Joseph, the ancient Chinese plucked string instrument. Shaped like a piano, has 25 strings, strings of different thickness. Joseph has a column for each string. Press the pentatonic tune a stringed instrument. The earliest Joseph has 50 strings, so called “50 strings.” The other refers to ancient water, means little yellow Luoshan, Henan Province today.
Musical Instruments
Brief introduction
Chinese ancient stringed instrument playing “Joseph”
Joseph, the ancient stringed instrument playing a total of twenty-five strings. Roughly the same shape of ancient Joseph, Joseph Wood chop the whole body into a multi-purpose, Joseph face slightly elevated, hollow body, lower body embedded backplane. Joseph face first end has a long Takeyama, there are three short Taiyuanshan end. End of the tenon with four tailpiece. Taiyuanshan both have corresponding outer string holes. Another wooden Joseph columns, impose on the next chord. Unearthed tomb of Joseph twelve, the use of beech wood or chop into Azusa, total length 150-170, width 40 cm. Quintana painted painted, beautiful color.
Origin
Joseph’s origins are very old, the archaeological discoveries of the largest proportion of stringed instruments. It excavated sites concentrated in Hubei, Hunan and Henan provinces, and the vast majority from the Eastern Zhou Chu. Others such as Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Liaoning provinces, only a little sporadic discoveries. Literature “kitchen Xi’s” for Joseph.
Legend has Joseph in the Xia Dynasty. Oracle on the “music” word, the above is the “silk” word, the following is a “wood” word. Joseph use strings, then Joseph Silk generation should appear afterwards. Joseph string of raw materials, at least it may be reeling technology system out of the strings. Qin is the piano and stringed instruments before and after Joseph.
Another speculated that this type of musical instruments like harps, possibly related and hunting bow. Of course, you can also use raw bowstring tendon or other animals rubber band strip production. In 1984 we replicated tomb unearthed Joseph, the thickest few bass strings, use is tendon strings.
Joseph is one of the earliest playing stringed instruments, which are very popular Qin, Han also widely popular, often used for phase and the Northern and Southern Song accompaniment, Tang application a lot, later becoming less used.
Joseph played
“The Book of Songs Xiaoya” are: “…… harps drumming to Mita ancestors, to pray winter rains to refer me millet millet, the valley soil my daughter.” This is the earliest found in ancient records, said at least 3,000 Mincer years of history. Confucius trespassing viol, used to accompany poetry, at the time, is independent of Confucius viol married, known as “Confucius of Joseph” (“The Analects of Confucius advanced”; “from which Joseph, Xiwei in Confucius’s Gate”)
“Zhou instrument map” records: Yase twenty-stringed lute, Chung Joseph twenty five strings, decorated with gem who said, “Po se”, painted by the text, such as Jin, said, “Zither.”
“Han Chiao mind”, said: “Too Diming Motome drum 50 strings harp, sad, Royal ban can not stop, so break it for the twenty-five strings Joseph.” Then Joseph made gradually refined, more versatile. King Wen of Zhou family shrine in the temple of a harp, above tied with dyed scarlet colored silk string, the bottom has Lichtung sound hole, playing can be issued when a soothing voice.
Historical development
The earliest Joseph has 50 strings, so called “50 strings,” “Book of Songs” in the records “My Fair Lady, Harmonious Chords,” “I have guests, harp Guqin.” Joseph had disappeared thousands of years, and now “Orchids Chinese Music” will be presented again the legendary voice on the stage above the band roar, music like water, like Fengming, such as southerly moon trip, lead us into the deep fragrance of nature inside.
Ancient shells stringed instrument. Its long history. “Music Book” primer “The World”: “kitchen sacrifice for Joseph.” According to the “ritual” records, ancient drinking rituals, Local Shooting Ceremony, Yan ceremony, all with Joseph accompaniment sing. Warring States to Qin and Han dynasties prevailed “yu se the music.” Southern and Northern Dynasties, Joseph phase and the song is a common accompaniment instrument. Sui and Tang dynasties for Ching Lok. After only for Palace Ting Ya Yue and Ding Ji music.
Zhou and Han Dynasties of ancient Joseph, archaeological excavations have discovered more. One Bridge City Changsha Chu Liu (approximately late spring or early Warring States) unearthed Joseph, is the earliest known kind. Xinyang, Henan, Hubei and other places Gangneung Chu, with the county in Hubei tomb, unearthed in Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb are a harp, strings twenty-three to twenty five strings ranging majority of twenty five strings .
Since the Qin and Han dynasties unearthed ancient spring to Joseph to tens of meter, but mostly incomplete or column position is unknown. However, Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb Unearthed Joseph preserved.
Though decadent chord deterioration remains in place, the column position is relatively clear, as we understand the ancient Joseph Zhang Xian and tunings provides direct evidence. This Joseph twenty five strings, followed by three tail Yue divided into three groups, namely, within nine, in seven, nine outside. Inside and outside the nine strings arranged in columns bit more regular, is tuned to the same pitch; seven strings in column bit more disorders, but also vaguely shows, do it within nine chord tone class into connections. From each of the column-effective chord length ratio projections, we can see it on the pentatonic tunings.
Northern and Southern Dynasties to the ancient Joseph lost. Since the Tang and Song dynasties reported in the literature and used in court Joseph, and Joseph in the ancient shape, Zhang Xian, tunings aspects have a greater difference. Points to Bear Song Dynasty (1246-1323) had compiled “Joseph spectrum” six volumes. The book chronicles the shape of Joseph and playing method, and singing the old spectrum twelve Songs and new music he created twenty, and Confucius Temple worship music score. Joseph then, both have a long Takeyama, two Taiyuanshan lateral string holes corresponding to the number, followed by Zhang Xian. Total of twenty-five strings, pitch arranged by Shier Lv Lv. Middle of a string (thirteenth chord) not to play the rest twenty-four chord can be played two octaves twenty-four tones. To the right hand bomb “acoustic” (low octave zone); left hand bomb “clear voice” (higher octave zone). Right hand can also be played simultaneously high and low octave and tones. Basic fingering is great, the food, the unknown and outside, respectively, to the direction of each finger plucked. Called break, care, wipe, pick, tick, tick, playing, picking, a total of eight kinds. Later tuned in France slight change in the middle of a chord can also be played by the pentatonic scale or seven pentatonic tune a stringed instrument. Suppression of the left hand column, where necessary, according to the left and take the change in tone chord segment.
Music Institute of China Academy of Art Joseph a collection of early Qing Dynasty. Length 207, width 43 cm. Twenty five strings. Whole body painted black, painted gold floral pattern. The 1930s Shanghai Datong Club has produced two reforms Joseph, a 50 strings, the name “kitchen sacrifice Joseph,” Joseph the traditional single-column (a column supporting a string) to connect column (seven or eight chords shared a column), using live outside the Taiyuanshan Zhen, so tunings. Another great tool is one hundred stringed harp, with double support even column interleaved bit string string permutation method. An increase in the volume of Joseph, improve tone and easy to play, etc. are made useful exploration.
As of August 2008, Wuhan Folk Instruments open-Yi Zhou DUNFA Joseph Chu according to archaeological objects, absorb modern koto structural parts produced a reasonable imitation of twenty five strings Chu Joseph. Length 176, width 42, height 10 cm. Can play arpeggios, chord, chords and rapid melodies. But also to use vibrato, portamento and other techniques, has a unique charm. Worked in Hubei Song and Dance Ensemble “chimes dance” in play. [4]
Shape
Roughly the same shape of ancient Joseph, Joseph Wood chop the whole body into a multi-purpose, Joseph face slightly elevated, hollow body, lower body embedded backplane. Joseph face first end has a long Takeyama, there are three short Taiyuanshan end. End of the tenon with four tailpiece. Taiyuanshan both have corresponding outer string holes. Another wooden Joseph columns, impose on the next chord. Unearthed tomb of Joseph twelve, the use of beech wood or chop into Azusa, total length 150-170, width 40 cm. Quintana painted painted, beautiful color.
Joseph ancient, carved from a single piece of wood, while the system of the Qing Dynasty Joseph, by panels, floor and frame plate glued rectangular resonance box. Strings stringed, harp rack first Taiyuanshan (GODOT) and tail Taiyuanshan (tail Yue), each branch has a chord are the geese column can move around to adjust the chord length, determine the pitch.
From the 20th century, since the 1930s, China has in Changsha, Xinyang and Gangneung, etc. Chu Tomb in the last nearly 20 Joseph, of which the vast majority of the same shape, and Qin and Han literature match (very few as 23 or 24 chord). Strings are divided into three groups, a group of seven middle chord, chord inside and outside the two groups of nine.
Unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb of Joseph can be seen early Western Han Dynasty, the thickness of the string configuration is divided into two groups, a group of outer nine strings (strings from the outside and inside diameter decreasing from 1.2 to 0.6 mm), the seven Within nine chord chord with the other group (from the inside and outboard diameter from 1.9 down to 0.5 mm), inside and outside the nine strings Columns bit more regular, ladder-shaped sequence, this Joseph is now enshrined in Hunan Provincial Museum.
Joseph generally pentatonic tuning with Anxian way to get seven semitones elevated sound stage.
In 1979, with the county has been waiting in Hubei tomb unearthed an ancient Joseph B, it is the early Warring States Period (433 BC ago) Chu princes had made the country, the end of the image of a dragon sculpture, resonance box side with painted phoenix pattern . Is the country’s oldest Joseph, now hidden in the Hubei Provincial Museum.
Joseph is now seen, usually the size of its length is divided into two kinds of chords. Large Joseph 18O ~ 19o cm long, 25 chord; small se about 120 cm long, 16 chord. Institute of Music in Beijing China with a collection of the early Qing Dynasty (17th century) produced exquisite large Joseph, actually long 209 cm.
Production methods
There are three general constructor Joseph production methods:
First, with the whole body of Joseph carved wooden dig in to install another floor, placement other components. This is a rather primitive manufacturing methods. Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Chu Se multi-use this method;
Second, Joseph panel canoe made of thin wall around another four weeks of this nature is more common;
Third, completely taken flattened, that is not only floor, siding with planks, even Joseph’s panel is also using multiple pieces of wood put together. Joseph painted both ends. Joseph faces mostly light elements, a few painted phoenix deformation pattern, geometric pattern.
Chu often occur in Gangneung there is a wooden made with whole se. Central to be higher than the side plates, two meals a little wide. Each end of the bottom plate to dig a trench, no resonance box, and some se dig a rectangular groove bottom middle to loose tone.
Joseph comes to technology, we must understand the appearance of Joseph ornamentation, ornate. Joseph Chu is very fond of.
Unearthed ancient local Joseph has painted exquisite, and a variety of shapes embossed appearance. The most representative is the long-Taiwan relations Xinyang Chu unearthed a few pieces of painted Zither (changtaiguan Zither ornamentation Figure). The Joseph and both sides are coated with black paint, central plain, Taiyuanshan painted diamond pattern, black on both sides are coated with gold and silver color symmetrical deformation of a continuous roll moire, in both two and its flanking legislation wallboard also painted a series of exquisite patterns, ie Shooters map, hunting maps, shaman figure, Chi Fa Figure shaman, shamans play snake figure, sorcerers play Lung, herd, maps, herd, maps, Yan Yue map, prayer maps, diagrams and other animals tied and hunters, Kuregaku people, nobles, witches and other characters and a variety of animals depicted life.
The difference with Zheng
1, constructed
The same: the whole wood chop into, face slightly elevated, body hollow body under embedded backplane.
Different: Joseph faces a long Taiyuanshan head end, tail end of three short Takeyama. End of the tenon with four tailpiece. Joseph is twenty-five common chord. Zheng has a front end surface of the first Taiyuanshan, there is an end after Takeyama. There are three sound hole (there are two out of the sound hole), currently used Twenty one string zither.
2, is tuned
Joseph is basically based on pentatonic tunings, later tuned in France slight change in the middle of a chord can also be played by the pentatonic scale or seven pentatonic tune a stringed instrument. Cheng’s range and the number of strings on. 21-string is four octaves zero minor third, generally the lowest note is D, press the pentatonic tune a stringed instrument. Tuned in to see Joseph and zither from very different.
3, playing
Joseph: fingering big, food, the unknown and outside, respectively, to the direction of each finger plucked. Called break, care, wipe, pick, tick, tick, playing, picking, a total of eight kinds. Suppression of the left hand column, where necessary, according to the left and take the change in tone chord segment. Zheng: Basic fingering: hook, care, wipe, large pinch, small group, shake, freak, play, wiping hook prop prop, prop wipe hook hit. Line sound right, left to do music, play sound through the left hand slip chatter Rouan changes made to play audio from my own point of view,
Joseph and was very similar to the zither playing skills. Perhaps the biggest difference is because Joseph Cheng plane surface and the different drop refers to a natural when playing different sounds may be different.
4, tone
Joseph body due to relatively large zither, monochord pronunciation and are, therefore, Joseph’s voice slightly vague in the bass, treble area a bit thin.
