Category: Chinese musical instruments

Yatuo Karma, Mongolian plucked Ming playing musical instruments. Also known as Zheng. Han Zheng called Mongolia. Popular around the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province, Jilin Province, Mongolia ghettos.

A historical retrospective

Zheng is the oldest playing stringed instruments, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period has been widely popular in the private sector, and especially in the state of Qin Sheng, known Qinzheng. “Records Lisi Remonstrance Zhuke book”:. “Husband hit urn, knocking pottery, shells Zheng Bo thigh and singing call whining, quick eyes and ears of those who, Qin also true voice,” This is the earliest record found in history books. 1979, Spring and Autumn Cliff Guixi County xianyan group found two “Thirteen Strings xylophone” should zheng early kind. The shape of ancient zither no big change, but ranging from a few strings, twelve strings and other strings to sixteen. [1]
Since Han, men of letters in the official history and poetry are talked about Zheng. Tang Dynasty poet Li Qiao, Li Bai, Liu Yuxi, Yuan Zhen, Zhang Hu, Li Shang-yin so famous poem written for koto, poet, depicting a woman zither performances hand in the “Zheng”, and said she was “floating cloud bun Shaw green, red Hua Yan charming, youthful eyes scissors, fingers peel Chuncong. “I saw her “unhappy to move the hand at the end, sending the string of hate.” Be transferred to the climax, the final screeching halt, “one thousand beads together Paisui, knife cut bang boom.” It is obvious that Cheng’s playing skills already high. In the Tang Dynasty poet, Cheng’s art is portrayed vividly, and become a glorious page in the history of zither. Our Zheng, also introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty, then gradually become the main instrument of Japan Pradesh music and produce many genres and famous zither music playing. Todaiji Temple in Nara, Japan Shosoin in possession of the Tang Zheng (residual) one, “Todaiji offer material loss” in the mind of “Catalpa wood zither a” 1952 has been a full recovery, according remnants shape, a long pass 190.85 cm. [1]
1206, the Mongolian hero Genghis Khan (Mongolian powerful meaning) unified Mongolia, established the Mongol Khanate, and then perish by force Liao, Western Xia conquer, defeat Jin. His grandson Kublai Khan (1215 -1294) also conquered Dali, Tibet, the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, in 1279 established the Yuan Dynasty, which is the first in our history by a minority – Mongolian country’s regime. In the Yuan Dynasty palace, military and Mongolian folk, generally circulating thirteen and fourteen chord chord zither zither. “Yuan Shi Chi ritual” contains: “pleasures of the device, zither, such as Joseph, two slightly lowered, there are columns, thirteen strings.” Song Meng Gong “Munda equipment recorded” description: “The King (refer to wood Chinese Li) apprenticeship, they also female music accompanying …… chord zither playing mostly fourteen “high official music” and other songs. “Yuan Yang Weizhen not only a famous poet in the” Untitled “in the” twelve Phenom Kam Cheng, “the poem , in his “Spring Night Music” also wrote:. “. …… Phoenix double Zheng sign language column, playing towards the new sound Xing Xing Feng benefactor to dream jealous Woman, fairy blowing sea water far rain” has been described at the time a zither with two performances of the bomb. Ming and Qing since the Mongolian people, palace or temple Lama remains popular volume sizes, varying amounts of Yatuo strings Karma. “Baotou Heritage compilation” set: the Ming Dynasty, in Alatan Khan Palace mural “dinner music to map” Kabuki female band played twelve string Yatuo Karma. “History of Qing Dynasty” in mind: the early Qing Dynasty, the Emperor Taizong (AIXINJUELUO · Taiji) capture Lindan Han palace instruments all have “only set up six strings,” the Yatuo Karma.

Two musical difference

Mongolian various sectors using Yatuo Karma is a difference, more use of fourteen strings Yatuo army Karma for war and fighting and the Arc de Triomphe and other military activities; palace and palace used thirteen strings Yatuo Karma for Hospitality , banquets and sent to other ceremonial activities; Lama temple and civil uses twelve string Yatuo Karma, for worship, chanting and civil grand assembly (Naadam) and other religious and festive activities. Reportedly, thirteen strings Yatuo Karma represents thirteen ancient Mongol tribes and thirteen official position of solidarity. Today popular around the Yatuo Karma Inner Mongolia still a few strings vary, Yikezhaomeng ten strings, twelve strings, thirteen strings (plus one on the second string bass strings) of Yatuo Karma, Wulanchabu League thirteen strings, fourteen strings Yatuo Karma, Xilin Gol League twelve strings, thirteen strings and strings Yatuo Karma Modern sixteen, twelve string Zhaowuda Union and thirteen strings Yatuo Karma and so on.

3 shape structure

Yatuo Karma’s shape and structure, although popular with the rest of the zither identical (Figure), but also has its own uniqueness. Especially traditional Yatuo Karma Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a resonance box multi-thick piece of paulownia board dug into the trough, length 130 cm to 160 cm wide and 20 cm to 24 cm above the sheet from Mongolia to Paulownia ends slightly sagging, and some piano tail longer. The bottom left and right ends of the central, respectively, with a circular opening or a shaped sound hole. Quintana painted dark brown paint, the first piano, violin and piano box four weeks tail surfaces or painted dragon mosaic image or cloud volume patterns. Zhang stringed or casing string, with a post horse, the horse can move the column to adjust the pitch of the next chord. Some Yatuo Karma at the piano is also connected with a long tail 20 cm folding zither.

4 playing method

While playing, the use of sitting, sitting cross-legged on the grounds who played the piano played by the body flat on the front legs, or playing the piano who first placed the upper right leg, tail strike the piano, the piano can also be placed flat wooden or high platform . Right thumb, index finger, middle finger bone nails wearing bullet dial dial strings, the left index finger, middle finger mainly supplemented thumb, ring finger Anxian take tone. Right hand care, hack, hook, pick, wipe, buckle, round, even care, even wiping, double tick, Twill and other fingering; left by law is false, false, empty, sliding, kneading, trembling, wiping, points, etc. skills. Left index finger bone nails can also be worn with the right hand alternately playing plectrum. Many do not wear pastoral bone nail plectrum playing. Yikezhaomeng tune a stringed instrument of ten strings Yatuo Karma: d1, e1, c, g, c1, d1, g1, c2, d2, g2, range c-a2. Wulanchabu twelve string Yatuo Karma tune a stringed instrument is: d, a, b, d1, e1, g1, a1, b1, d2, e2, g2, a2, range d-c3. Fourteen strings Yatuo Karma’s tuning up two additional treble c3, d3, range d-f3. Xilin Gol League twelve string Yatuo Karma’s law Mongolian folk tune a stringed instrument widely used, it is also known traditional tune a stringed instrument method, tune a stringed instrument is: b, f1, g1, d, a, d1, e1, a1, d2, e2, f2, a2, range d-c3. Yatuo Karma pronunciation loud, sounds rough. Can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment. Mongolian famous musicians have four generation descendant of the royal musicians wooden bar the Soviet Union, the official cloth Dorji and Bayan Kathmandu and so on.

5 Traditional Music

The famous traditional songs are: “asl” and dubbed the flag Xilinguole name “asl”, “Dutch English flower”, “A their plans,” “octave”, “high forest dig Sea” and “poly come spring birds “and so on.

6 Improved Yatuo Karma

[Karma] Improved Yatuo Ming Mongolian bomb plucked instruments. Popular in Chifeng City.
Karma same shape with the traditional Yatuo. Is based on the traditional twelve string Yatuo Karma on strings made ​​reference to various playing techniques and improved by a series of bomb stringed instruments. It includes twelve string treble Yatuo Karma, sixteen and twenty-string tenor Yatuo Karma Karma-string bass Yatuo three.
Playing posture and the same methods and Yatuo Karma, maintained the traditional method twelve string Yatuo Karma tune a stringed instrument, with a total range from # e-c4, nearly four octaves. Treble Yatuo Karma tone crisp and bright; Alto Yatuo Karma sound soft, mellow; bass Yatuo Karma sounds rich, rough. Commonly used in solo, ensemble or accompaniment, has become one of the main instruments of Mongolian ethnic band, good at playing the Mongolian long-tune music, full of rich national style.

7 famous songs

More famous songs include: solo song “four princess” Trio song “Zhaojun OK” ensemble “Chifeng elegant music”, “Chennai Gate A tone” and so on.

Keya Ke, is Kirgiz stringed instrument bow to pull. Chinese language has been translated as Creutzfeldt available. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture of Ili Kazak Turks, Zhaosu, Emin and other places.

A musical overview

Two historical retrospective
Long history, ancient Kirgiz folk instruments. 克亚克 and Kazakhs pull stringed Ku Buzi, which are associated with the Qing court appearance Qinglong dance music for stringed Xi Qin pull close, their common feature is the resonance box half exposed, the lower part of the skin. “Lil Lv Zhengyi · The Editor,” “Dynasty ritual schema” and “Qing Dynasty continued Book of General” and other literature are painted with Xi Qin images, and Keya Ke very similar.

Three traditional forms
Traditional Keya Ke, length 62 cm to 75 cm, the shape of the spoon and short alike, piano body with a whole pine or mulberry wood dug from the system (Figure). Resonance box was spoon-shaped, the upper wider cavity exposed, the lower part of Mongolian lamb with a camel or sheep. Headstock simple, flat no ornaments, right and left sides of the home a peg. The neck is short, narrow width, positive for the fingerboard, no taste. Skin surface have the bridge set, Zhang two beams horsetail strings.

4 collection instruments
Art Institute of Music in Beijing, China Institute of Chinese Musical Instrument Museum, displays a Kirgiz Keya Ke. Piano body wood, length 74 cm. Department of resonance box carved with a mulberry wood dug the abdominal cavity, was half pear-shaped, the next big small, piano box length 36 cm, a width of 16.6 cm, width 7.5 cm lower, thick 7.5 cm, 5.5 cm thick under the front upper dew empty, middle and lower face mask with leather as leather side with small nails fixed on the piano back. Headstock, piano bar is made with a pear, long 38 cm. Headstock elongated triangle, positive black and white bone inlaid decorative edge, after opening chord rectangular slots on each side set up a shaft. Pear wooden pegs, the same button shape and violin strings, shaft length 8 cm, flat round shank. Neck semicircular columnar body, before the flat after the round, the narrow width, positive for Anxian fretboard, top with string pillow. Skin surface set wooden piano horse. Zhang two stringed, strings from the string holes piercing chord pillow square, the bottom line on top of leather tied strings. This piano is prepared to make the best folk artists, simple shapes, bold outline. Have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures. ?

5 making reform
Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Backstage reform made ​​Keya Ke, piano box kept the traditional form of facial mask to scale loose sheets, the upper panel opened a style rich clouds shaped sound hole. Zhang two stringed. Fine craftsmanship, sound pure and mellow. ?

6 playing method
When playing the piano box sandwiched between knees, holding his left hand piano Anxian, right hand outside Mawei bow string pull-outs. Keya Ke by four degrees or five degrees relationship tune a stringed instrument for g, c1, or g, d1, range g-g2, there are two octaves. Traditional 克亚克, because Mongolia to film and thick ponytail chord, timbre is more vigorous; reform 克亚克, because Mongolian stringed wooden panels and use, sound soft and beautiful, like a trumpet with a muted. Can be used for solo, ensemble or narrative poem and folk singing accompaniment, played by multi Zilazichang.

7 Traditional Music
Good at playing the ancient tradition is rich in ethnic style music. There are more famous songs, “Rafael Mozart”, “Aola You,” “Hurrah” and so on.
Eight folk artists
The famous folk artist playing violin and there is WUQIA County Matan Koehler and so on. ?

Buyi four Hu, Buyi, Miao pull stringed bow instrument. Miao Hu, also known as four strings. Popular in Guizhou Province Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southwest Guizhou country.
Shape and four Hu Yi same, but the piano body is smaller. Qintong cylindrical, with hair made ​​of bamboo or paulownia wood hollowed out, different specifications, because playing (ie producers) different and different. Before opening Mongolian sheepskin surface with python or after exposure is provided within Qintong piano guts, with a steel plate into a spiral, make musical instruments beautiful tone and a longer reverberation. Piano bar is made with hardwood length only 35 cm. Some headstock carved into a leader, beheaded or birds for ornaments. Located on axis. Zhang has four stringed, one and III chord as a group, two, forty-two chord as a group, five degrees tune a stringed instrument for c1, g1, c1, g1. Range c1-c2.
When playing the piano left hand holding Anxian, right hand Xizhu hair bow tied double pull-outs, bow hairs were sandwiched between one or two strings and two three, four two strings. Use only the first of the place, do not change the play. Sound soft, loud. Can be used solo or accompaniment. Buyi and Miao People often at festivals and slack in the pull-outs of self-entertainment, but also folk songs and musical accompaniment Buyi drama.

Ku Buzi, is Kazakh stringed instrument bow to pull. Chinese language also translated Huo Buzi, Hobbes, Ke Buzi and so on. Long history, structure simple, mellow tone for solo, ensemble or accompaniment. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Balikun, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Kazak Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Aksay Kazak Autonomous County in Gansu Province and other places. Live in the grasslands of the Kazak people, grazing during the day, night guard livestock in the sky studded with stars. And Tamboura, Ku Buzi  to play tunes such as smooth, rhythmic, full of intense prairie life breath of music people temporarily forget the hardships and troubles of life.

An Instrument Introduction

Uses and endemic areas
Ku Buzi, is Kazakh stringed instrument bow to pull. Chinese language also translated Huo Buzi, Hobbes, Ke Buzi and so on. Long history, structure simple, mellow tone for solo, ensemble or accompaniment. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Balikun, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Kazak Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Aksay Kazak Autonomous County in Gansu Province and other places.

Legend
According to legend, folk artists: Far In ancient times, Ku Buzi has a close relationship with religion, it is the Kazakh shaman divination and healing to people will use instruments. Wizards in Kazakh occupies a very important position, but he is not a panacea, but by god to dominate everything. Please God shaman in the process, first with Ku Buzi  hear tunes playing gods, gods descend only attached to the body of the shaman, and by the shaman’s mouth to answer all kinds of divination. Tools Kubu Zi became a shaman to communicate with the gods, witches playing Ku Buzi  higher skills, the more pleasant tunes, the gods appear sooner, a craft Ku Buzi will become a shaman must learn. Every holiday or celebration when Kazak, witches on playing folk music add to the fun, it is also the musical entertainment of the masses. Although the literature history books do not load their produce’s, but the people of the ancient Kazakh and Mongolian, Kirgiz people of good-neighborly neighbors, Ku Buzi and Mongolian stringed instrument care just show Seoul bomb, Kirgiz bowed instrument Keya Ke shape similar origins close view, but also see its long history.

2 Kubu Zi history
The earliest Kubu Zi, also known as Koehler Ku Buzi , is a kind of Kazakh folklore oldest bowed instrument, the piano takes the shape of the bow, with only a ponytail strings, neck and no fingerboard. Due to the production of local materials herders, because material and prepared, often piano style and size specifications are inconsistent. This most primitive pull strings, can still be seen in the current Kazakh remote mountainous areas. Later, on the basis of Koehler Ku Buzi increase pegs (so each one), strings and fretboard, made of two strings  Ku Buzi, still use horsetail string or tendon strings, and today it Kirgiz pull stringed Keya Ke very similar.

3 Kubu Zi structure
The traditional Kubu Zi, with a piece of wood piano body dug from the system, a total length of 60 cm – 65 cm (Figure). Spoon-shaped appearance of the resonance box, the next big small, box length 27 cm to 29 cm, the upper half is open exposed, not skin membrane or wooden panels, the lower half of the Mongolian camel lamb or sheep. Headstock no ornaments, under the pillow chord polyphonic groove, with three pegs on both sides (left and right two). Thin and long neck, front no taste. Set have the bridge, three camels tendons chord sheets on film.

4 Kubu Zi storage
Academy of Music in Beijing, China Art Museum, Institute of Chinese musical instruments, display
Ku Buzi
Ku Buzi
With a 库布孜 from Kazakh folk. Piano body with a piece of mulberry wood, length 63 cm, in the lower part of its timber dug up the abdominal cavity, the resonance box semicircular upper and lower semi-cylindrical, piano box length 28.5 cm, width 15 cm on the lower width 10 cm, 8 cm thick, thick 5.5 cm lower, middle and lower part of the Mongolian sheepskin for face, upper dew empty. Headstock was semi-circular curved, rectangular opening chord middle slot, opposite sides of the three-axis (left and right two). Pear wooden pegs for violin chord button type, shaft 6 cm long. Qin wooden horse leather set, Zhang three stringed. Wooden rod bow bow, bow tied with horsetail hair, similar to a violin bow. When in 1959, the music institute famous ethnomusicologist Jane went to Xinjiang its wah survey trips, this piano bought back by the northern. Have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.

5 Kubu Zi playing
Use when playing posture, legs flat, knees clamped by the lower part of the piano box; Left-handed piano, with the index finger, middle finger, outside of the first joint of the finger to the ring finger, arrived strings from the inside out by the sound, more difficult than large; sticky rosin the bow right hand ponytail outside pull the strings played. Tune a stringed instrument for g, a, d1, range g-g2, there are two octaves. Sound soft and beautiful. Can be used solo, instrumental ensemble or folk songs, dance accompaniment.

6 reform Ku Buzi
Reform Ku Buzi, is pulling Kazakh stringed bow instrument. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture. ?
Since the 1960s, Xinjiang Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Backstage musician Ali Buick continuous reform Kubu Zi, half of the piano box to Mongolian pine panels, the lower half of the Mongolian sheepskin with python or increase the fretboard, strings increased to four, the use of stringed or steel strings, and made ​​the treble, alto, bass and double bass series Ku Buzi. Tune a stringed instrument with various violin were the same. Treble Ku Buzi, length 60 cm, 24 cm long piano box, the width 15 cm, width 10 cm lower, tuning up for g, d1, a1, e2, range g-e3; Alto Kubu Zi tune a stringed instrument is c, g, d1, a1, range c-c3. ?
When playing the piano box sandwiched between the lower knees, bowing same methods and cello. Treble, alto Ku Buzi is frequently used as a folk singing solo or accompaniment, played by multi Zilazichang. Playing music and more people tune song, better known as “Altay”, “black cursory” and so on. Such reforms Ku Buzi, is full of local characteristics of pulling strings, has been used in the Kazakh national bands.

7 Kubu Zi Collection
Beijing China Art Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Music Instrument Museum has a tenor Ku Buzi. Qin made ​​walnut body, length 75 cm. Piano box back with six pieces of wood glued together to fight, the lower half of a face mask with sheepskin, the upper half of Mongolia to scale loose sheets, piano box length 34 cm, a width of 19.5 cm, width 10 cm lower on thick 7.5 cm, 5 cm under the thick, engraved with two symmetrical music emblem (Western bombs stringed lira) and peach pattern on the panel, along the lines of drilled holes for image tone windows. Headstock like a violin head, top spiral, the next open string slot, located on both sides of the three-axis (left and right two). Pear wooden pegs, strings mention button-shaped shaft length 7 cm, bottom chord groove has strings pillow. Neck semicircular columnar body, before the flat after the round, the front of Anxian fretboard. Leather upper set of wooden piano horses, horse 2 cm long, 3 cm high horse, tied with wooden bottom chord, its always the same shape and violin strings, piano hinge on the bottom end of the next column. Zhang three stringed. Bows for wooden bow rods, sheets horsetail hair bow, bow length 74 cm, set metal spiral tail bow, bow hair Zhang adjustable. This piano made ​​in 1964, the choice of materials and meticulous, sophisticated technology, the panel four weeks bone ornaments inlaid black and white and yellow metal edge Jomon, whole body painted with orange paint, wood clear, beautiful appearance. Has been loaded large album “Chinese musical illustrations” in the.

8 Kazak Ku Buzi
May 18, 2010, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage list of recommended projects (new selected projects). Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region declared “Kazakh Kubu Zi” was selected, the inclusion of non-material cultural heritage of traditional music project category.

9 of Artistic
Ku Buzi, many Kazakh one of the oldest musical instruments, is a stringed musical bow to pull its piano is made of wood, from the piano box, pegs and bow three parts. Full-length piano 60-70 cm wide and 15 cm on the speakers, a wide 10 cm, length 24 cm. Speaker ventral opened lower on the back of Mongolian camel lamb or sheep. On two or three sheets with ponytail or tendon, tendons made ​​of camel strings, strings and bow glue wipe with pine trees. Piano bar and fitted straight fretboard, bending the upper end of the inside of the piano, the piano-shaped belly was Tbsp. Its shape is different from the use of any instrument of a nation in the world, like the sky fly the white swan. Kubu Zi mainly Koehler Ku Buzi, sanxian Ku Buzi, four strings Ku Buzi, yet Ku Buzi and so on. Among them, Koehler Ku Buzi is an ancient musical instrument Kazakh people first invented and used. Arcuate piano lanes, with only a ponytail strings, neck and no fingerboard. Due to the production of local materials herders, because material and prepared, often piano style and size specifications are inconsistent. This most primitive pull strings, can still be seen in the current Kazakh remote mountainous areas.
Uzbek girl Kula Xi Nour too, was in Green River County made ​​a five-year dancer, in a chance where she heard the Ku Buzi playing a song, he was immediately fascinated by this beautiful voice, when she I heard “Ku Buzi” because playing those scarce, and will be faced with extinction, she began a kind of idea to save the national culture, but to give up their favorite dancing career, to get involved in a completely unfamiliar area, is difficult, Some people say, learn Ku Buzi playing is a hard thing, even from the eight-year-old began to learn, after eight years of effort to practice may not be able to grasp all of its skills. Folk had said eight-year-old talents, 40-year-old is not necessarily able to pitch prospective Ku Buzi. Note the Kazakh traditional music, the Ku Buzi playing is the most difficult.
2003, Kula Xi Nour too began to play Kuitun specializing Ku Buzi, due Ku Buzi playing guitar and Tamboura different from using posture while playing, legs flat, knees clamped by the lower part of the piano box; left-handed piano, with the index finger, middle finger, ring finger fingertip to the first lateral joints, arrived strings from the inside out by the sound, more difficult; right hand sticky rosin on the bow string ponytail outside pull-outs.
Ku Buzi piano and violin sound similar to the method than playing the violin complex. To the left hand plucked right hand bow, left and right to get tink seamless fit, which is not easy, especially in the left hand plucked the nail completely on the back hard, just beginning to learn, Kula Xi nails worn every day, bleeding, pain tears every day, a class exercise down, she often burst into tears. Almost half of the time, so she practiced with, pain with tears with, have had to give up Ku Buzi learning and playing, however, inherit and develop traditional culture responsibility for her firm determination and confidence . Three years of study will soon be over, Kula Xi has been able to be flexible Ku Buzi the play, also received a lot of honors, and now she is the most popular music of Green River hand, due to the soft and beautiful tone Ku Buzi . Can be used solo, instrumental ensemble or folk songs, dance accompaniment. She often deeply pastoral play for Kazakh and get artistic inspiration, it is also the truth that she was intoxicated playing.
Since the Altay region very few people would play Ku Buzi, Kula Xi know is that she’s Ana Er and regional art troupe playing. Indeed, in modern popular music and developed today, few people would play Ku Buzi, so playing skills improve Ku Buzi up very slowly, and Kula Xi hopes and experts often discuss techniques, she heard the Kazakh Stan has a lot of playing Kubu Zi artist, her desire to have the opportunity to go out to learn in order to improve their performance on the Ku Buzi and grasp. But this opportunity is hard to get, she only while learning while pondering, it has been able to send their children to start asking her to play here to learn Kubu Zi, which makes her surprise, after all, someone has realized Kubu Zi’s importantly, began to care about the inheritance and development of national culture.
Kazakh nation is not only good at playing music, but also like handmade musical instruments, many producers have their own unique national products. Many of handmade products, fine workmanship, superb. They can hard texture of the roots, trunk dig, carving out Tamboura, Ku Buzi, Sri Lanka and other musical instruments not Swag.

10 production process
Aged 50, according to Rasi Gal sand wood Ahmat is making a master Ku Buzi ‘s. Since childhood, he was full of musical talent, able to follow the radio to listen to music, then you can smoothly play out the melody in his 15-year-old when he made ​​the first to Tamboura, when it sold 15 yuan, from the right making passionate musical instruments out of control, in 1990 he participated in the inaugural Ku Buzi Yili, Dongbula training, from the more traditional national love of music and musical instruments of production, now 28 kinds of Kazakh traditional musical instrument made ​​him well versed last year he produced music for the Xinjiang Institute of Ethnology museum 28 Kazakh traditional instruments, especially Ku Buzi making more with ingenuity, he used a small camel leather made ​​out of Ku Buzi sound good, resilient, with Green River native birch the Ku Buzi produce smooth and delicate piano no cracks, can long-term preservation. According to Rasi Gal sand wood Ahmat If the material is complete, a Ku Buzi need only five days of the time he will be able to complete. According to Rasi Gal sand wood and Kula Xi Ahmat Nour also facing the same problem too, traditional music inherit Houjifaren problem, after all, the power of the two of them are too small. In order to make better Kazakh musical heritage, according to Rasi Gard sand wood Ahmat also been trying to find his successor, continue to instill the idea of ​​making folk instruments, he said: “Never let these instruments in the hands of the lost, we must take them handed down. ”
Real traditional folk music of each song contains a complete story or moral, has its own unique melody. Because many ethnic minorities living in distant places occlusion unknown, but their music has crossed boundaries, penetrating the air, connecting with nature but also with phase, people feel the music is so real and natural, and indeed, the real music, folk, traditional, but also of the world, is not present boundaries. Traditional Kubu Zi’s life should be long, because it play the music, like the scenery for the eyes, it should be an eternal landscape.

North Korea Seoul, also known as copy Wu. Mongolian stringed instrument bow to pull. Sympathy toward Seoul for Mongolian meaning. Also known as the West that stem toward Seoul, meaning that resonates with a spoon. In many shapes, sound soft deep, rich prairie features. Can be used for solo, ensemble or dance, rap accompaniment. Hing’an popular in eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, jirem League, Union and West Zhaowuda Bayannao’er Alashan other places.

An origin of the legend
Horqin district in eastern Inner Mongolia, circulating such a story: there was a good-hearted herdsman, holding a spoon to scoop water, an inattentive hands of the spoon off the ground to a good sound to hear, and he was inspired by , on the use made ​​of a hollowed wood toward Seoul piano. Since then, this will pull on stringed Mongolian steppe and yurts spread.

2 toward Seoul History
Towards the origin of the fire appeared in the Song Dynasty Seoul do not think the type of violin (Hu Wu Tours, suddenly Wu children). It appeared in the middle of the 12th century, the Mongols created bowed instrument with a prairie characteristics. “Genghis Khan Proverbs” contains: “You (Genghis Khan) has Hu Wu children, children copy Wu wonderful music playing.” Description toward Seoul early literature has been used in the era of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 years) moved in at the Palace of Mongolia.

3 shape features
Then toward Seoul has two styles, one kind of kept the Hull prototype, but the lower end of the piano box has become flat, single skin, and West Hu more approximate; another long piano bar was inserted into the inverted trapezoidal piano box, double skin, horsetail strings, horsetail bow. In many shapes toward Seoul, the resonance box, headstock, piano bar, pegs, the bridge, strings and bows and other components. Resonance box style is more, there is a wide inverted trapezoidal lower sharp, rectangular shovel style, as well as scoop-shaped or scoop-shaped and so on. Inverted trapezoidal, rectangular box surrounded by borders and piano-shaped scoop, scoop-shaped box piano back, both with hardwood production, positive or positive, the back sides of the Mongolian sheepskin, horsehide or calf skin, about 20 cm wide. Those on both sides of the skin, the skin surrounding both before and after the cross-linking Paul with leather cord taut. Positive skin who kept to the back of thin wood, board opened the central part of the sound hole round. Headstock, piano bar with a piece of hardwood production, total length of about 95 cm, the top of the headstock, multi-carved with dragons (chi fanatic, the ancient legend of an animal, is a dragon’s) head, Chi Ma double no head or headstock flat ornaments and so on. Opened below the headstock string slot, there are two sides set pegs (so each one). Hardwood pegs made ​​of conical or flat ear. Piano bar slender, flat front after the round. Leather a little character on the central square wooden home Qin Ma, was the bridge, the bridge is higher, sometimes played by the Mongolian knife inserted in the lower strings, in order to adjust the tone and volume. Zhang two beams of horsetail for strings, chord chord from the slot below the dragon mouth piercing. Bows wooden rod straight bar, the two ends of the bow with horsetail hair, bow hair is not taut. In these type of piano, inverted trapezoidal structure toward Seoul is relatively simple, and easy to pastoral production, horsehide and horsetail resources are extremely rich. Both sides of the mask toward the music of horsehide, its tone is also different from sheepskin or python, Chi Mei with horsetail bow to pull the string and cause vibration Au horsehide make toward Seoul flavor is rich grasslands, mountains and wild sound showing gas and horse potent, there is a deep and fascinating.
Art Institute of Music in Beijing, China Institute of Chinese musical instrument museum, a collection of several pieces toward Seoul. Made with rosewood which a resonance box inverted trapezoid, surrounded by framed panel carved with Mongolian design patterns, piano box length 26.5 cm, width 25.2 cm on thick 7.6 cm, positive Mongolia to horsehide, painted on gold paint pattern ornamentation, thin wood back to Mongolia, the central board to open a round sound hole, diameter 9.6 cm. Headstock, rosewood piano bar made ​​of one piece, length 107.2 cm. Headstock is carved with horse ornaments, after the string slots open slot length 10 cm, width 1.5 cm, with two pegs on both sides (left and right one). Wooden pegs, conical, axial length 14.5 cm, straight shank engraved petal pattern, shaft top inlaid decorative piece of bone. Semicircular column for the new piano bar-shaped body, the top slightly wider, positive for Anxian fretboard, no taste, piano bar piano box and exposed the lower insert. Set wooden bridge Qin Ma, Zhang two strings. Wooden bow to bow truss ponytail. Seoul toward this election materials, technology and meticulous piano box sculpture, painting style rich, called boutique. This piano was originally a famous Beijing Opera artist Mr. Cheng Yanqiu collections, in 1958, Mr. Cheng personal possession ethnic musical instruments donated 186 countries, among them this towards Seoul.

4 playing method
When playing, who played more than sitting cross-legged on the grounds of a leg squat or kneel, the piano box is placed on the ground or back left leg, left hand supporting the piano bar, with the index finger, ring finger, little finger in the section that belly Anxian, lift up and down pressure vibrato, touch the left thumb in the string, the middle finger for vibrato, playing sound, index finger, middle finger with that roof outboard. Decline outs and the usual batch of finger food and other techniques to play chords, playing octave chatter long, five degrees, four degrees, two degrees and tone. Right hand bow, bow handle hostage at the tiger’s mouth, thumb, index finger relying bow stem, and the remaining three fingers push rod bow, bow hair tension control. Seoul North Korea relations by four degrees tune a stringed instrument for A, d, range A-d1. Sound soft, rich, belong bass. Can be used solo, instrumental ensemble or accompaniment to folk dance and rap.

5 Traditional Music
Mongolian folk, pastoralists towards Seoul playing and self-entertainment Zilazichang instruments. Early mainly used in rap accompaniment, singing folk artist hero legend, folk tale narrative poem and musical accompaniment, the performers mostly Zilazichang; modern times has been used solo, music and more traditional folk tunes. Mongolian pastoral herders toward Seoul and production, life has a close relationship, in lambing season, when the mother camel, sheep do not give young animals feeding, the shepherd will play with North Korea, Seoul “lonely camel lamb,” “poor foal “and other songs, dams are deep sadness that touched the piano, will take the initiative to give young animals feeding. Even camels and cattle sad to hear this music, and sometimes is weeping tears.
Every Mongolian Naadam, Ji obo ethnic festivals such as hair and the hair festive wedding occasions, North Korea, Seoul has is inseparable from the bowed instrument. There were famous musicians package Rasi, Luo Busang, Bala Gong and so on. Janitor music system are: “vermilion Lie”, “Gada Meilin” and “wood which Levin” and so on.

Mongolian region popular four Hu, four Hu Han areas of the same shape and often use mahogany, rosewood production, mostly Qintong eight square, python or leather mask with a face, pegs and shaft bore no taper, use string tension tight hole finale to fix, some still piano bar, mosaic patterns inlaid with mother on Qintong for decoration, bamboo grass lines with horsetail for bow, bow rod length 10 cm in the middle of the package inserts copper or steel, ivory roots loaded bone or wooden knobs, Zhang stringed or steel strings. There are four Hu bass, midrange and treble four four Hu Hu three.

A bass four Hu
Bass four Hu, Mongolian stringed instrument bow to pull. Hu, also known as a senior and a good Noble four Hu, widely popular in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of pastoral and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral.
Pastoral bass four Hu, in order to facilitate the right to carry, piano body can dismantle into several parts, namely a Qintong, two parts piano bar, pegs and bows and so on. Qintong earliest wood hollowed out with a whole paragraph from a cylindrical cavity, tube length 30 cm, diameter 15 cm to 20 cm in front barrel mouth Mongolian sheepskin, horsehide or calf skin for the face, the back-end tube exposure . Subsequently Qintong also made ​​with hardwood round, hexagonal or eight square. Wooden piano bar, mostly in half, length 110 cm, Zhang four casing strings, stringed or copper strings. Bows with wood or switchgrass as a lever, the two ends together with horsetail, 85 cm long bow. Mainly popular jirem League, Zhaowuda Union and Hing’an other places. Mainly used for Mongolian and Mongolian Noble good rap concert Uli Siegel accompaniment.
Bass agricultural and pastoral areas of four Hu, Qintong multi bamboo or hard wood production, cylindrical or eight square, tube length 25 cm, diameter (or diagonal) 14 cm. Hard wooden piano bar, rod length 108 cm, can be used solo, instrumental ensemble or for rap and dance accompaniment.
1950s, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other ethnic musical instrument luthier Zhang Chunhua, reforms made ​​polyphony cylinder four Hu and Hu bass four shapes unity. Qintong was eight square, Flashlight from the inside and outside of two layers, each layer consists of eight rectangular hardwood slats split glued together. Tube length 20 cm, diameter (diagonal) 11.5 cm. Piano bar by the upper and lower halves are bonded together, length 105 cm, at the interface package has 5 cm long copper. Pegs length 20 cm, Qin Ma bamboo or wooden, stringed sheets or steel strings, Xizhu Department horsetail bow, bow length 61 cm, bow rod 10 cm long middle pack copper, animal bones or wooden bow mounted roots knob. Can be used for solo, ensemble or as rap, dance accompaniment.
Four famous musicians Soma Hu, Hu specifications for four solo is: Qintong oval, tube length 20.5 cm, front barrel mouth with thin leather for the face mask, tube high 10.5 cm, width 12 cm cylinder. A total length of 100 cm piano bar
, Jin from Qintong 42.5 cm, 50 cm long bow.
In the Beijing Palace Museum, the collection of a Qing collection of violin, materials and shapes are more distinctive, Qintong system for Pao, was eight square, 14 cm tube length, tube mouth before a face mask with thin wood, wide 11.5 cm high 10.7 cm, 0.4 cm thick, tortoiseshell trim, width 0.6 cm, the inside of the mouth after the tube has a border, the center of the sound hole, diameter 4.3 cm. Piano bar is a cylinder, the Department made ​​with the owner, rod length 88.3 cm, the upper end of the headstock decoration for beast, carved rosewood department with head length 9.6 cm. Piano bar portion axis, all right, shaft length 15.2 cm. Piano bar and exposed through the lower end Qintong outside strings for tying and tied with yellow silk ear for decoration. Central panel set the bridge. Xizhu Department for bow ponytail two beams, a large bow rod bend, bow length 32 cm. This piano is Qing products, has been used in court music ensemble Fan department.
When playing bass four Hu, placed his left leg will Qintong roots headstock is slightly oblique to the left, left hand holding the piano Anxian, right hand bow pull-outs. For accompaniment, the usual five-degree relationship tune a stringed instrument is: G, G, d, d, range G-g1, there are two octaves. Mainly with his left index finger, ring finger at the second joint Anxian, sometimes with the middle finger or ring finger nail under the top chord from the strings instead of Anxian, and still playing the chord from the strings, much to the little finger to play the first bit of portamento and overtone, commonly used vibrato, portamento, overtone, playing sound and vibrato and other techniques. Commonly played in the right-hand part of the bow and percussion Qintong rod with a bow to enhance rhythm, melody off a warm atmosphere. When used solo or instrumental ensemble, tuning up five degrees increase, often tune a stringed instrument is: d, d, a, a, range d-d2, there are two octaves. In addition to commonly used techniques, the left thumb nails plucked the strings with his right hand in the bow stem Qintong percussion, often with his right thumb, index finger, middle finger flick Qintong leather strings with his left hand nail bombs, these are four unique HU playing techniques. Bass four Hu pronunciation mellow and beautiful, deep, rich timbre, Mongolian rap music, folk instrumental ensemble, an important accompaniment to pull stringed bass.
“Uli Siegel,” is a history of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the long tradition of widespread rap art, Han called Mongolian storytellers or violin book. Is usually caused by a person with a bass four Hu Zilazichang. Fifties and sixties of the 20th century, the famous Paje and Lahaina rare two old artist, bass sihu they use inlaid with decorative inlaid with mother, a very delicate process, and in the middle of the bow also inlaid steel rod or ivory, playing Qintong up bow rod and carom out rhythmic sound, like a clapper in general, there is a sense in crisp and bright, rich melodious sound of the piano. This four Hu has been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” among large pictures. Mongolian storytelling, rich in melody, simple health
Kang, rich grassland characteristics, deeply loved by the Mongolian people.
Bass four Hu long Mongolian folklore, there were many highly skilled performer, such as Soma, Alatan warehouses and so on. Soma is known folk artist, is the pride of the Mongolian people, he old piano, 哈斯玛 under the guidance of a teacher, playing piano rapid progress, the eighteen-year-old is already prestigious ukulele hands down. In 1955 he participated in the National Assembly to observe the masses of amateur music and dance performances, and received the Outstanding Performance Award for his performance of “hurry”, “octave opera” and “boring work” three four Hu solo mastering the album. 1956, Soma with Chinese culture and arts delegation to Czechoslovakia at the 11th “Prague Spring” International Music Festival, when he has received the honorable title of national folk artists. Soma with his life energy, creatively developed four Hu playing skills, like playing hoof drum sound, bell-like tone to play, Braun-like melody tone buckle, spring-like buzz of point sound, like wind, wind and rain the sweeping sound, waterfall falling stream sound, and dances like a roaring sound, is Soma unique artistic crystallization. 1970 the disease claimed his life, leaving the world of Soma are: “Inner four chord solo album”, “Soma four chord played Law,” “Soma melodies one hundred” and three four solo strings song album. It is also valuable than gold heritage, it is like pearls in a flash, for young players to illuminate the four Hu art road leading to the palace. Hu’s four-bass traditional songs are: “Miles”, “first came to Mary,” “British Dutch flower”, “octave”, etc., compose songs are: “python Goose,” “octave opera” and “hurry”, etc. .

2 alto four Hu
Alto four Hu, Mongolian stringed instrument bow to pull. Popular in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces of agricultural areas and farming and pastoral areas. Shape with the bass four Hu, smaller. Qintong cylindrical, with a thin brass plates welded roll, tube length 16 cm, diameter 10 cm, before the tube mouth to Mongolia to python or leather surface, tube estuary with copper hoop fastening piece rear end exposure , mouth-site copper border. Neck piano bar with a piece of mahogany or ebony wood production, total length 90 cm. Headstock flat, on the set axis, Zhang has four stringed or copper strings, two beams of horsetail Department Xizhu bow, bow length 68 cm.
Playing posture, methods and techniques are the same as with the bass four Hu. Tenor four Hu relations often tune a stringed instrument by five degrees for d1, d1, a1, a1, range d1-d3, there are two octaves, mellow and bright. Can be used for solo, ensemble, instrumental ensemble or as a storyteller, rap concerts and other musical accompaniment. Four Hu Trio and folk music ensemble in the main unit. It often and treble four Hu trio together, and with the treble four Hu, dances, banjo, and other instruments do not think the fire ensemble. Four tenor tune a stringed instrument ensemble Trio Hu was lower than the treble four Hu, tuning up for c1, c1, g1, g1. Range c1-c3. More famous tenor soloist has four Hu Sun Liang, towards Lu, Wu Yunlong, Zhaoshuang Hu, Green Grenoble maps. Four Hu solo alto and treble same four tracks Hu, Hu adaptation of four Trio song has “asl”, “Skiles board” and “Mongolia octave” and so on.

3 treble four Hu
Treble four Hu, Mongolian stringed instrument bow to pull. Also known as the Mongolian small four Hu. Is restructuring on the basis of civil society on a small four Hu. Crisp sounds that can be used solo, instrumental ensemble. Popular in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces.
Folk small four Hu, Qintong bamboo or wooden, cylindrical or tubular Plus, four, four strings, sheets or stringed gut strings, sound more rugged. Art Institute of Music in Beijing, China Institute of Chinese musical instrument museum, a collection of a small four Hu. Qintong wooden, double, was Octagon barrel, barrel length of 13.3 cm, diameter 7 cm, Mongolia python to face. Chai wooden piano bar, length 77 cm, flat headstock, inlaid with bone ornaments. Axis, four strings. Bows length 72 cm, equipped with spiral tail bow, adjustable bow hair tension. Quintana painted dark brown paint. This piano was originally a famous Beijing Opera artist Mei Lanfang collections, 1958 Mei to donate countries.
1960s, the four musicians Sun Liang Hu, Lu and violin towards technicians 张纯华 et al cooperation, based on folk four Hu, referring to the bass and midrange four four Hu Hu specifications, will treble the existing four Hu unified form system: Qintong was Octagon barrel, with eight sheets fight stick made ​​of hardwood, 14 cm tube length, before opening Monte python or thin leather for the face, face diameter (diagonal) 9 cm. Piano bar with hardwood production, total length 80 cm, flat headstock, the home axis, shaft length 17 cm. Skin surface have the bridge set, Zhang four steel strings. Xizhu Department two beams horsetail bow, bow length 78 cm.
The early 1990s, the four musicians in collaboration with Hu luthier, has successfully developed two treble four Hu. Art Institute of Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia University 赵双虎 Chamber ensembles Folk Instruments section Jun co-developed by four double Qintong Hu treble, volume, large, sound pure, and spreads good. Access to the Ministry of Culture in 1990 Sidengjiang cultural and technological progress. Mandula Inner Mongolia National Theatre in collaboration with two light Folk Instruments week Hohhot India, developed four double sleeve treble Hu, piano bar mounted on the outside Qintong, wooden jin, pitch can be adjusted, based on the traditional piano range the expansion of five degrees. Access to the Ministry of Culture in 1991 Culture and Technology Progress Award.
While playing, the use of sitting, the piano placed on the left leg, left hand supporting the piano bar, with the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger that belly Anxian second joint, the medial thumb touch the strings, right hand rosin the bow stick placed between four strings pull-outs, multi-use a bow a tone. Treble four Hu relationship tune a stringed instrument by five degrees for d1, d1, a1, a1, range d1-d4, there are three octaves. Melodious sounds crisp, beautiful sounds, the volume is large. Playing skills have left portamento, vibrato, playing sound, overtones, two-tone, tone doubles, two overtones, etc., right hand technique and erhu similar. Mainly used for solo, ensemble, instrumental ensemble. Often with alto four Hu, dances, banjo, Yatuo Karma or fire do not think of other instruments trio or ensemble. More famous treble four musicians have Sun Liang Hu, towards Lu, Wu Yunlong, Zhaoshuang Hu, Green Mandula Grenoble maps and so on. Treble four Hu traditional songs are: “octave”, “flower waist tune”, “Dutch English flower”, “Han Xiuying,” “English De Lema”, “agricultural En Jiya”, “asl”, “hurry “and so on, compose songs include:” Mongolian octave twelve tone “,” asl twelve tone “,” East Union Mongolian folk songs played, “” joy prairie, “” white horse, “” Wrangler Youth “and “dressage hand” and so on.

Just cave, Tibetan, Mongolian, Han Ming lip vibration gas instruments. Tibetan, also known as Gang Order, tie orders. “Gang” means the legs, the “hole” means number, “order” means flute. Han said the Buddhist name, Lama Road, a short corner copper number, silver leg number, called the ghost number. Popular in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Hebei and other provinces.

An Overview
Just cave, Tibetan, also known as Okabayashi, bar orders, Han said the Buddhist name, Lama Road, evolved from the ancient corner of musical instruments, one of the instruments used for Tibetan Buddhism. Mostly copper tube, there are silver. Similar shape with the big horns, is a veritable horn-shaped legs. Different specifications, and more from the three components. A monastery in Lhasa, Tibet just holes, length 45 cm, thin tube under the thick, slightly curved, oval-shaped lower end of the bell. Tube body beautifully decorated exterior ornamentation carve a variety of patterns, near the bell end of the faucet embossed engrave or god picture, also inlaid with agate or loose otoliths. Tibet Shigatse Tashilhunpo just holes, made ​​Akagane piece, length 42 cm, inlaid with silver exterior pipe, the bottom has a silver ring, the Department is decorated with yellow silk.

2 History
Long history, is derived from the ancient musical instruments from the corner, one of the instruments used Buddhist temples. In Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are still in use.

3 shape structure
Tube
Mostly copper, there are silver or bone system. Different shapes, different specifications. Copper or silver just cave, is a veritable horn-shaped legs, shape and large horns similar to the three components. Lhasa, Tibet, a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in just holes, tube full-length 45 cm, 15.5 cm in length and on the upper end of the nozzle to the mouthpiece, diameter 2.5 cm, length 11.5 cm in section, under section 18 cm long, the entire tube under thick thin upper body, slightly curved shape, the lower end of the bell oval, diameter 8.5 cm, 5.8 cm shorter diameter tube body beautifully decorated exterior ornamentation carve a variety of patterns, near the bell end of the Lou leading the relief (map) or god avatar, also inlaid with agate or loose otolith; bone just cave, is a veritable leg bone flute. According to Mr. ethnomusicologists IAAF Tao “Tibetan traditional instruments” set: “It is said that multi-virgin (or young mothers die due to childbirth) tibial made​​, the size of sizes, usually about 30 cm long, the mouthpiece at one end of the bone cross-section, number of joints thick mouth at one end, open porosity two, according to the number of tubes no sound hole, inlaid with copper (or silver) ring, engraved exquisite patterns. ”

4 playing method
While playing with his left hand or right hand vertical Enforcement upper end, air from the mouthpiece and pronunciation enter. No fixed pitch. Copper just holes, hair whining sound, rough timbre, volume is very large, and often use two play, take turns playing first, and then the ensemble together, their music has summoned God intended. Mainly used lama temple chanting music, performances and rituals Cham other occasions, is a large Tibetan Buddhist monasteries common religious musical instruments; bone Gang order, pronunciation slender, dark timbre, often play a single branch. Mainly used Lama reciting “sleep” (jio) was held burial ceremonies or wandering monk alone engage in religious activities and other occasions.
The upper end of the vertical Enforcement hand, air and pronunciation from blowing into the mouth, no fixed pitch. Copper hair just whining sound hole, rough timbre, volume is very large. Often use two play, first turns solo, ensemble and then together, their music has summoned God intended. Mainly used lama temple chanting music, performances and rituals Cham other occasions, is a large Tibetan Buddhist monasteries common religious instruments.

5 existing condition
Baoding in Hebei Province, Xu water, Ding County, Laishui other places, but also the use of copper just holes for “South Club” playing in the local lama called number or “sea vertebral child.” From the name can also be seen with the Tibetan Buddhist music has a relationship. Little shorter shape, length 38 cm, on a section of the conical tube body, top with the mouthpiece, under section tube body bent like a horn, on which there is a leader carving. When playing, wearing a tube into the upper section of about half of the inner section of pipe, the pipe length is shortened to 30 cm, from a holding tube, flare up, mostly for two playing together. Mainly used for starting a song, stop, or climax, in general, do not blow tunes, tunes played with only four or five degrees or freedom to jump into playing long tones, can enhance the atmosphere of the song melody or rendering. Laishui village in the south of Nghe An “South Club”, then the hole with just a click play.
Beijing China Art Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Music Instrument Museum has two copper just exactly the same shape hole in the tube body Akagane produced three components. A total length of 45 cm, length 16 cm on the festival, mouthpiece diameter 2.6 cm, depth of 1 cm mouth, aperture 0.8 cm, length 15.5 cm in section, under section 13.5 cm long, the lower end of the nozzle (Longkou), rectangular, length 4.8 cm wide and 4 cm, the entire section leader Lou embossed carving. End of the tube body, the waist and lower are inlaid with silver, Longkou following features coral, yellow silk Department spike or silk for decoration. This is just two holes have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.

China’s first official publication of the pipa set. Qing Hua Qiu Ping compiled, so called “Hua Qiu Ping Pipa spectrum”, referred to as “Fahrenheit spectrum.” A total of three volumes, a collection of North and South factions lute songs 62, Okuma six sets in Jiaqing 23 years (1818) print and publish. Pipa in the Sui and Tang dynasties (581–618) before, is collectively hold plucked the forward pop-called lute, pick back into said Pa. Today’s entry lute song originated in Persia, at about the middle of the sixth century descendant China Yangtze River region, by playing the Tang Dynasty wooden dial, finger play gradually improved, with rich colors and difficult performance playing skills .

A lute spectrum
Pass on the volume included Wang Junxi spectrum, there are paper plates 5, Wu plate 7, miscellaneous board “Pu’an curse” one, Okuma “ten faces” a (also known as “Huai Ping Chu” in “Fahrenheit spectrum” named “Ten face”). Middle and lower volumes included Zhejiang Jiang Chenmu mass spectrum of Cardiff. The volume of “Sichun”, “Zhao Jun” and other text plate 18, “step by step”, “clever dressing” and other martial board 12, “Spring is good”, “phoenix title beads” and other readily eight plates 5, “inverted Chui Lian “,” Satsuki children high “and other miscellaneous plate 14. Scroll down the “General”, “Bury Me,” “Haiqing Nahor”, “high monthly child” and “S & P Um curse” and Okuma 5. Fahrenheit when compiled without the additions and changes, faithful to the old spectrum, and with reference to the piano by word spectral method, developed a relatively complete lute tablature word for lute tune a stringed instrument, the position, fingering, etc. to be standardized, for outstanding pipa’s preserve and spread a great contribution.

History 2 lute
Over the years, China has formed a lot of lute genre, notably Zhejiang, Zhili, Wuxi, Pudong and Chongming Pinghu faction, the factions of the same songs in the score, fingering and playing style, and all have their own characteristics. Wuxi send representatives Hua Qiu Ping, also known Wenbin, (1784-1859), Hall No. cloud by owner, Wuxi swing Town people. Good at the piano and sing opera, good poetry, sculpture, painting, through medicine, once practice for the industry, is an artist of great wisdom and foresight. He believes that the scores between the factions has been mentoring for the direct giving and receiving, the music has not been able to widespread, master of music scores, and in the course of private copies, often “Lu Hai hog fish of errors”, resulting in lute playing Art restricted development which pipa art is very unfavorable.
Qing Qianlong and Jiaqing period, although many schools, but the Chinese pipa divided into north and south line, south to Zhejiang Jiang Chenmu husband, represented North Zhili Wang Junxi places as eagerly. Hua Qiu Ping south becoming north, to the then two people Chen Mu husband and 王锡君 learn secret spectrum factions, learn to return to Wuxi, he worked with colleagues CPT Hill, Hanako with Zhu right springs, Xue Yu Quan, etc. in humbly listen to Qiu Jin sound, Chen Mei bottles, Cai Kaiji and other Wuxi school seniors opinion, based on the acquisition Textual series became the “north-south two faction secretary of the lute spectrum really Biography” (referred to as “Fahrenheit spectrum”) in three volumes, in Jiaqing 23 years (1818 ) published early moment, is China’s first published lute music scores.

3 “Fahrenheit spectrum” Introduction
“Fahrenheit spectrum” contains a total of 14 Northern School, Southern School 54, the labor board feet spectral points in mind to write, marginalia fingering. Hua Qiu Ping Qin reference spectrum method with less words, standardized and developed a more complete lute tablature symbols (left hand fingering 16, right hand fingering 8), lute scores on later records, compiled foundation.
“Fahrenheit spectrum” has a great impact on future generations, the famous pipa “House of Flying Daggers” (also known as “Huai Ping Chu”, called “Ten face” in “Fahrenheit spectrum”) was first to see the full music here; Wuxi famous pipa artist Yang Ting fruit only survive in the world of work “Pu’an curse” See also here; other factions more or less adopted the “Fahrenheit spectrum” in the part of the song, and have become popular now finishing playing music; Wuxi faction also therefore rise to fame.

4 “north and south two faction secretary of the lute spectrum”
“North-South two faction secretary of the lute spectrum” before and after the publication of three times, for the study of lute tablature, provided valuable information on the later scholars have had a greater impact. Wuxi faction Dipai successor much, and now able to interpret, apply Gongche spectrum of people became even more rare. Nevertheless, Wuxi faction in the mid-Qing Dynasty played a connecting role, contribution to the development of art made ​​Pipa is indeed historic.

Task of education is to improve the quality of the entire nation, so that our nation’s young people have gained in terms of development and physically, to form and to promote social development to adapt to the quality of the structure. Aesthetic main task is to cultivate the aesthetic quality of students. Famous World Suhomlinski educator said: literacy schooling process, in many respects depends on the school life because of mental music and fulfilling to what extent he also said: By means of music, people who wake up around the world on and itself noble, majestic, beautiful things of concepts. Visible, students of music is essential aesthetic qualities. The author believes that training young musical aesthetic qualities to do the following points.

An accumulation of experience editing
First, the accumulated wealth of musical aesthetic experience. Music aesthetic experience is generated when the young students to appreciate and create music works to understand and enjoyable psychological experience. Treasure in the world of music, there are a lot of good music. Such as: Xian Xinghai March 1939 creation “in February to” listening refreshing, people can almost smell the aroma and fresh air Liberated soil; Mr. India 尼克桑 “Thoreau River” creative expression 1940 his hometown and motherland infinite love. Indonesian nationals when abroad to hear this song, often provoke feelings miss the motherland, and even shed tears of excitement. The majority of young students should be broad, massive get involved, to expand their musical horizons. In the process of listening, from the various efforts. Such as memorizing music themes and melodies, listening to music, rhythm and harmony characteristic effect, listening to the basic emotions of musical works (or cheerful jumping, or a beautiful lyric, or warm and imaginative, or ponder miss, or a vast stretch, or the ups and downs ). You know the familiar sound of music of various forms of vocal singing, listening to the tone characteristics of each part. Familiar instrumental to know various forms of instrumental playing, listening to a common ethnic and Western instruments timbre, initially to understand the performance of a variety of musical instruments and expressive.

2 development to improve
Secondly, the ability to develop and enhance the aesthetic of music. Music aesthetic capabilities include feelings, express and ability to create beauty, music aesthetic ability is in the process of accumulating musical aesthetic experience gradually formed. Feelings, enjoy the beauty of music is generally divided into functional, emotional and intellectual three phases. Functional appreciate mainly to meet in pleasant, is relatively superficial to get the perfect artistic enjoyment, feelings and intellect must enter the appreciation phase. Therefore, young students should strive to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, improve their own quality control as much musical and cultural knowledge. Such as: the historical background of authors and works, national identity, the author’s creative personality, the title, the performance features musical language, form and genre. The same time to be hearing from simple to complex organ systems that hearing music training and the formation of habits. Because Marx said: For non-musical ear, the most beautiful music does not make sense. Youth can also master a musical instrument. Hands, to represent the United States, to create beauty, the beauty of music into our lives. Chinese folk musician Hua Yanjun through hands erhu, for our country and the world of music has left a rich legacy treasure.

3 formation of taste
Finally, a noble musical aesthetic. Music aesthetic appeal is aesthetic musical aesthetic sentiment collectively, that is the attitude of musical works. In the musical aesthetic activity, select what beautiful aesthetic object, in a very embodies a person’s aesthetic taste in degree, but also reflects a person’s ideological level, since the music is emotional art, specializes in the performance of one’s inner feelings, in Listen, we should give full play to their imagination, be a positive image of thinking activities to be carried out Lenovo moving situation, let their emotions and works resonate. Thus carried America’s influence, blending into the United States in mind. Let the human spirit embodied in the works of civilization cultivate their own sentiments, develop their own high moral qualities.

4 Quality Training
Music quality training from both subjective and objective aspects of joint action in order to achieve the best results. That the students themselves to be more brains, diligence and practice, teachers should be good at actively guide and direct, while the theatrical market for our younger generation should create a favorable external music environment for our future builders of society healthy and robust growth.

Jiao Mei Qin, one of the four ancient Vivaldi China. Compared with the other three Zhang Qin, “Coke-tail” Qin name straightforward and minimalist, but its extraordinary life experience, are therefore Yong Qin Department of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was created celebrity. “Han Yong Chuan”: “Wu Tong people have burned to the cook who know the sound of Yong Wen violent Goodwood, and cut as a result of your piano, if there are beautiful tone, and its tail still coke, so when. Qin Yan Jiao Mei who is called. “said the piano was due to coke Tong.

1 Introduction
Chinese ancient “four Vivaldi,” said Duke’s “bell”, Chu Zhuang’s “linger” Simaxiangru of “Lvqi” and Yong’s “Coke tail.”
“Coke-tail” is a famous writer Han, Yong handmade a musician piano. Yong in the “desperate ocean, far from the track Wu would,” the fire had not been rescued out of a burn, sounds unusual sycamore. He based the length of the wood, shape, made ​​of a lyre, it really sounds extraordinary. For piano tail still left scorch marks on the name “Coke tail.” “Coke-tail” with its sweet sound and a unique system of law universally famous.
Jiao Mei Qin, also known as “burning tank lute.” (Guqin and pipa are two instruments, the two are not an object)
After then use the “coke tail piano, Jiao Mei, Jiao Tong, Jiao Qin” and refers to Mikoto, or metaphor gone through many hardships of good talent, unappreciated jewels; using “Tong Mei Jiao, Tong cook, cook under Tong, Cuan under the residual, next I cook, good only the cook, “not only write good use, or metaphor suffered devastation, survived.
There are five not to play the piano: no bomb blasts and even rain, dust City is not playing, not playing for Suzi, do not take no bombs, no bomb is not dressed.
Ming Zhao Zhen Yuan “as the Yuan Shi Yu (Yuan may Ritsuko) is too complex Kaifeng House”: “Xia Zhuang warm day, young filament in Cao Yong monument; Wei provincial high wind, knowledge coke tail pipe to classes.”
Jin Yong’s novels mentioned, Guo Xiang had Shaoshi forest listening to “Kunlun Trinity” mention the road to end the piano coke binge.

2 allusions
This Yong’s “Coke-tail” piano there is an interesting story.
According to “Han Yong Biography” records: Wu Tong people have burned to the cook who Yong heard the sound of violent, knowing good wood, and cut as a result of your piano, if there are beautiful tone, and its tail coke, so when people called “coke tail piano” Yan. Initially, Liu Yong also in their neighbors who have to Gastropub Zhao Yong, than to have been intoxicated and wine Yan. There are playing in off-screen, Yong Qian listen to door trial, said: “! Giggle in church music have to kill me, why?” Then reversed. Life who will tell the owner said: “Cai Jun has always been, to the door away.” Yong Su for rural states that cases, the owner suddenly self-chase and asked why, Yong tools to sue, everyone ran disappointed. Playing Zheyue:. “I assure drum strings, see mantis 方向鸣 cicada, cicadas will go without fly, mantis is one of the top one, but my heart Songran, lest mantis mistake also, this God who is killing the heart-shaped ? to sound were almost “Yong Guan However laughed and said:” this is sufficient when the carry. ”
Translation: Wu (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces) have a personal Indus wood burning cook, Yong heard a huge noise emitted by burning wood, know that this is a good piece of wood, and therefore seek to make a violin, it really sounds good to hear, but the tail is still charred wood, so when people call it the focal tail piano. “initially, Liu Yong lived in, he had a neighbor asked him to prepare the food and wine dinner, went to a neighbor when he has drunk the rise . the guests sit behind the screen there is a piano, Yong listen quietly to the door neighbor, said: “ah! Using music to bring me to have possession of a kill, how is it? “So go back and asked him who told the owner, said:.” Mr Choi first came to the door and went. “Yong village people have always been respected, the owner quickly catch up and asked why, Yong told him all things, we all feel disappointed playing guests, said:.” I just play the piano, he saw a praying mantis about to flutter to Maemi, cicadas will fly no fly away, mantis movements one after. I was a little worried, fearing the loss of the opportunity mantis, that really is the heart of the so-called kill the music to reveal to you, “Yong Guan However joked:” This is enough to show that. ”
Late Han Dynasty, was killed after Yong Jiao Mei Qin stored in the library among the Royal. It is said that during the reign of Qiming Di had taken coke please guqin master Wang Zhongxiong tail piano playing. Wang Zhongxiong five days of continuous play and improvisation of the “chagrin song” dedicated to Emperor Ming. After the spread of the Southern Tang Li Jing in the hands of the master, then gift big weeks. Song Shi Li Yu’s death go all. According to legend, Kunshan Ming Wang Yong every year is also a collection of piano manufacture of coke tail.

3 Yong Qin rescue
Yong (AD 132-192), Zibo Jie, Liu Han prince Yu County (now County in Henan Province) who is a famous writer in our history, historian, musician, calligrapher. Yong Benedict filial nature, childhood erudite, like rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy science, “Tan Endian Ji, Yun read six through,” Han known historical events, positive six through text from the book on the monument, the Bank said, “Xi Ping Shi Jing “, as the official script of the ancient and modern model. He created “flying white body,” write “pen” theory, “Nine potential”, later revered as “pedigree calligraphy.” Yong’s “Coke tail piano” famous through the ages, stories about Yong Qin also save folkloric, vary.
One says
Emperor Xian of Han had left Zhonglang worship, so future generations also called him “Cai Zhonglang.” Yong honest, honest and upright character, eyes can not tolerate the sand, for some bad phenomenon, he always dared to Emperor Ling bluntly phase remonstrance. Thus, the number of times he contradict Lingdi more, Emperor Ling gradually dislike him. Plus Lingdi around eunuch also hate and fear for his integrity, often in front of Emperor Ling head into the calumny that he no emperor, arrogant, sooner or later there will be rebellion may, Yong increasingly dangerous situation . He knew he had become the Emperor Ling’s thorn in the flesh, at the risk of victimization, and so they packed their luggage, from the sea to escape the capital, much to Wu, seclusion up. Yong-loving music, he also familiar melody, proficient in classical, if a little mistake in the play, and can not escape his ears. Yong especially good at playing on the piano great deal of research, the selection on the piano, production, tuning, he has a set of incisive insights. Escaped from the capital, when he abandoned a lot of property that has been reluctant to leave home, that the beloved piano, it would be close at hand, always fine plus care.
In those days of seclusion in Wu, Yong Fuqin often borrowed piano to express their aspirations blighted Fanzao persecution of grief and an uncertain future wistful sigh.
One day, sitting room Fuqin Yong sigh, landlady next door Zaojian for cooking, she will firewood into Zaotang Mars jumping, wood was burned, “crackling” to ring.
Suddenly, Yong heard next door came a crackling crisp, could not help hearts surprised, looked thin ears listened for a few seconds, shouting “bad”, jumped aboard Zaojian run. Came to the fireside, Yong also refused to fire people, just hand it will be a piece of firewood into Zaotang Paulownia pulled out and shouted: “Do not burn fast, do not burn, and this is a Qin made ​​a rare good material ah! “Yong’s hand was burned, and he did not feel pain, surprise again on Paulownia blow Youmo. Fortunately, the timely rescue, Paulownia is still intact, Yong will buy it down. Then with great care, meticulous, painstaking, and finally made ​​the one piece of paulownia piano. This piano playing together, sound absolutely fabulous, Gaishiwushuang.
This piano handed down, the world has become a rare treasure, because it was charred tail piano, people call it “Coke tail piano.”
Later there together, saying: “Emperor Ling Liang will go without beads, Jiao Tong have cut Vivaldi.”

Two said
“New Stories” Jiao Mei Qin Author: Otsuki Health
Han Emperor Ling, the place has a Confucian scholar named Liu Yong, generous temperament, particularly fond of poetry and painting. In order to study, Yong bade farewell to their parents, to the Kyoto Luoyang school, and soon very famous, get the court reuse. Yong made ​​official after a more concentrated study of Confucianism, the DPRK 廷提 a lot of useful advice. Later, he repeatedly petitioned to expose the shortcomings politics, offended the emperor, but also angered the powerful minister, was expelled from the court. Soon, the court there to arrest him imprisoned. Yong then fled the capital. That day, the weather was very hot, Yong take a long time did not see people, hungry and sleepy, they rest under the shade of a cliff. Soon, Yong to rely on the cliff and fell asleep. Stumbled, he heard the sound of water droplets: “Bite — boom — knocking — bite pound —” It’s very rhythmic and sonorous voice, he suddenly to the spirit, through sound looking to go. I saw about Shiyu Zhang Shiyan high cliffs, from the top to the foot of a wide crevice, a round rock under water Taipa, Taipa puddle of water inside, on top of a drop down, drop in water Taipa, the dripping sound echoed in rock cavities, it is truly nice. He could hear drunk, forgot himself in fleeing. He won a few mouthfuls of water to drink, ah, well cool, he felt the body fresh, immediately to the spirit. Suddenly a smiling white-haired old man standing behind him, he hastily old man salute. I saw the old man armed with a bow and arrow hunting sidearms fork, already have some pheasant hunting and hare. Through conversation that old Lin, was a hunter. Lin Yong old man liked, they invited him to Jiazhongzuoke. To the forest old man home, Yong seen the old man’s wife and granddaughter forest greenstone. A three busy cooking pot roast. This place is not cooking stoves and plains country, juh door without the provision of a large number of logs will be able to go into open burning. Yong to see them a three busy cooking, watching himself out Chaifei scenic mountains, ears seem to hear the sound of water droplets. Suddenly, Yong heard the wood burning stove in the hall burst of sound is very special, as if he struck a nerve Flanagan, anxious shouted, cried: “Do not burn, fast fire!” Edgy Yong Tong put stoves in the burning of wood dragged out, watering the fire. Lin old man a three screaming and that he can not stop this action stunned stare him. At this time, Yong was aware of his gaffe, Mangxiang Lin old man a salute, this useful wood burning pity, and request the elderly will give him this wood. First period Yong dragging charred wood, staring entranced in the courtyard, and then to use the ax hacking up. Greenstone curiously guarding him, asking what is the use of wood, he asked greenstone know anything about music, greenstone shook his head not understand. After several days playing, period wood Yong finally made ​​the one piano, but the piano tail still scorch marks, so named Jiao Mei Qin. This piano bounce, sound particularly good, better than the Palace of Vivaldi. Yong played and sang, heard three stayed. Lin sighed the old saw, but I do not know what kind of trees that wood, Mr Choi, you know? Yong shook his head and said, I do not know why their species, only obtaining the quality debate. As for the people, irrespective of their origin rank how, look, he is not talent. Lin old man deep thought, and to granddaughter greenstone betrothed to him. Yong said that I was the court who hunt, not harm the greenstone. Lin said the old man, the high days of the emperor far away, I do not know what this mountain countryman fugitives. Persevering Yong always disagree. However, Yong Bihuo here more than six months, and forest along a very old man, but also became a musical prodigy greenstone tune.
Three said
On one occasion, Wu Xian Yong path, see a porter in the river with three stick and bind them in a tripod, hung a large iron pot to boil water. After the fire ignited, he went to carry water to go. Burning wood gives off a unique flavor sycamore wood crackling in the. Yong ground before curious to see the original piece of old Paulownia boards are on fire in the burning. He quickly put the piece of wood taken out extinguished the fire, holding hands, looked him up, put it down. Then light a fire porters back, Yong questioned why he was deprived of fire wood. Yong said: “?.?? Did you know that this is a good sycamore wood, is a good material for the piano, you have to burn the amount of money you are willing to sell it,” porters, said: “Since you are useful, they take good use. “Yong deeply grateful porters. Back to the residence on the hands it carved a lyre, harp tail just because scorched places, so give it named “Coke tail piano.” This frame “Coke tail piano” and Qiheng Gong’s “No. glockenspiel,” King Zhuang of Chu’s “linger piano” Simaxiangru of “Lvqi piano” Vivaldi tied for the four ancient Chinese.

4 Vivaldi’s hometown
September 26, 2009, President of the Chinese Society of Folk Instrumental Professor Feng Yuyu hold the “Ode to the Chinese Qin Zheng Classical Music” is the theme of the major folk festival concert in Liyang Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, is one of the guqin officially announced the four Chinese coke End Qin’s hometown. Earlier, the Chinese Society of Folk Instrumental organize a search historical experts, and field gathering in Liyang Mountain View Yong reading desk area, multi-science research, determine Liyang is handmade Han Yong Jiao Mei Qin places.
Chinese Guqin is the world’s intangible cultural heritage, one of the four guqin has coke tail piano. The guqin is the Eastern Han Dynasty famous writer, musician Yong handmade. According to historical records, Yong desperate ocean, far from the track Wu will, twelve years, during which the junction of Wu and Liyang lived in Mountain View, Huangshan Mountain Lake area. Legend Yong had a farmhouse kitchen in Mountain View Church in rush out of a yet to burn green Paulownia, he based on the length of the Green Paulownia, shape, made ​​of a lyre, timbre Wonderful, because the piano tail still left scorch marks, so take piano called “coke tail.” So far, a small hill between the Mountain View area are still patches of Qing Tong, Mountain View and the envy of the mountain, there Yong reading station sites, local villagers still circulating Yong story.
Professor Feng, president of China Society of Folk Instrumental Yu said Jiao Mei Qin hometown Liyang is the discovery and validation, Coke opened by the end of the piano where the eternal mystery, is a major event in Chinese Guqin community.