often with violin, cello, along with the completion of the main theme, mostly off the main.
19th century, N · Paganini received an A. Stradivari made ​​viola, H · Berlioz as it wrote a symphony “Harold in Italy.” Berlioz not only wrote very exciting solo viola and viola part of the band have written very good. Since the 20th century, the emergence of L · Tedi Si, W · P · primrose and viola player such as Hindemith. W · Walton was Tedi Si, B · Bartok as Primrose wrote “Viola Concerto.” Hindemith wrote four viola concerto, played by him personally. Artistic development from playing viola, in chamber music, especially string quartets, the only fully played its artistic expression.
However, little has been playing viola in the attention, even if, like Beethoven so good at developing a unique musical personality Masters, also meet in the viola remain at the level of subordinate part. This situation even affect student learning viola enthusiasm. There is always this argument, not a violin school who was forced to turn diverted to engage viola. If Viola is a crappy instrument, the viola only rationing incompetent use. The fact is certainly not the case. Seoul representative composers of the rainy French Revolution in his opera “Houdar”, the start to finish without the violin, but the basic part and the highest strings to play the viola. This initiative may inspire the creation phase Liao hereby wish. 28 years later, that is, in 1843, Berlioz wrote his “Harold in Italy”, the title of this work is dedicated to Berlioz Paganini played with symphony viola help. But too Paganini solo viola part is too quiet, and always were not interested. Later this work by Paganini students Sivori be premiered. In fact, “Harold in Italy” is Berlioz dismally to make, viola plays the hero in the title on the inside, Luoluoguahe, there is lots to talk about the mind of a belly. For a violin for the protagonist, is too bright; cello it, and too sad; Viola is deeply touching is appropriate. This works in the 19th century viola literature can be said to be the only solution for a while. But then again, lower status in the history of the viola, and really sort of relationship itself. We know that the violin and cello are in the hands of Stradivari violin teacher of stereotypes. Viola had no such luck. Viola’s size in a long time do not have a general recognition. You do not find me too big, that I suspect you do small. French half of the 19th century violin teacher Victoria Willow Farm, had created a number of powerful sound fullness viola, but unfortunately due to the larger size has not been received, has been shelved. 19th century, Tedi Si (1876-1975) rose to engage viola playing career, life stopped working. He designed and manufactured sixteen and three quarters inches Tedi Si-type viola, viola be to set a relatively modest figure.

Cello
Orchestra cello is essential tenor or bass stringed instrument. In the orchestral playing in the cello part is often highly melodic phrases, also co-responsible with double bass bass part harmony. It is also very loved by the people of the solo instrument.
Application clef: bass clef or alto clef, tenor clef.
Similar to the violin, but a lot of the big piano, the standard height of about 48 inches (1.2 m is about), Bows thicker and shorter, is tuned an octave lower than the viola.
Materials:
Piano: wooden structure, with maple and spruce wood is manufactured with the best raw timbre;
Strings: wire;
Bows: ponytail.
Cello’s history dates back to the late 16th century, is something called “Bass 维奥尔 piano” or “between the knee 维奥尔 piano” (Viola de gamba) 15th-century instrument evolved. 维奥尔 piano cello like a big volume, arc not so obvious, but when you play may be sandwiched between the knees, like a cello bow bowed so.
Cello was originally spelled in Italian Violoncello, then gradually abbreviated Cello. Cello its warm and rich tone known, is a symphony orchestra in one of the most common instruments. Suited to play a variety of roles: sometimes added bass camp, issued a heavy sigh in the bass; sometimes places in the middle two strings play the role of rhythmic backbone. Cello most glorious moment, given its performance to the number of composers cantabile melody mission. The whole group to play the cello wonderful melodies, enough to make any other orchestra instruments to shame.

Double bass (also known as the big bass, double bass)
Double bass, strings rub Ming played musical instruments. Also known as the double bass. Violin family, the largest and lowest pronunciation bowed stringed instrument. It is the backbone of the band sound, basic rhythmic foundation. Bass about 180 to 220 cm high, the lower end of a pillar, the shape of a cello. When you want to play the piano on the floor, standing or leaning on a high stool to play. Double bass tune a stringed instrument is four degrees, four strings are E, A, D, G, in order to avoid too much on the table plus bass clef line, its sound than the actual notation one octave lower. Sometimes adding the first five strings, set tone for the C, or in the neck of the instrument to add a mechanical device, lengthening the E string, so that it can play the following C tone. Skilled performers can greatly exceed the natural range of the instrument by using the overtone above. Use two double bass bow, one is French bow, called the Great Sydney bow. Another known or German Seaman del bow, which has a long, thin rod, a wide buckle hand, the hand holding the stick lever below (palms up). More use of double bass pizzicato, a feature that makes it more than other stringed instruments in the orchestra in addition to playing the role of foreign dance bands and jazz bands also become an important rhythm instrument.
Select

When you buy a violin when you first faced the problem is: how to choose? What is good? Although it is not such a problem can be concise answer, but as long as you can by the way we teach you the following carefully to do it, you spend a higher price will greatly reduce the possibility of defects. Identification violin general, not only have the knowledge on production, it can be proficient in the process, and should also have a certain playing techniques, in order one by one from the material, production and sound quality and other aspects. Violin in a foreign country as the “Queen of the instrument.” A better quality violin, should reach the following a few basic requirements: strict selection panel texture straight, uniform color than white, elastic; tight back and neck stiff material, the pattern is clear that the best pattern backplane have regularly arranged symmetrically, commonly known as “tiger piano.” Sophisticated technology, piano lines, symmetry, outline clear, beautiful shape; handle upright piano, the piano should handle the midpoint of the piano with the midpoint of a straight line, piano glued firmly; paint adhesion, color clear, transparent, clean appearance. Sound wonderful, pristine sound quality, clarity, no noise, husky tone or wood tone; beautiful sound, clear, harmonious melody; pronounce each zone balancing continuity; volume loud. Heart to buy a violin, violin must have some knowledge and knowledge of music. Following is a brief knowledge of the violin.
Panel: use spruce. Spruce than other wood has many features, its mainly:
①, firm texture and light itself, between the ring (spring wood) texture is very soft, but it rings (texture autumn wood) is very hard, and flexible, not only to resist the pressure and easy vibrating strings. So has the best audio performance.
②, sound propagation speed, fast and elastic vibration than other wood conduction along the lines of its sound transmission speeds of up to 5166 meters per second, compared with the propagation of sound in air velocity (350 meters per second) more than 14 times faster, they are able to use the pronunciation violin sensitive and effective.
③, high frequency energy (3000-5000 cycles / sec or more) pronunciation generate a damping effect (vibration damping effect is the phenomenon disappears in the timber, the timber friction between molecules to generate each). This is another wood that fall. Spruce scale damping effect can increase with frequency, small low-frequency sound damping, while those not some high frequency overtones violin (that is, those with discordant tone pitch), then generates a strong damping effect so that they weaken, allowing the piano melody.
Senior piano texture should be upright, uniform density, fibrous tissue must be tightly, soft and elastic, does not allow scar section, resin pockets and patches. Spruce panel central ring count to 5-8 per centimeter grid for the gifted, the widest edge ring is not more than 3 mm in the 20 mm range adjacent to, changes in ring width not greater than 1.5 mm, ring width changes in the panel should not exceed 2 mm, each ring in the autumn timber of not more than 30% of the width of the entire autumn wood panel should be similar between the rings. Practice has proved that: Texture from 2 mm and uniform pronunciation best. The pros and cons of the violin sound quality is the key to the choice of the panel. For the perfect tone for the relentless pursuit of the violin, violin lark senior piano produced by the company are used only after a rigorous selection panel and testing, but also must be more than a decade after natural drying quality spruce, but also a small amount of natural drying five years of good material, but the growing shortage of resources, over 50 years old have been difficult to get the material.
Intermediate upright violin textures, density uniformity, not allowed to have a section scar, resin pockets and patches.
Poor grade violin textures generally upright, uniform, allowing a small amount of scar section, resin capsule and fillings. Diameter plate must be cut, you should use the health, material quality and remove the side skin, pith wood.
Each grade violin wood defects allowable range is as follows:

Each grade violin Material:
Bass beams, frets, both wood, piano and horn wood strips (all within the abdominal cavity piano) should use the same quality materials and panels can be observed through the f-holes
Back

Maple hard texture and flexible to use maple Branch, color wood, timber features:
⒈ easy to vibration, sound and rapid transmission of high frequency noise damping effect
⒉ fine texture, appearance beautiful, beautiful emerged after cutting diameter lug (tiger stripes)
Selection criteria and the panel should also be the same, with healthy wood, some people like to use wood to produce material curled back, more violin piano backplane users mistakenly believe that the more flowers, the piano, the better, reason is that the system they mostly like a good musician with a sound performance of the panel with a beautiful look back, in fact, on the back, the wood material curled audio performance than its straight grain material, and a piano it is based on the merits of the identified sound. I have seen a few collections in Japan, Vivaldi, backplane no pattern, cutting is also very casual, not even a little scar there are several sections on a few Vivaldi back, but can be a wonderful piano sounds very for the role of each backplane say no one, I think it is important that age is inanimate, the width is uniform along the grain texture, material health, uniform color, natural drying time is long enough. Effect on the entire back of the violin, although not as important to the panel, but it still has a role, it makes the violin has a fixed volume of air.
When the panel vibrates through the frets, side panels and the piano in the air conduction, vibration also will be back, so that the piano has been strengthened, in particular to enable G, D two powerful chord pronunciation while back shoulder a lot of power generated from the four strings. Experiments show that, if not installed violin back (there is no air capacity) only in the back of the original location of a coat of wood and branches between the frets and wood panel, piano will be significantly weakened, voice will changed. Moreover, although weak vibration backplane itself, but also in the high frequency sound waves radiated within. Are different back panel thickness, and it fit properly, will affect the violin’s sound, which are important to clarify the backplane.
Back also and the same panel, the use of double-width of the fight practice is also common to separate plate on the back material, it is because when the block material due to a huge tree trunk and the choice of materials can be cut out independent board, it must be noted that, with a double width to fight alone or with a plate, there is not much impact on the sound of the piano, piano head back and sides should use the same material. Backplane wood panel defect tolerance range and the same. Side headstock and use the same code piano backplane material timber.

2 identify the type of piano
Two world today recognized as the best piano type as follows:
Adams-style piano features are: the Ministry of relatively narrow body small piano, the lower the more lenient, central bend slightly darker, not only outline commensurate lines are beautiful. Qin large flat plate, minimal curvature of the middle thick, but gradually expanded to the surrounding thin down, near the edge of the side panel of the thinnest, because the panel thickness moderate, so easy to vibration. Adams style piano pronunciation strong, loud sound, beautiful tone, and spreads very effective. People often mellow, subtle, rich and pure, such as words to describe its sound.
Melon-style piano features are: piano sheet radian small, relatively flat, middle panel thickness difference with the surrounding small upper and middle Biscay piano-style piano wide, round the waist rather than the deep bend. Adams does not like piano-style piano corner as protruding lower piano narrow vents open too long and chic design, large headstock and majestic style, because only concerned melon style piano piano pronunciation effect, so the piano beautiful appearance is slightly lower than Adams style, but strong piano strong vibration plate, deep sonorous pronunciation, and spreads good special effects. Andean music and only in accordance with the type and style of melon sized violin.
Crafts
Violin making high technological requirements, so machining only produce the cheapest general level piano, all the good piano are handmade. Choice should note the following:
⒈ whole line is smooth, uniform, moderately rounded edges and corners;
⒉ side and face, back gluing edge is neat same width;
⒊ headstock and fingerboard are honest;
⒋ fingerboard height is correct (after alignment strings, fretboard section outside the arc with the lower panel seam 21 mm ± 1);
Are ⒌ backplane pattern symmetry (in terms of senior piano);
⒍ board radians and sound hole position is symmetrical;
⒎ piano plates glued joints are tight, no black line;
⒏ inlay line is neat, elegant paint colors, uniform, smooth surface bright, shiny through the end grain is revealed;
⒐ piano is firmly cemented, the easiest way is to stabilize the neck with one hand, the other hand knuckles tapping panel around the piano, listening to the sound it emitted as sound as a pound of fat sound , is glued in good condition, if the issue is a shell shell sound, it proved degumming.
Senior violin, you should use oil-soluble natural resin varnish, the general level violin can use alcohol-soluble natural resin varnish, synthetic resin varnish.
Chord
Strings on the violin strings are used, it should be said that this is a part of the country is still weak. On the one hand is a bit of the pitch is not very accurate, then there are problems timbre aspects have yet to be common to study and resolve.
The bridge
The bridge is on a very delicate violin parts, the material directly affect the piano sound, it must be an excellent choice of material chord horse.
Tone quality
The merits of the violin sound quality is the most fundamental identification, but only have a certain playing techniques, while well-known violin tone right talent has some grasp.
⒈ volume: loud, of course, with the right approach to get a pull-outs can be high according to the bits piano, and try to pull it, especially the G, D two strings, as in the position to play a high voice still soft loud, it shows the piano pronunciation is ideal. On the contrary, such a harsh squeak is the piano placed on parts where there is improper, even ordinary violin class can not have a significant noise.
Four chord sound evenly. Violin range in various frequency ranges intensity should be uniform, or uniform, should not be a particularly strong voice and some sounds particularly weak. Especially on the low frequency sound G, D have two resounding chord. Minimum requirements should also be four strings no significant differences. Those who pronounce loud and even piano, melodious sounds. Otherwise pronunciation weak or strong or weak and the poor, do not sound nice or harsh.
⒉ Voices: Violin due to differences in materials, manufacturing method, size, strings, paint and assembly but also in the very different tone, treble senior piano must have pure soft, deep powerful bass fullness, and to pronounce subtle and focused. Specific to each string on the E string requires clear, bright, A string soft cantabile, D chord and elegant, G chord deep deep. Piano sounds so mellow and beautiful, without any noise.
⒊ uniform harmonic: Violin all the bits five octave harmony must not be a difference, Violin & P should not have significant differences. It also requires four violin strings pronunciation sensitive vibration conduction fast, can not have slow phenomenon. And vibration to last a long, slow decay. The above methods of identification that you understand or if you are not very familiar with, can also be the most convenient confinement method selection.