Category: Chinese musical instruments

Russian balalaika family unique, because the piano body triangular named. Russians call “balalaika (балалайка)”. Resonator surface balalaika is a triangular side length 40 cm, equipped with support under the middle of the partial cross-code strings. Top inlaid piano to 60 cm long, the embedded bone chip production pronunciation taste. The top is slightly large piano, was inclined, with four or six Xian Zhu. When playing, or play with the teeth dial, or play with nails. The volume is small, suitable for solo and family gatherings when the dancers.

A shape structure editor
In winter, ice and snow in Russia in the world, enthusiastic people drinking songs and dancing in the vast land, and then the cold season has not frozen hot heart. Stepping jubilant beat, and a jump of notes, music and dance became their language. Whether on holiday or gathering, people have to bounce beloved grand piano, eulogized good mood and life.
2 Balalaika edit origins
Balalaika is a Russian folk instruments, the first documented dating back to the 17th century (1688). When the reign of Tsar Alexei, was very nasty Russian folk culture. 1648, Tsar Alexei command to collect and destroy all Russian folk instruments. Insubordination people will be severely punished and exiled to Russia abroad (Ukraine, etc.). Tsar Alexei throne of years, in the Russian-made scenes of cruelty and miserable tragedy. Tsar Alexei’s death, this ban also followed as decadent as his body dissipates, has historically been referred to this as “the most peaceful era.”
Late 17th century, Tsar of Russian folk music artist of persecution gradually calmed down and slowly regained more people Balalaika. By the late 18th century, the Russian balalaika folk very popular. Village lads playing grand piano, with its beautiful music to impress their favorite girl. Moreover, the court musicians also gradually create a good impression on the grand piano, as St. Petersburg was the favorite bass singer faction Tewei You play grand piano. By the 19th century, upper-class people are playing the harmonica, the rich are hardly aware of the existence of the grand piano, because the poor can not afford the harmonica, playing the grand piano only.
In a chance, a young landowner Andhra Aviv, St. Petersburg back to the house from the time, inadvertently heard his servant Anti Pu playing grand piano sound. Andrea Aviv since that is the Russian musical instruments connoisseur, but he never never heard of such a wonderful voice. Great thirst for knowledge made ​​him such a wonderful musical instrument made ​​a careful study, and learn how to play. And later on the grand piano has been improved, so that the tone and playing more perfect.
3 contemporary and modern development editor
1886, Andrew Aviv with his own grand piano on the stage improved his performances in St. Petersburg known, all the newspapers and magazines all have passed complaint. Success that he was encouraged, and he continued to study and produced a series of different sized grand piano, also set up a band, named the “balalaika amateur artists.” Ender Aviv and his band greatly welcome the public. But this is not the ultimate goal of Andhra Aviv, grand piano from the private sector, he will have to let more people know grand piano, so that each person will play the grand piano. He began teaching in St. Petersburg soldiers playing grand piano, often soldiers return home to be with grand piano and an absence of family togetherness. Thus, the Russian balalaika folk again widely disseminated. By the late 20th century, St. Petersburg has more than twenty thousand will play the grand piano. Ender Aviv and his aides successfully brought new life to the grand piano, but they did not stop there. They also improve other Russian folk instruments, such as the Duo Mula piano, dulcimer and horn etc. Satai inside. Finally, they founded the “Russian big band” are those who have been improvements over their folk instruments and grand piano being used.
1897, November 1, under the guidance of Andre Aviv, “Russian big band” for the first time in Russia the stage, and achieved great success. Moreover, in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States are also popular. There are many small music groups in these countries, people can easily learn the grand piano. Gradually as the “Russian big band” This orchestra is also increasing. Today, there are still many in the United States and the Russian National Orchestra Association and the balalaika virtuoso piano Duo Mula.
Early 20th century, Andrew Aviv all the energy on command elementary education and music. During this period, several of his talented assistants, such as Boris Tello Wan Chomsky, Alexander, Nicholas Rao Sipho husband and other frequently wonderful performances, attracted the attention of many famous composers. In the 1930s, 瓦斯莱恩科 created a grand piano and piano suite and a grand piano concerto with the orchestra. MM easy Pori Rostov. Ivanov also created a grand piano and symphonic fantasia called “gathering of young people.” These works are marked Russian folk music tends to mature, balalaika music is also vast ocean to find his place.
4 humanistic significance editor
Now, the grand piano is no longer only the poor will go to play musical instruments, which have different fans around the world. Because of the distinctive timbre, without any kind of musical instrument can replace it. It can not only play Russian folk songs, you can deduce the Eastern and Western music. For centuries, composers strive to tailor a rich grand piano works, including 100 Suite, sonatas and concertos, and so on.
In winter, ice and snow in Russia in the world, enthusiastic people drinking songs and dancing in the vast land, and then the cold season has not frozen hot heart. Stepping jubilant beat, and a jump of notes, music and dance became their language. Whether on holiday or gathering, people have to bounce beloved grand piano, eulogized good mood and life.
Part 5 grand piano repertoire editor
Choir are all playing Russian balalaika
Variations on a moonlight
Two swans
3 Russian lover
4 Pizzicato Polka
5 Travers ska – 姆拉弗斯卡
6 melon Delisle dance
7 Gypsy Dance
8 Saratov lover
9 Kalinka

Muzi test is Kirgiz shells plucked ming instruments. There Kumu translation Niyaz, test wood hereby. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Kezilesukeerkezi atushi, WUQIA, Aktau, Aheqi, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Turks and other places.

A historical retrospective
Long history. Muzi and Mongolian fire test do not think homology, northwest China’s ancient nomadic peoples are created by playing stringed instruments, test Muzi do not think that is a homonym of the fire. Legend has it that the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Zhaojun married with Hun Huhanye Chanyu wife, 胡人珍 depending Wang Zhaojun’s pipa, a new musical imitation nor resemblance, before there is “not like muddy” in the name. Song Yu Yan “gallery talk rot”: “Wang Zhaojun lute bad wantonly, barbarian remake, but its shape is small, Zhaojun laughed and said: ‘muddy not like’, and must now correct for Sri Lanka.” 1905, in Turpan, Xinjiang and Kazakhstan and Tun Dr. Gao Tang Dynasty paintings excavated, there is a child holding a spoon-shaped instrument playing the long-necked image, and test Muzi more similar. Show that as early as the Tang and Song dynasties, test Muzi has been popular in Northwest China.

2 Introduction
Stringed instruments pizzicato. Popular folk plucked instruments China Kirgiz region. Its approximate shape of fire does not think. Apricot with a piece of wood resonance box made ​​back frame and piano bar, Paulownia for the panel, walnut for pegs; Lei is the bridge, no fret, round sound hole opened on the panel, Zhang three stringed or nylon strings. Its shape, tune a stringed instrument, played France vary. When playing the piano inclined upper right leg, left hand vibrato, string hook, portamento, shake sound and other techniques; hand there are more than 20 kinds of bomb method, the most commonly used foreign forefinger plucked two strings, thumb dial the string accompaniment, or forefinger plucked and five-finger swiping bombs, whirl outs and other techniques. In addition, cut shells, grinding bombs, shells and other unique cut bomb France. There is a called a “conceited” music, all with a rebound, back bombs, bullets and other special skills knife show, the performance of the artists playing skills proficiency. Folklore is rich in the title of the song, every song has a legendary story. Muzi test is Kirgiz shells plucked ming instruments. There Kumu translation Niyaz, test wood hereby. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Kezilesukeerkezi atushi, WUQIA, Aktau, Aheqi, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Turks and other places. Long history. Muzi and Mongolian fire test do not think homology, northwest China’s ancient nomadic peoples are created by playing stringed instruments.
Singing and dancing Kirgiz people and create a variety of musical culture. In addition to playing a stringed instrument test Muzi, there are people loved bowed instrument Keya Ke, gas alarms instruments eagle bone flute, musical instruments with body iron springs, gongs and cymbals. During the holidays, people and folk musicians pastoralists will gather together, held a lively examination Muzi play the game than playing superb skills than playing and singing a beautiful melody, novelty than music creation. Pastoralists get entertainment, musicians improved. Three stringed string holes pass from the top three in the piercing, the bottom line at the end of a wooden pole. There are well-known song, “Do not tighten bridle”, “earth grid it,” “Hunter” and so on. Kirgiz is one ancient nation of industrious and brave Kirgiz people mainly live in southwestern Xinjiang, according to the Qing Dynasty literature has two thousand years of history, the Qing Dynasty is called “bruit”, meaning mountain residents .

Structural features
Muzi test missile shape and Mongolian ancient stringed instrument similar to the fire do not think, but do not think of the shape and the fire has been a big difference. Traditional folk test Muzi, with a single piece of apricot wood dug from the system, the use of gut strings. Turks and other test Muzi Tianshan region, resonance box was flat gourd-shaped; while atushi, such as the Pamir mountains WUQIA test Muzi, resonance box was six equilateral flat square, the narrow width , connecting the upper and neck, below the tail was the piano. Modern test Muzi, by resonance box, headstock, neck, pegs, the bridge and strings and other parts (Figure). Often use apricot wood, mulberry wood and white pine production, piano body full-length 88 cm. Resonance box flat, flat, gourd-shaped, the face, back, frame plates glued together, 20 cm wide. Head and neck with a piece of wood made ​​headstock no ornaments, after the string slots open, the left set of three pegs, slender neck, the front of Anxian fretboard, no taste.
Playing skills
When playing the piano oblique placed on the chest, neck Anxian left hand holding his right hand with the thumb, forefinger plucked strings, or playing with fingers round. Muzi test tune a stringed instrument, played by different regions and the music and different, Atushi, WUQIA, Aktau, Aheqi tune a stringed instrument, such as the Pamir mountain has seven law, is characterized by outboard for treble sound high unchanged, in the two strings with the music within the tuning changes, is tuned to:? c, g, c1, c, f, c 1, g, g, c1, f, bb, c1, f, f, c1 , g, bb, c1, f, g, c1, etc.; six tuning up law in the Turks and other Tianshan area, is characterized by the strings for treble, pitch change, inside and outside the two strings can be changed, tuning up for : f, c1, f, g, c1, g, g, c1, f, bb, c1, f, f, c1, g, c, c1, f and the like. Diversification tune a stringed instrument, and is a significant feature nomadic music Muzi test showed a variety of music can adapt. Range c-e2. Sounds clear and soft. In addition to the traditional playing techniques, it also absorbs the Kazakh East Bradford, Uighur independence it Haier variety of stringed instruments playing skills, right hand bombs, pick, hook, mention, sweep, brush, wipe, roll, etc., left there press, slide, Yin, kneading, pan, points, etc., playing more than 30 kinds of law and created by hand in various parts touch the strings, or the piano upside down, or against the shoulders, head, behind the rally, etc., really colorful. Muzi test can be used solo, instrumental ensemble or folk songs, rap accompaniment. Kirgiz people’s favorite performances played and sang, that “test Muzi playin ‘, in addition to playing the prelude, interlude and epilogue, the multi-stage singing in the middle should be accompanied by test Muzi off. Traditional music more, per capital has a title and storyline.
Famous solo
“Nightingale Song”, “woodpecker on pine”, “date monkeys pony”, “desire”, “White Deer”, “advice”, “sound Kramer,” “pour bomb song” and “Kool Man Buick” trilogy and so on. ?

3 Kumu tzu
Kumu Zi, also known as test Muzi, Kirgiz playing stringed instruments. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Kezilesukeerkezi other places. Apricot with a piece of wood, willow dig system, length 90 cm. Headstock no ornaments, home-axis side. Slender piano bar, no goods. Speaker width 20 cm, the panel with pine, the upper opening round sound hole diameter of 1 cm, the next set Lei Qin yards. Zi Kumu southern Tianshan flat speakers, gourd-shaped; Pamir mountains Kumu Zi speaker for long hexagonal, wider at the top. Zhang three stringed, according to four or five degrees tune a stringed instrument g, d1, g or c, g, d1, range c-e2. When playing the piano placed in the chest, left hand holding Anxian piano bar, right hand with the thumb, index finger or fingers plucked rounds played. Songs of “Nightingale Song”, “Kool full Buick expedition song” and so on.

4 collection instruments

Beijing China Art Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Music Instrument Museum Muzi an exam. Mulberry wood, speakers for flat gourd-shaped, wooden panel on Monzon, length 90 cm, 19 cm wide. Central panel opened a small round sound hole, face, back edge decorated with black double edge. Headstock spire, square column, after opening chord grooves left home three T-shaped Qin Zhen. Thin and long neck, the face of the fingerboard, fretless. Three stringed string holes pass from the top three in the piercing, the bottom line at the end of a wooden pole. Quintana impose lacquer jewelry, wood clear, beautiful appearance. Have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.

5 Traditional Music
Traditional music more, per capital has a title and storyline. The famous solo of “Nightingale Song”, “Woodpecker on pine”, “date monkeys pony”, “desire”, “White Deer”, “advice”, “sound Kramer,” “pour bomb song” and “Buick Kool Man “trilogy and so on.

Naxi lute, plucked Ming Naxi playing musical instruments. Popular in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. Han areas lute similar appearance, but the larger the volume, the speaker is more flat thin, retains the old shape. By resonance box, neck, headstock, pegs, strings and strings tied to other components, length 110 cm.

A Naxi culture
Industrious rustic Naxi people’s singing and dancing, live at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain northwest Yunnan, inhabited street in the water around the ancient city of Lijiang, where the famous Ming Dynasty architecture, preserved precious frescoes and carvings. Naxi absorption Han and Tibetan ethnic culture, but also retains many outstanding national cultural heritage, such as the creation of the 8th century AD, now the only surviving humans with pictures and hieroglyphs as a carrier of Dongba culture, as well as Yau Ching antiquity lingering and elegant Baisha fine music and Naxi ancient music.

Two historical retrospective
According to legend, the Ming Dynasty (AD 1403 -1424), the Han Buddhism, Taoism string and wind music passed through Sichuan, Yunnan, thereafter widely spread throughout the province, the development of civil society is Lele kinds – hole through music. After passing the Lijiang Naxi, the band used stringed instruments have pipa, Erhuang (like jinghu), medium and small three-stringed lute, such as Hu. In addition, Dayan Town Lijiang County, the famous Naxi ancient music artist Zhang Kuiguang use the lute handed down side Qing Dynasty. Thus, pipa spread over 200 years of history in the area of the Naxi.

3 shape structure
Resonance box was half pear-shaped, with a single piece of mahogany or walnut wood and other hard wood carving out of the abdominal cavity piano, on which Mongolia to Paulownia or catalpa wood panels made ​​of about 35 cm wide. The neck is fine, straight term. Headstock with rosewood or pear production, about 16 cm, top carving is wishful shape, width of 8.6 cm. Boxwood wooden pegs, straight shank engraved pattern flap breakdown chord groove on both sides, left and right two radial installation, with the installation of this string lute horizontal axis very different. Below Yamaguchi, no neck surface phase. In the neck and top of the panel has twelve bamboo grade, including nine to twelve products for the treble goods, only to play the treble and use. Treble goods on both sides of the panel, opened the two symmetrical crescent-shaped sound hole. The lower plastic panels with mahogany or bamboo tied strings, moire on carved decoration. Zhang four stringed, respectively, using sub-strings, the strings, the old string and wrapped string. In addition to this direct entries twelve product lute, the Naxi music is also popular items have five products lute.

4 playing method
While playing, the use of sitting, playing the piano will stand chest, headstock oblique upper left leg placed in the root of the tail piano, left hand holding the piano, mainly with the index finger, middle finger, ring finger Anxian take sound, right hand with five fingers are can dial bombs, which the thumb, index finger, middle finger based. Tune a stringed instrument: A, d, e, a, range A-d2. Deep, rich timbre, often use two outboard playing the melody, but with the two strings as eight degrees or with degrees and audio accompaniment, playing skills have bombs, pick, round, sweeping, smooth and so on. Can be used for playing and singing, solo, trio or instrumental ensemble, is one of the major musical Naxi Ancient Music (hole through music).
5 folk artists
Pipa famous old artist has Li Zuoting, Zhang Kuiguang, and Han Ji-young lute player Shiguang cattle, cattle king and so on.

Six traditional songs
Benedict ancient lute and Su Trio song has “to spring”, etc. Naxi ancient music played by lute music of “good step”, “Shui Longyin”, “a river of wind” and “Shan Poyang” and so on.

Zhu is the ancient percussion, square, to stick strike outs for Palace Ting Ya Yue, said the beginning of the song. China’s Han Dynasty musical instruments, had circulated in the major cities. Zhu, XIA Qi legend is made​​, so far, four thousand years of history, ancient Qing Zhu, through the height of about 50, length 65 cm on each side. 柷 belong to the genus Ancient Eight wooden musical instrument taxonomy.

A basic definitions
Wubi 86: SKQN Wubi 98: SKQN CJ: DRHU
Stroke Number: 123425135 square number: 46912 Unicode: CJK Unified Ideographs U + 67F7
The basic meaning of words
1 ancient percussion instruments, such as square box, made ​​of wood, beat music to the beginning.
2 ancient books, said a tree.
Shaped structure
Variants: Chu
Chinese characters are decomposed: Character brother exploded wood: Wood Brother
Stroke Number: 123425135
Stroke: horizontal, vertical, downwards-right, horizontal, vertical, turning left, turning

Two historical records
“Songs Zhousong have blind”: “I ​​wish the prince Yu Qing Tao,” “I wish” that Zhu, Zhu also called it “Good.”
“Mao Biography” (Western Han Mao Heng “Mao so Xun”) contained “Tao, Tao drums also. Wish, wood empty too. Wai, peg also.” Zhu Zhu guise of the word.
Han Xu Shen “Dictionary”: “Zhu, empty wooden music also, so only sound knots.”
“Shang Yi Ji”: “co-Zhu Yu-ended.” Zheng Xuan’s Note: “Zhu, like a paint bucket and vertebral vertebral vote which Halcrow of the time and hit..”
“Old Tang Zhi Music”: “Zhu, …… aspects of each two-Chi Yu, near the open pilot hole, the hand in the middle and hit it to move the music.” Shaped like a square wooden box, the narrow width, which hit the inner wall of sound with a vertebral (stick), said that the song is about to start. Gong Ting Ya music for ages.

Three instruments
Zhu (zhù) ancient percussion instruments. “Songs Zhousong have blind”: “Tao Qing Zhu yuzhen.” Han Xu Shen “Dictionary”: “Zhu, empty wooden music also, so only sound knots.”
Qing Zhu handed down, through a height of about 50cm, length 65 cm on each side.
柷 belong to the genus Ancient Eight wooden musical instrument taxonomy.

Yu-an ancient percussion instrument, often used in the band. Shaped like a crouching tiger, bamboo strips scratch-outs, for ages Palace 廷雅 music, said the end of the song.

1 Introduction
Interpretation
Yu-[yǔ] ㄩ
Ancient musical instruments〗 〖an ancient music instrument, also known as peg. Shaped like

Tigers, and play music will end, hit Yu-so play stops. [2]
Usage
Qing collection, an ancient percussion instrument, often used for court and Shao music in the band.
Yu-ancient musical instrument name. When Yale ended strike outs. A “peg.”
Its shape is like tigers, back there twenty-seven discord. Another set Jian, bamboo whom, analyze their half of twenty-four stems.
When playing, hold 籈 on cross scraping of discord, where three times, as the song ended.
Source
Yu-forbidden too. One said instrument Kong peg also, shaped like wooden tiger. – “Said the text”
Yu-, Ya also, Ya, just as well, so just fun. – “Release name”
Under the tube drum used by peddlers drums, only Zhu Yu-together. – “Book Yi Ji”
So that the drum Yu-Zhen. – “Ya release music”
Yu-such as tigers, there twenty-seven back hoe Wu Tsan, carved wood, long feet of oak. – “Sparse”

2 playing method
According to literature and Qing kind known masterpieces, Yu-wood, shaped like a crouching tiger, back there serrated thin wood, with one end split into several thin stems of bamboo root, inverse sawtooth scraping the tiger back playing, which represents music the end for Palace Ting Ya Yue.
Shao music playing and when playing Yu-side who stand to split into thin stems 籈 Yu-backs scraping against the wood insert columns to make sound, sound as an end in and Shao music.
And Shao music set in the Yu-an, if only sound look, it is not outstanding, but it in strange shapes and playing methods and become one of the important palace 廷雅 music instruments.

3 cultural legacy
Yu-:-high 68cm, seat length 70.5cm, 37cm seat width
Manufacturing year: clear
Specifications: Length 68.5cm high 32.5cm
Favorite places: the National Palace Museum
Yu-(Otowa), wooden, carved as a crouching tiger-like, painted yellow paint on the painted black markings, chest and abdomen slightly mixed with white markings. Tigers ears erect, white-fronted hanging eyes, red mouth teeth, its Beicha square wood columns 27, shaped like just mane, interval dyed indigo, green, red, white and other colors. Hu Fu on top of wooden blocks, wooden seat Quintana painted gold lacquer, painted sea cliff Jiang Wen, one side of the two ear-shaped bracket to hit Yu-Cheng of 籈 (sound true). 籈 bamboo controls, long 80.5cm, sawing at 40cm in length, which saw strong depth of half the diameter, and then along the longitudinal amputated, leaving the other half being split into 24 thin vertical stems, the other with three root on bamboo bamboo hoop to prevent splitting. Jian painted with red lacquer. Shao Yu-in music and musical instruments are configured for the Qing Dynasty. In the kinds of material in and Shao music used in the case of Yu-wood. Yu-‘s long history, literature and more records, such as “The Book of Songs Zhousong have blind”: “Tao Qing Zhu yuzhen.” “Yuzhen” to “Yu-” in the guise of the word, referring to the four kinds of musical instruments.

Gyro is China’s first entertainment tool, but also as Gandhara, Hokkien called “dry music”, the North called “ice Ga” or “hit the cow” in English is called “spinning top”. Toys, shaped a little like a conch, and more for wood, steel, iron below the tip, when playing with a rope wrapped, hard drawstring, so upright spin. Some made ​​with iron, using winding stretch of rotation.

A gyroscope Introduction
Gyro ancient tradition of wood or iron is roughly inverted cone, is played with a whip hack. Modern has a wide range of materials (for example: steel, plastic, etc.) and shape (example: Tuotuo type) appears. Of course, there are some “Spinning Top” very popular.
Gyro, teenagers were very familiar toys. Swept the world. China is the gyroscope home. From our Xiaxian Neolithic sites in Shanxi, the excavated stone gyro. Seen in our country there are at least four gyros, five thousand years of history.

Gyro

1700 years ago in the Jin Dynasty, China has also appeared in another interesting toy – bamboo dragonfly. Such toys to Europe after the 18th century, by Westerners as “China Top”, shows that the real gyro earlier than this to spread abroad.
Why bamboo dragonfly called the “China Top” mean? Had formally proposed “gyro” the term, mid-19th century French physicist Brocade. In English, the gyro is the “rotator” means. Gyro is on the ground turn rotary body, bamboo dragonfly is in the air, turn the rotary body, so bamboo dragonfly can also be said to be a top.

It would appear that all rotating body can be seen as a gyroscope. As we play diabolo, acrobatics in the rotating disk, playing plate, throwing hats, rapid rotation of the ballet, are using the gyro works. The world around us, and everywhere you can see the gyro. Small atom, large planet, can be seen as turning the screw.
2 gyro Definition Editor

◆ Mandarin Daily News Dictionary: children’s toys, Jian Zhen lower end, around the string, anxious to throw to, rotate the ground.
◆ New Dictionary (Newbury Park): wooden children’s toys, shaped like a bullet, with a rope from the tip of the foot (available bamboo, made ​​of iron) around the upper portion, and then to the tip of the foot geotropism throwing quick pull rope, gyro will erect rotation.
◆ speech source (Yuan-Liou Publishing): Gyro’s, wooden, such as small air bell, solid without handles, around the rope whip, Zhuo to the ground, emergency valves its whip. A button, then turn the gyro, silent also. Depending on its slow and whip, no-go around. Turn of the disease, as Zhuoli ground, top light spin rotation, shadow does not move as well.
◆ “play the game” comments: anything, as long as the center of gravity of the place, plug in a stick, then rotate the stick to lead the overall rotation, and that is the gyro.
◆ MSNEncarta Dictionary: a toy that spins around on a rounded or pointed base, traditionally a conical wooden toy that is set spinning by pulling a string wrapped around it Also called spinning top (translation: wound into a circle or at the reference point a rotatable toy wooden toy by conventional conical pull rope is wound around it is rotated. called spinning top.)
◆ Oxford Dictionary (Donghua Bookstore): toy that spins and balances on a point, set in motion by hand, or by winding round it a string which is pulled away, and (in some case) kept in motion by being whipped (. is maintained at a point of balance and the rotating toy, can turn the hand or the pull cord wound around it to rotate (in some cases) may be rotated using a whip.)
◆ over various interpretations, based on comments made ​​by the traditional gyro for example, if it is for today’s diverse gyro is narrower. In many nations around the world gyroscope has a similar rotation of toys, but after research improvement of modern technology, has developed a variety of strange forms, and give a wide range of functions; such as the production of the material is no longer confined gyro wood, Maglev gyro does not need to touch the ground, the hand does not need a rope twist gyro, gyro ring may sound, the battle gyro made ​​oblate body, etc., are beyond the scope of traditional gyro definition. Therefore, a broad interpretation should be considered the gyro is defined as: any object as long as its center as a fulcrum by the force able to maintain a stable self-rotation state can be called the gyro.

3 Historical Evolution editor
Gyro origin, because old age, than those without detailed information can be further 参酌 records. Gyro first appeared in historical records Hou Wei period, then known independent music. In general inquiries among the books or network data can be learned in the Song Dynasty when there is a game of small items like gyros, called Chien, similar to today’s hand-twist gyro style, it is made ​​into ivory, with a about 4 inches in diameter disc, plug in an iron needle central axis, is the ancient ladies to pass the time by playing a noble game, which is played with a needle-like object about three centimeters, on ivory system disk in hand twist to rotate, when the fast stop until then sleeves blowing it, it continues to rotate, finally, see who had the longest transfer of Chien, who is the winner.
As for the gyro term, until the Ming Dynasty was officially appear, when Liu Dong, Yu Yi are co-authored the “Royal Plaza features a little,” a book, you mention a ballad: Green Willow children, emptying bell; willow children live, pumping gyroscope; willow children dead, shuttlecock …… Thus, during the Ming Dynasty, the term has been officially gyro appear on the words, children gyro become popular folk toys, and the sentence can also be found in folk toys play is a seasonal, playing gyroscope become a popular activity in spring.
With the evolution of time, there are new styles gyro and play, is that many people together in the mind and memory, but also filled with a sincere local feelings, including the author in childhood, gyros are our most beloved toys of that era game one, in particular, dry nail music game, but we are most keen to play, and everybody had to be ground into a variety of shapes axis gyroscope for gyro is able to split the labeled opponents half, but their gyro can continue rotation, is the final winner. In order to enable the reader to understand the history of Taiwan’s fight gyro profile.
General common traditional gyro, generally made ​​of wood, plastic or metal inverted cone shape, front mostly iron materials, the player due to play in different ways, will be made into a cylindrical gyro nails, ax-shaped or sharp-shaped … However, after the evolution of the times, improved technology, we play gyro tricks, and play creative and varied, there are a wide variety of materials and shapes appear. In general, younger children may be playing small gyro, gyro small toy has a protruding above a small stick, like Song as played using hand to rotate; larger children will play with a wooden top, wooden Top of the material is very important, usually use a hard material, such as camphor, guava tree or longan wood and so on. While playing top rope will have strong and will not slip, usually playing top line is fine linen and cotton rope or most appropriate. Kind of nail is a nail or needle-shaped front end of a cylinder, the most suitable rotation, there are long nail diamond sword fight can rotate and split, while the triangle ax chop hit the nail only dedicated gyro others, not themselves too will rotate. In the wood gyro, since participation and distribution of adult ages broader, more play gyro greater, from dozens of grams to more than one hundred kilograms there are people in the play, if combined with other props (eg: hula hoop, Frisbee , cycling, skating …… etc.) performed together, it is refreshing.
Most people think that playing is the use of wooden gyro gyro to throw that after using cotton rope wrapped gyro, gyro thrown by hand after the force to the axis of rotation of the gyro nail toys; addition, the mainland has also been using the whip gyro way, it continues to rotate; while some vendors in order to promote the gyro skills, increase learner motivation, ingenuity, use of other methods (the use of hats, tires, springs, friction principle, the first single bell, rack … etc. ), to produce many new toys gyro related works, and even the installation of battery and 288 gyro body bulbs, so the gyro spin up, colorful IPL issue to attract the attention of those who fight gyroscope; hand some manufacturers in order to make the issue a rotating gyroscope loud voice, dug into the hollow body of the gyro, gyro sideways with a long strip of small voids, so special that here, when the gyro rotation can beep sound, so after Carpenter ingenuity gyro wondering, after the evolution of the times, improvements in technology, there are a wide variety of materials and shapes appear, so the gyro after Carpenter ingenuity pondering, not only for all ages, but also more fun enriching perfect.
View the traditional folk arts programs, many species of native toys, such as play gyro, shuttlecock, rope skipping, diabolo, these ancient popular toys and games, and some continue to be preserved, while others with the evolution of the times, after improved innovation becomes fun educational toys. Therefore, try to compare ancient times, toys development of different age, though not identical, but they all bring their children happy childhood, adding many memorable childhood Ji Qu.

4 Classification play
Many types of gyros, play also different, in accordance with classification of materials, are described below:
Paper gyro
Due to the volume of paper gyroscope small, so long as the use of the thumb and forefinger, tightly holding the upper end of the shank paper gyroscope, the rapid twirling on the table, paper gyroscope will rotate independently leg up.
Gyro coins
Coins and paper Gyro Gyro also play the same hand twist, you can rotate up.
Spools gyro
Spool gyro play, but also the use of hand-twisted way you can rotate up.
Bamboo gyro
First coarse thread through the bamboo, and then wrapped in bamboo handle the volume, pay attention, it should be around the top down. Well wrapped until after a holding line side, backward pumping, one holding a gyroscope and bamboo, pushed forward, two hands at the same time force, the gyro will rush forward, but a buzzing sound.
Wooden gyro
Ultra-small gyro play, is wring their hands, there are two general ways a child spinning top. The first is the level of pumping method, which is bent over the side of the trunk of the gyro forward throw, when the gyro after leaving hand in hand around the rope tail, quickly pulling back a gyro will be along the ground level rotating forward. The second is the vertical pumping method is to hold high the gyro over the top, from the top down, while pumping while playing a practice, which is “killer” action, if not, you can not dispose of someone else’s “death gyro” easy to lose, will be participating in a play this game to win.
Usually there are two kids play the game the way the gyro. The first is called the sub-side method, is divided into two groups who will participate, and then everyone pumping gyro, gyro that group’s first take a look down at the ground. Who will be playing, the gyro will rotate relatively long time on the ground. Who does not play, the gyro is easy on the ground Luangun, or turn too soon. Top down on the ground, it is called “death gyro”, only to let the other party hack attack upon the. Lose this side, in order to avoid his beloved gyro, was the other nail slaughter, can swap a small, hard gyro instead. At this time, to win this side, with their own gyro, over their heads, at the target, down punch.
The second is the circle method, draw a circle on the ground, the central circle, and then draw a small circle, everyone turns to his gyro circle hit, so the gyro can be rotated out. Such as gyro rotation has been fixed on one point, then, it can be used a rope to ring out once they reach the outside of the circle is still rotating, which are not “dead.” If the gyro stops in the circle, or a draw down not move, are considered “dead”, and to be placed among the small round circle, any others punished. If the punishment of others gyro also stopped in the circle, still have to put the small round circle, fancy punishment. If you are lucky to not have hit, or hit to without being decomposed, you can come up with a gyroscope, horizontal pumping method, the small round circle until his death gyro hit the group.
Small, medium and large and small gyro gyro gameplay is not the same, you must first wrapped Sheng. Right hand ring rope over Tuo nails, with his left hand hold him down, and then right along the nail out roping, Tuo strapped to the body, and then lifted his hands gyro, oblique air inside to throw to the ground, but quickly forced to withdraw rope , so that the gyro spin up on the ground.
Plastic gyro
Play, after the spring twisted tight, press the center button, the next section of the conch will lose, and rotation on the table or on the ground, but also very interesting and fun. Plastic Elastic gyro is made ​​of plastic, like a small flying saucer gyroscope in general, but each one up and down the shaft, using the blanket tension, the gyroscope mounted on a pistol-shaped transmitter. Play, left hand rotation gyro, so the rubber band twisted tight, relax after Ligament, the gyro is fixed on the transmitter, then the index finger lightly pressed the trigger, the gyro will rotate.
Metal Gyro
Is played with a cotton thread, winding axis gyro middle, then quickly make a pumping rotation, and then placed on a stand, not only the fast axis of rotation in the middle, like a radar antenna as a whole gyro, for three hundred and sixty degree rotation, also called radar gyro.
Heavy metal gyro
This paper Gyro Gyro and play the same, but the materials used are not the same.

5 Reality Applications
Gyro with its varied gameplay, still by the majority of friends like. Gyro has not just as simple as a toy, its importance lies: Scientists according to the mechanical properties of the gyroscope developed a scientific instrument – gyroscope, widely used in the field of scientific research, military technology, etc.. And the type of gyroscope also considerable. Here are some common gyroscope.
Laser Gyro: It is a more advanced gyroscope, the principle is to measure the angle, orientation, etc. using the frequency difference between the two laser beams emitted when rotating ring between. Laser gyroscopes are used for ships, aircraft, etc. [1] navigation and tracking.
FOG: FOG is the second generation of laser gyro gyroscope, its principle is similar to laser gyro, but compared with laser gyros, fiber optic gyros no lockout problem, do not block the quartz precision machining of laser, low cost. Countries are working to develop a fiber optic gyroscope.
Gyroscope used primarily determined angle (tilt), speed, direction and so on. Depending on its use, can be divided into rate gyro gyroscope and gyroscopic inclinometer. Rate gyroscopes for measuring the speed of rotation of the object in order to calculate the corresponding data, to achieve the purpose of measurement. Gyro inclinometer is used to measure borehole inclination and azimuth, mainly used in mining, oil and so on.

6 gyro production
Paper gyro
The size of the paper gyroscope informal, free production. Production methods is to use a compass in the table draw three circles on paper, then cut out the circle with scissors. After the cut is good, in a circle, draw on their favorite designs, and then colored in the pattern. Then three circles overlap with glue, sticky good, and then flatten. Then use an awl in the center of the place, drill a small hole, and then pointed a toothpick or sharpened bamboo chopsticks, through the center, tip down, is complete.
Gyro coins
Coins gyro, materials coins, small sticks and paper. Its production method is to first use a toothpick or small stick, stick some glue, tightly rolled piece of paper children, but be aware that this thickness must and money hole or holes the size of the iron just close and the.
Spools gyro
Spools gyroscope making material spools, small sticks, paper, saws. First, the end of the spool of sawing, sawing was careful to smooth the job, and then with the color pattern. Then a section of bamboo chopsticks, which sharpened end of a round cut, strip children, the same thickness and spools of paper must be as large central hole on the volume, it will not loosening. After the roll is good, will stick stuffed spool hole, pay attention to plugged, but also to maintain the vertical axis.
Bamboo gyro
Bamboo gyro is made ​​of bamboo, because it is hollow, there are holes on the bamboo, turn time, will buzzing sound, some people call it the bell, or “bamboo conch.” Because it is different, and the shape of the ordinary gyroscope has a shank, it is also called “a handle conch.” Its production method is, first saw a period of about five centimeters in diameter, 6.5 cm long bamboo, bamboo dig on a 0.5 cm wide, 3 cm long small long hole, as the sound purposes.
Then cut a bamboo stick to make the shaft, then made ​​two circular plates with thin wood, the diameter of the circular plate, presumably with the circumference of the inner wall of bamboo is about the same, and then dig two central circular plate with superglue tightly glued to the inner wall of bamboo and down, and then interspersed with bamboo wood central shaft, pay attention to the lower end of the bamboo shaft is short and sharp, while the upper end is relatively long. Another cut a piece of bamboo, and drilling, with a long bamboo cotton rope through the holes, wrapped around a bamboo stick can play.
Wooden gyro
Wood is also the Chinese traditional gyro gyro. Wood Gyro is a bell-shaped, and can rotate the toys on the floor, use a hard wood, like a tree trunk guava, longan and other made​​. The children are playing past the small gyro, the children themselves are cut from the system, you can get a sense of accomplishment, and a self-creation joy of success. Due to advances in industry, there are a lot of large or extra large wooden top, lathe machines are manufactured without a certain size, usually weight to determine the size of the gyroscope.
Depending on the type of wood gyro volume size, the wooden gyroscope can be broadly divided into the following seven categories:
* Ultra-small gyro: about 1 centimeter in diameter, volume smaller than a finger.
* Small Gyro: diameter of about 4-5 cm, usually children aged below the play is this.
* Small Gyro: weight 10 kg or less, the fifth or sixth grade students playable this gyro.
* Medium Gyro: Within weighing about 15-30 kg, 13-year-old children over to play on this gyro.
* Large Gyro: more than 45 cm in diameter, weighing 31 kg or more, and is suitable for adults to play big top.
* Large gyro: The weight of around 50 kg.
* Gyro King: weight up to 70 kg or more. Taoyuan Dasi gyro king, the highest record has 187.5 kg.
Small wooden Tuo classification, continue to introduce small wooden Tuo classification. Due to differences in functionality is divided into the following three categories:
* Needle nail Gyro: tip of the nail-shaped or ball-shaped, suitable for rotation.
* Sword nail Gyro: tip to tip shape, not only suitable for the rotation, but both chop function.
* Ax nail Gyro: ax shaped like the tip can be decomposed into two gyro others hit hard when split, so there “killer” Gyro said.

Plastic gyro
Plastic spring gyro, gyro is plastic factory which manufactured the entire gyro is divided into upper and lower two, the festival is a button and a spring device, there is a hole under section conch.
The origin and development of metal Gyro Gyro
Gyro origin because of the age do not have detailed records for diligently, but in the Neolithic ruins unearthed over the top, such as Changzhou, Jiangsu unearthed Neolithic culture Majiayao wood gyro and Shanxi Longshan culture relics unearthed pottery gyroscope; History Song recorded when there is more of a toy gyroscope similar to the beginning, called “thousands” (or Chien car; that is a central axis (iron) about an inch of the disc-shaped (diameter about four inch) objects, hand twist in the disk rotates, who turn the game too long, this is one game was living palace concubines backyard ladies to pass the lonely moments in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taiwan Song Su Hanchen (Kaifeng, where he had Huizong Vision and art Gallery had been entertaining to Zong ancient as a teacher, working in Buddhism, Taoism character of painting, especially more original paintings of children at play skill) “children at play” in front of the screen there are two a child, is the name of the gyro play, also confirmed that there was the appearance of the gyro inverted bell body, investigated by the screen, when the gyro should be made ​​of wood, like a cone, with a rope wrapped around the well, after throwing to the ground before pull, the gyro will rotate the ground up when it slow down, and then continue to beat its side of the rope, so you can turn off the hook. children continent north in the winter and early spring are also popular this play, especially in the the ice was thick knot throwing fight, but do not have fun. Additionally a Su Hanchen works “Autumn Chamber opera infants”, there is a push date mill props, the use of two dates, plus one half of the dates made ​​profile bracket mill dates from toys, it is a rotation, balancing games, the game, who can make jujube mill to maintain balance, turn too long, whoever wins; this painting can also prove the then existing multi-gyro toy state appears. Ming Dynasty, “Royal Plaza features a little,” recorded by the gyro, such as small empty wooden bell, solid without handles, rope whip around without bamboo ruler, Zhuo to the ground, emergency valves its whip. one button, gyro then turn silent also. depending on its slow and whip, no-go around. transfer of disease, as Zhuoli ground, top light spin rotation, shadow does not move as well. their small empty bell shape, in fact sessile, such as rope whip around to describe the late Ming Dynasty certificates gyro gyro has been whipped with today is no different; Liu Dong’s poem “willow live” Compilation: willow children live, whip Gandhara, the word “gyro” This period has been officially appears.

7 realistic role
◆ Recreation
◆ intellectual development: Germany and other countries will gyroscope designed as educational supplies, picture cards placed on the top, through the spinning tops game, identify patterns, colors or digital images on the card to train eye and focus.
◆ folk sports
◆ art: the use of different colored pigments and methods, showing different native people, when rotating mix of beauty, can be a collection of treasures.
◆ research

8 gyroscopic principles
When rotating the gyro, not only rotated around its own axis, but also about a vertical axis for the movement of the cone. In other words, around the axis gyro side for itself, “rotation” side about the vertical axis as “precession.” That is not the vertical gyro stand above the ground, but on the ground there is a certain deviation from the normal to the surface there are some tilt. So the gravity of the moment gyroscope is not zero, but the gyro precession angular momentum can counterbalance torque effect, so when rotating gyroscope is not backward to the ground. Top speed around its own axis as “rotation”, determines the size of the gyro swing angle. Turn slower swing angle the greater stability of the worse; turn faster, swing angle is smaller, and therefore stability is better. And the shape of the gyro gyro precession also influential. This is the truth about people cycling, which is different, one is a straight line, a curve is made ​​conical motion.

9 play skills
Throwing gyro
(Five inches in diameter at the top two o’clock to three o’clock most known gyro silver hand)
① wrapped around the rope: nail up, right-handed person wound clockwise (left-handed person in the opposite direction), reserved for short, to make a single knot for grip rope (or wrapped around the finger of).
② Chi Fa: nailed or under the top left or right, with the thumb, index finger, middle finger down to take a virtual grip top.
③ throwing method: distance from the rope length plus the length of the arm length to choose, at the swing arm toward the goal, the gyro from the hands of the middle finger pointing at the target direction, the force is dependent on the accumulated experience of constant practice.
Hit the big gyro
(S)
① wrapped around the rope: Nail-up display, according to the gyro wrap two to three times the length of the tip, and then pointed to by Gyro Gyro rope wrapped around the body from top to bottom, in sequence taut, about one-third more than the optimum.
On ② gyro: mining a hand rope fastened top circumference of the gyro, gyro tip at the other hand, picked up by the legs gyro, gyro tip forward and downward preparation. Throwing gyro occasion, holding hands at the tip gyro leave immediately, and the other hand holding the rope fastened gyro spin top circumference of homeopathy, produce rotary power, then pull the rope with both hands to interact, so that the gyro will not fall to the ground. In the opposite direction to close the rope run, do not look back, and so hove finished Serve.

10 gyro save
Gyro should be stored in a cool and ventilated place, avoid the sun cracks and damp moldy, if necessary, the use of air conditioners should be stored in places or dehumidifier dehumidifier; iron part will have to be given timely maintenance oil (not too much, so easily wrapped around the rope) ; when the rope feels hard, it should be soaked in water to scrub, dumped playing some (to remove sand dust) after dry.
Gyro is the students are familiar with a toy. A tiny gyroscope rotates rapidly on the desktop. Shan see it standing little inclined to side around a desktop rapid rotation axis, rotation axis and the other side of the bus like a cone like a sentinel over and around an axis perpendicular to the desktop, slowly and steadily make revolution movement.
Why not rotate when the gyro down? In ten million people playing gyroscope can correctly answer that question, probably not too much. Indeed, the rotation of the gyro is very interesting and mysterious.
Gyro in science has high research value. The spinning gyroscope into the air. It can make its own axis to maintain the original direction. This feature gyroscope is used to make directional gyroscope, is widely used in marine, aviation and space flight being.
Gyro, commonly known as “dry music”, it is a bell-shaped, wooden toys can rotate on the ground. Spinning top, is a very ancient, modern people are still very fond of the game. Our country in the Song Dynasty, had already appeared in a similar toy gyroscope, called the “thousands.” “Chien” is about three centimeters of needle-shaped objects on ivory discs in hand propped rotate, turn the game who had the longest, which was the palace maids, to pass the boring deep intrauterine time aristocratic game, “gyro” the term first appeared in the Ming Dynasty, as to whether the gyro from “thousands” evolved, so far not exam.

11 play rules
Play (a)
Gyro play and play quite diverse, but more common playing rules in two ways:
A horizontal method: Flip stooping wrist from behind, throwing the gyro Later pull forward, the gyro will rotate forward horizontally along the ground.
Second, the vertical method: the gyro force deepened thrown from scratch on top, gyroscope will fall from the sky revolves, this play is usually used to “nail sweet music” when.
As for the gyro game will have different due to different regional play, now summarized as follows:
A gyro sumo
l, prepare a cardboard box (with opening), put the best cake box.
2, the tray on the ground, away from the tray 3 to 5 meters to draw a line, as a starting point.
3, once the two men play this game, mora decide the order, after the two were retreated line, has the gyro into the tray, since the two gyros are rotating at high speed in the tray, so it will be when there is a collision knocked the box, the gyro is ejected who would lose, if one of them is not the gyroscope into the box, can be considered lost.

Second, the Liberal whip
1, each of the freedom to choose the place on the ground, his gyro spin.
2, gyro fastest stop human transmission, it must be gyro nailed to the ground, so that other people attacked by gyroscopic rotation longest that a start will be his gyro gyro alignment crushed on the ground, this time If the gyro material is poor, it will split into two from one, if the gyro from crack
Open, nails fall, it will belong to nail people who destroyed it all, then you can re-playing the new bureau.
3, if the owner of the nail through the fight, the gyro is still intact, the next time playing to lose, this person would not need to come up with the gyro being attacked (once immunity).
Third, smelly head chickens
1, draw a circle on the ground, about 30 centimeters in diameter.
Two, people need to participate in the game to come up with a gyro on each circle, the mora decide priorities.
3, the first to pick up the gyro to the beat circle, using the skills and gyroscopic rotation force, will play the other gyro circle inside the loop, if the “rescue” of a gyro, you can continue to beat, but if own whip gyro careless stay in the circle, then lose the competition.
4, due to the gyro and is equipped with high-speed rotation of nails, was rescued by the Gyro often have black and blue, like flocks often bullied by peers, chickens pecking at the head, so this game is called “smelly head chickens.”
Four, nail sweet music
1, draw a circle on the ground, about 30 centimeters in diameter, the center and then draw a small triangle.
2, participants mora decide the order, in turn laid the gyro to the circle, the circle must fall gyro place, otherwise even failure.
3, gyros not only into the circle, and also to use its power to rotate, turn out to be successful outside the circle, if the king gyro fixed circle in rotation, no signs of moving, do not stop in front of the gyro can also be it tick out of the loop with a rope, the gyro is still out of the loop when it reaches the rotation to be successful.
4, if the gyro parked in the circle will not even go on a whip rotation, are considered failures, this time was the center of the circle gyro nail on the small triangle, and let others attack.
5, if their gyro being held in a triangle, you can also pick up their second teeth gyro, with playing “smelly head chickens” approach, his gyro rescued.

Five, fixed gyro
1, put a disc on the floor or table (preferably iron).
2, at one meter away from the disc draw a line, as playing top starting point.
3, since the starting point for everyone in the gyro to throw the disc, the disc can rotate who gyro thrown, even if successful, would eliminate the loser, so the second and third round of re-match, the starting point was moved back 30 centimeters (one foot).
4, the last person farthest away from the disc, but the disc into the gyroscope who is the winner.
Six, mountains
1, placed on the ground ten plates (iron) in a row.
2, will be playing in the first gyro plate, when this dish to be the gyro rotation, picked up the plate and put the gyro into the second disk.
3, This is the way into the third, fourth. . . Until the tenth plate so far.
4, measuring the time it takes, the less time with who is winning, if the gyro stops halfway, then disqualified.
Of course, these games are played far more than playing gyro, you can customize many of the rules, as long as people are willing to participate in the game you can abide. Samsung Township, Yilan County, 宁明国 small 虞进鸿 teacher in-depth study, play and set gyro set many rules, the student staff of more than a fourth grade school, many innovative gyroscope play such as: bowling game, playing behind throwing , bomb hit their feet, body lateral play, hands double rope play and so on. Students take a lot more of these play a creative name, such as “kicking the universe”, “over the cave,” “the golden eggs”, “surprise”, “relentless”, “Buddha’s Palm” to enhance the cultural gyroscope .

Gyro

Play (two)
First, draw circles
Draw a circle on the ground, the diameter of the step between the two steps, and then draw a circle in the middle of a triangle, everyone to his own circle in gyroscope to play, and let the circle inward rotation of the gyro own. Gyro will be fixed in the circle sometimes without rotating movement, the available rope trapping him tick outsiders, once they reach the outside of the circle still turn even alive. If you stop, we must be placed within the triangle, as the fancy struck penalty.
Second, the sub-side
While one person turns to the gyro pumping on the ground, until someone failed so far. Failed gyroscope on fancy combat on the ground, wait until the other party when the gyro stops, we can change the other attack.
Third, persistent game
Same type gyro, at the same time lay, turning to see who is the longest time is the winner.

Fourth, throw away the game
Draw a small circle on the ground, and then each person in the circle gyro first to play in jump out, jump out of the gyroscope must be considered scores were still rotating, use a tape measure, furthest away from the center of a small circle who is the winner.
Five point game
Placed on the floor or a chair, a table of available disk [instead] round biscuit box cover, then fifty centimeters away from the disc, draw a line as a starting point for everyone, from a starting point of the line to pull the disc throw, who can enter the rotary disc even cross the border, the loser is eliminated.
Six, hit game
Wrestling with the same size gyroscope better.

Seven Rings game
Rings game gyroscope used, under the long axis of the shaft above the short is better. Central has a round hole hole looking thin apron, or thin hoops. When the gyroscope rotates quickly into the hands of the trap on the axis of the center circle, one at a time, until the gyro stops to see who sets the most, whoever wins.
Eight, played Creek
Open to both sides of the draw a line width of 50 meters to 100 meters (depending on number of people to see the site), two or more digits to 10, 20 can play. First game when people turn rewind ghost. Hit B from A, ahead of any person against another gyro does not turn itself alternately when the devil was going to hit the other side. Each person can use the gyro nail Guo ten under.

Whistles is a folk scenery

Also known as pigeon whistles bells, is a form of folk scenery, thousands of years of history have been on. There are many places can make whistles, while Beijing’s whistles sound effects or production level regardless of breed type, are regarded as relatively sophisticated, which Beijing has close historical and cultural relations.

A material
The main materials are manufactured whistles reed, bamboo, gourd, gourd. Which uses bamboo widest size whistle, whistle tube, whistle belly, pallet row class of stars, star nose pads Eye class (also known as tang), and even whistle nose (also known as whistle handle) so it can be used . Reed pipe should only be used as a dear baby and triple, five Union. Gourd can be used for post belly. Dipper gourd class is used for the mouth, especially the larger size. Reed to meticulous pipe, pipe and tube made ​​of bamboo except outside, still made ​​whistle indispensable material. The Great Pumpkin’s belly can be used to make whistles, sound forceful, to better than bamboo. As the pipe, tube, belly mouth are shaven thin, the
Very light in weight. A considerable whistle through painting, but also seventy-eight grams heavier. In addition to the above materials, as well as doing Qiu whistle ivory or horn, with ginkgo, longan, lychee, lotus seeds and so do the whistle belly shell, which whistles because the relationship between materials and components, like the novel, although expensive, the results are not necessarily Okay.
Bamboo and gourds as their class distinction, are more than one. Bamboo Trail coarse flesh, should make bamboo whistles and whistles of a full belly. Several simplxs fine in bamboo and owner, should make whistle barrel. Scrape the barrel generally do whistle and bamboo bamboo sheath meat, leaving only a thin layer of Shiraia. As with the owner is just the opposite, filing to Zhuhuang, bamboo meat, leaving only bamboo Yun, in order to preserve the pattern gorgeous skin. Seven whistles when making plum, hyacinth has upper and lower belly, as slender person; who have flat belly single pile. Set into a long rope to hoist when the petals are tender.
Elegant whistles, whistles without bamboo or ivory or scoop and Qiu corner. Qiu corner like ivory and Johnson their young clean, price is also lower than the ivory, often between translucent body, multi-dyed green, commonly used to produce pipe mouth, snuff dish, pull that, Hulu Kou and so on. Ivory has a character and Qin green, two, Qin Qiu angle is mostly green. But its pronunciation neither such as bamboo, more inferior scoop, but boasters precious materials, just gorgeous. Buffalo horn used as a star ranked class pallets. Northern easy to get, often take horn shoehorn to restructuring.
Do post nasal bone material, especially after the “Little Wing”, who is widely adopted system. As for bonding various components Maw (bad whistle with pigskin gelatin), painted lacquer painted whistle, back light colored paint and varnish enveloped the only place is a subsidiary of different materials.
Ganxianguopin few whistles using a variety of hull, can only be regarded as special materials. Orange peel can replace gourd cooked through. After its law dug orange meat packing ashes at the end, so that it gradually dehydrated without deformation. After dry, inside and outside painting, actually quite strong.
Seam whistle Oko
Department of whistles whistle nose due to wear clip embedded in the cracks in the tail feathers, under the lead wire ring anchored, which has been around Pigeon haunch and “whistle Oko” Landang respectively, so it can not be any party to the left and right, up and down, back and forth movement, and firmly fixed in the tail of a dove. A 任飞翔 roundabout, on the urgent, Jichong, or “exorcise demons winged child” (short irregular flight) and no danger of falling. Seam whistle Oko also wearing middle two tail feathers, but only limited wear line two cylinder, triple, seven other small whistle hens. As for the band, a large non-whistle is not sewn four tail feathers.

2 whistle
Whistles voice, be aware of two situations: First pigeon load capacity, and second, the volume and tone whistle. Pigeons have a strong or weak, load capacity vary, subject to the actual test, not only by visual inspection. Some body vigorous, but only with the most No. gourd and sophomore barrel, strong anti little less body load of pigeons. Whistles also has a large inverse small sharp crisp situations, such as “Xing” word Jiuxing, ten at a glance, etc., because the tube bottom floor mat too high, so the same size than his family prepared whistle or less also shrill whistle. There are old posts, because old age, it is inevitable to open plastic insects, wind vent leak, if not repair heavy stick, its tone is not correct, even dumb silent. It should also be eleven respectively whistle audition, I discovered their sound. Beijing pigeon flying, mainly divided into two types: one is called “walking trips child”, the election year or age of twelve strong pigeons, whichever is energetic, like the excursion, after a couple of early morning takeoff circling that went straight to the other party, Japan will just fly back Zhuo afternoon. To take the trip pigeons child wear whistle, although up to a twenty, only small gourd, two cylinder, triple, seven selected twenty-three only. Due pigeons expedition, not weight-bearing, straight flight, whistle straight, there will not be echoed mildly charm. Moreover, acoustic shadow is dark and quiet moment, only to fly back, only faintly hear the whistle from far and near. So wear whistle for it is to be able to receive audio signals need not have any voice.
Another flying called “Frisbee”, after the flock took off around the home, repeatedly circled the disk gradually getting high, straight thin clouds, such as butterflies dancing though small, still looking up visible. There are slowly disk, the Qi down tile surface. Such as rearing square, water food properly, can ups and downs, calendar twelve hours before closing homing. Frisbee flock, the most appropriate selection whistle dub, appreciate its sound. Because pigeons circling rotation, the wind whistles by different angles, intensity are different, the severity whistle is the size changes. Especially when the flock left and right turns to maneuver, called “Smash children”, the whistle of the more obvious changes, but also more regular. At this time it is not all whistle gongs, and have symphonic changed. Pigeons from high illness or even drop, a drop baizhang, Jilue over, all of a sudden whistle Qi dumb, flash whistle and complex, this pause, really, “The silence speaks.”
Pronunciation whistles, basically for the same time together, not with everyone who wishes to make everyone stop Naruto, what fine everyone macro. Therefore, each of the whistles we ask it loud and accurate, such as the difference between the two tones of the kerf should be a major second or minor third, five of pentameter, should be consistent with the pentatonic scale. Against hordes of whistles, the band is like asking treble, bass and different sounds of musical instruments as much as possible in place, that is to say to be able to work in different varieties whistles equipped. It can be done, and it is relatively easy to understand voice. As a twenty whistle while heaven, the size of the gourd, thick tube thin tube, up to a two hundred tones can hear someone say a put and a put with improper gear, and do not harmonize, so muddy and not clear, it would be too mysterious words.
Four categories of thirty-five kinds of whistles when dubbing really matters is, the small gourd, kerf, triple, five of seven stars, Jiuxing other ten kinds only. Gourd, kerf sound of buzzing However, two cylinder pronunciation as outstanding sheng, triple, five United crisp as BELL, they sound different. Stars eye is able to better focus on the first three a whistle, so as Frisbee flock Perry whistle, should adopt the several basis. As for holding the month, three rows, five rows, etc., are available gourd and triple, etc. instead of five linked, the Star class as dear baby eye too much, but in no effect on the sound.
Whistles dubbing, although in the several-based, but how much is appropriate to each species, how should match its size, should follow the principle that any kind of whistle is not too much and too large in volume and overwhelm or mask the sounds of another breed. To obtain the best solution, it is necessary to load capacity of each pigeon and each volume of the whistle are taken into account. Reasonable voice to pass the test, study to understand the specific situation, and then be prepared according to the specific circumstances of how the election whistle dubbing.
Listen whistle, Department Peifei Xiang addition, there are simple law. That whistles to people with two long thin cotton rope Chi Yu, post nasal holes through each end turns around food indices, using centrifugal force to whistle leisurely move, the faster the more leisurely, pronunciation whistle, like a pigeon in the air negative . Just sound anxious and straight, is no less melodious rhyme natural ear.

3 modeling
From the modeling points, whistles there are four categories. Gourd class, is round as the main whistles. It is shaped or spherical or flat, next round reed pipe or bamboo supplemented done little whistle, depending on size, can be divided into “The Great Pumpkin” and the “gourd”, “small gourd.” Circular body can also be divided into two compartments, a “kerf”, issued two tone, taking multi-tube whistle next to a circular cluster around the circumference to form a “Zhongxingpengyue” trend, which also can separate the large , medium and small.
United cylinder class
Refers to the connection whistles lined with tubular whistle. Which is connected with a thin tube called the trip “together”, with a thick pipe connecting the trip called “tube.” Depending on how much post count, “Union” is divided into triple, quadruple, five of “tube” is divided into two cylinder, three-cylinder, four-cylinder.

Star ranked class
With pallet base for whistles. Small post or long or round, are arranged on pallets. Seven whistle petals column called “Plum Seven”; points on three ranks of nine rectangular pallet whistle called “three rows.”

Walleye class
Is a flat circular tubular whistle whistle with a combination of whistles. The flat round whistle in the center, around, safe in its straight tube-shaped whistle, the number depending on the number of posts, named “Seven,” “Ninth”, “eleven”, “thirteen” until “three fifteen. ”

4 Department of Law
Perry whistles department method is very simple, dove tail feathers are generally 12, in the middle of four at the distance of about half a centimeter haunch, leads with a needle, flat to wear off, and then tie fastened. Line suitably high quality cotton yarn, or bright colored silk. Multi-knotted with silk thread must buckle when to avoid slippage. These are the Department to prepare for wear whistles, Beijing called “seam whistle Oko.”
When Pei Department, whistles forward, the post nasal insert four middle tail feathers gap. Then the nose whistle hole just below its tail exposed, with about five centimeters of lead wire through the hole, bent into a circle, the ends overlap, to prevent open. Thus whistles already wear line is completed.
Oko seam whistle once a year, the time during the summer moult is completed, the new tail feathers have grown after. When wet tail feathers as sewing, sewing through, Ling tube will bleed and wither. The occasion of the winter, the sky sometimes pigeon hawk, dove vulnerable to the negative post of the attack, causing casualties. Summer pigeon hawk rare, but post Oko is still being sewn to the old, it may be due to post full of wind and drag down the old feathers, and whistle that pigeons also lost, it should be noted.
Possession of a good whistle pigeon family, will know the season, review the weather, understand Pigeon health condition (when the brood hens should wear whistle, when the male and female birds are feeding young should not wear whistle), before Ken Department of flying, fly strike immediately remove to prevent accidents.

5 results
With effect whistles put pigeons fly in different ways and different. Pigeons return from afar, when Huixiang Department whistle play a role forecasts. Dove hovering around home again, this time can best embody the role of whistle. Pigeons circled rotation, the wind whistles by varying the angle, but also the strength of the severity of the whistle are different, especially pigeons swing left and right turns, when the more obvious changes in sound, sweet. Pigeons occasionally lifted up the sky, plummeted suddenly flush dumb whistle, whistle is once prosperous peace, pause at the people there, “The silence sound” feeling. Enjoy the post-ming blue sky is a common pigeon and the listener pleasure.

6 movie “whistles”
Basic Information
Genre: Drama
Country / Region: China
Length: Unknown
Release Date: Not released
Cast and crew
Director: Liu Quanwei
Starring: Zhang Jin He, house fly Lin, Lu park, Redstone
Synopsis
The film should be a melon novel by writer, directed by young director Liuquan Wei, the film reflects the collision of two generations, communication, compatibility, probation story.
Official Trailer has been released.

Zhang Jin Hyuk
Related Articles
Known by everyone’s favorite movie star Zhang Jin He, Lu park, room to fly Lin starred in the movie “whistles” in Sun Yat-sen’s hometown – Zhongshan official shooting. It is reported that, Zhongshan will be the main viewfinder.
About the movie “heart whistles”
This is a warm and touching story between a revolutionary woman and a young street punks.
This is a broad-minded old revolutionary all-inclusive home with passionate revolutionary sentiment, fresh revolutionary stories to impress, save a confused soul of the story.
This is a classic fable.
This is a little story, full of great feelings of humanity truth, goodness and beauty of mankind eternal theme of the movie.
This is a light at the scarcity of people of faith, ideals, in the absence of direction in life, in the era of the target beacon lights shine in life.
Maybe people should be like a dove, happy and peaceful, free to fly.
In fact, the most important is the dove never lost their direction, goals. Even far from the target again, the hard way again, then tough, can fly back to find their own home!
Even invisible pigeons flying, even just wonderful to hear them whistle, but also long enough for us to move, they are beautiful in the sky across the footprint is constantly reminding us: the attribution of the heart to where?.

Bangdi northern folk music accompaniment for the Northern Clapper Opera, fine flute body and short, high-pitched tone bright and strong, focused on the use of the tongue skills, such as the famous flute player Mr. Feng Zicun played “five clapper”, “Happy Encounter” , showed a strong performance in the local color, the more fierce in the use of breath and rapid jump with a tongue to play sound, powerful tone stack, and so full of fun flowers retroflex special skills.
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Bangdi bangdi
Bangdi northern folk music accompaniment for the Northern Clapper Opera, fine flute body and short, high-pitched tone bright and strong, focused on the use of the tongue skills, such as the famous flute player Mr. Feng Zicun played “five clapper”, “Happy Encounter” , showed a strong performance in the local color, the more fierce in the use of breath and rapid jump with a tongue to play sound, powerful tone stack, and so full of fun flowers retroflex special skills.

Bangdi common fingering is tube tone for re, followed by the sol, sometimes as mi, la.

Bangdi good performance energetic bold, lively and brisk fantastic, with a strong north colors, in which the people of this region and the northern characteristics and life, work habits are inseparable. More for the north blowing song, Peking Opera and clapper opera (such as Shaanxi, Hebei Clapper, Puju etc.) accompaniment, also be used to solo.

Bangdi song prevalent in northern China, mainly northwest Hebei, Jizhong region. Representative track has Fengzi keep playing, “five” clapper “Happy Encounter” “kite” “hanging red light”, “bright-winged oriole”; Liu Band played “vegetables”, “Yam bird”, “Jinan small door” “Peace Dove “India and LIANG Pei, Wang Li – jen performance of” talk back “and other songs.

According to the traditional habit of playing characteristics, north bangdi playing skills are mainly tonguing (Dayton tone), wiping sound (glide), flower tongue, tone stack, calendar tone, etc; South Qudi playing techniques commonly used mainly pad sounds , playing sound, overtones and so on. But in innovative flute music, the north and south flute music habitual special playing skills have to be absorbed by the fusion music on demand creation.

Scores mark

Tonguing “·” “▼”; Yin tone “◆” “~~~~”; chop sound “”; calendar tone “/”;

Flowers tongue “*”; play sound “Ding”; stacked tone “and”;

Excellent folk artists Fengzi deposit (1904–), Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, north bangdi played the main representative. Fengzi deposit bangdi rough simple performance art, folk music has a profound accomplishment, his bangdi song is in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia convergence zone spread folk music, based on the development of local opera music together. He has long been engaged in the local opera “Duet” accompaniment, so full of life in close connection with the opera performances and lively atmosphere and language features, which greatly promoted the development of the art of playing the flute Fengzi deposit. On the playing techniques he uses breath, wiping sound jumping Dayton sound, powerful sound of the stack, calendar tone phrases tail tip, full of charm, gorgeous flowers unrestrained tongue fly trill, colorful flowers and other northern bang retroflex flute unique skills, make melody with a strong local flavor. Fengzi deposit had long lived in the working people, and that he along with “Duet” team, traveled Zhangbei backcountry, so he sort of flute music, with a strong earthy fragrance.

Fengzi keep playing flute song “five Clapper”, originally popular in North China’s one instrumental tunes. Healthiness beautiful melody, commonly used in opera interlude. The tunes kept by Fengzi after finishing, giving the music a rough forthright, passionate personality, bangdi special arrangements and the use of techniques to make music with strong local color.

Rich in color tone wiping spend retroflex attract listeners, the first four sections wiping tone, tone stack, continuous tone arrangement calendar, showing the unique artistic style of playing bangdi. Theme smooth melody, serene joy and emotion, and change the color tone of the Palace arrangements so soft tone mildly. “Five Clapper” theme rendered largely pentatonic mode continuous downward into the second degree. It is the way to start a strict variation Enthone, its variation is characterized mainly in terms of the progressive replacement flute skills and speed, and gradually expand to cause emotions.

“Five Clapper” in the structure of folk music using the most common variation principle. In addition to the general melodic variation technique common approach plus flowers, but also the application of the playing techniques transform the way. Song structure short, simple and concise way, the local rich colors.

A tube for double reed wind instrument, a very long history. tube originated in ancient Persia, which is now Iran. In ancient China it was known as the “wicker horn” or “reed pipe.” In the Western Han Dynasty two thousand years ago, tube has become China’s Xinjiang area versatile instrument, and later, tube into the Central Plains, through the development and changes, it’s playing skills have been continuously enriched and developed. Now, the tube is widely popular in Chinese folk become common in northern peoples favorite instrument.

tube – Introduction

A tube for double reed wind instrument, a very long history. tube originated in ancient Persia, which is now Iran. In ancient China it was known as the “wicker horn” or “reed pipe.” In the Western Han Dynasty two thousand years ago, tube has become China’s Xinjiang area versatile instrument, and later, tube into the Central Plains, through the development and changes, it’s playing skills have been continuously enriched and developed. Now, the tube is widely popular in Chinese folk become common in northern peoples favorite instrument.

tube – Musical Instrument Introduction

Popular in northern China, ancient wicker horn or (salty under Canadian angle) horn. Wooden tube, the opening eight holes (front seven after a). Insert a nozzle made ​​of reed whistle. Pitched sound tube, pipe band in the north are often used to lead player. After the liberation, tube manufacturing and playing techniques have been developed. After the reform of the tube, the range has expanded to two groups of six tones, plus key management can play twelve semitones, play a greater effectiveness in the ensemble and solo. Currently the band has often used alto pipes, bassoon and processing key tube. Pipe volume is large, bright, high-pitched tone, rough rustic, with a strong local flavor. Relatively simple structure of the tube by tube whistle, invasion promoter and a cylindrical tube body composed of three parts. Tube very versatile and can be used to solo, ensemble and accompaniment. Especially in some types of music in northern China, the tube is very important wind instrument. tube playing skills are very rich, in addition to the general frequently used vibrato, portamento, slipped sound, tone and flower tongue spit, there is a special play sound, transonic, and other dental rinse tone. In addition to the finger tips, the whistle in his mouth shades also determines the level of pronunciation tube, when playing, lip-use change, but also to simulate the human voice and a variety of animal sounds. Without the use of cyclic ventilation France to play a long time when intermittently figurations. tube, ancient wicker horn, Tartar pipe, Jia tube. Ancient had called “tube” of wind instruments. “Songs Zhousong have blind”: “both prepared Naizou, flute tube equipment move.” “Mailyard music”: “bassoon that of the large pipe.” “Dictionary”: “tube as chi, tin.” “Song Book Music”: “…… Yong Chapters saying ‘tube who shaped foot circumference inches long, has a bottomless hole’ which is now dead..”

Such long-lost tube. Modern tube Kucha original ancient musical instrument popular in the Western Han Dynasty Kuqa area, about the fourth century incoming mainland. Yungang Grottoes excavated since the Northern Wei has blowpipe image. “Old Tang Zhi Music”: “wicker horn, whose real name is sad horn, for Hu, and its sound sad.” Kaihuang Dynasty (581 years) in the court orchestra in use, after the Sui and Tang nine, ten music quite widely applied, a large wicker horn, small wicker horn, two wicker horn, peach skin wicker horn and other shapes. Self-contained part tube in the Song Dynasty great music, and has a head tube called. Early bamboo tube. Tang Li Qi “Listen An Wanshan wicker horn blowing song”: “Nanshan cut bamboo wicker horn.” Bai “Children Xue Yang Tao wicker horn blowing song”: “clipping dry reed inserted Hanzhu.” Song “Music Book”: “Tartar pipe, …… with bamboo tubes to Lo headed.” “Yuan Shi Chi ritual”: “Yan Yue of control, head control, with bamboo tubes, led by Lu Ye volume, distributed to them.” To the Ming Dynasty, the tube body instead of wood, “Ming Hui Dian Big Music System”: “head tube, to whom …… wood, two late in the teeth bundle to Lo as whistle.” Wooden pipe sound is more pure and honest. Ming and Qing dynasties, tube are widely popular among the people.

tube – instruments constructed
Modern tube by post, invasion promoter and tube body composition. Tubules whistle reed system, one end with a fine wire Zhazhu other end branded flat, directly into the tube body end, higher pronunciation; bassoon reed bamboo whistle, plug invasion yard. Invasion sub copper, tapered end of the insertion tube body. Tube body with a long stem of bamboo or wood production, cylindrical, on the opening eight holes (front seven after a) or abalone (after two holes) exterior paint invasion December, both ends of the sets of eyelets crack. tube with large, medium and small three. Tube length 18-24 cm, diameter 0.9-1.2 cm. Small tube, also known as treble pipe, is the band featured lead instrument. The tube octave lower than the small tube. Also known bassoon bassoon, an octave lower than the tube, as the bass or for rhythmic downbeat playing in the band. Range: a small tube a1-c4, the tube a-d3, bassoon A-d2. tube for blowing song Hebei Jidong noisy child would, eight sets of Shanxi, Xi’an drum music and other folk instrumental ensemble, national orchestra, opera orchestra and religious music. Hebei blowing song using the bassoon and small tubes, tubular bright high-pitched tone, the performance should be lively, warm melody; bassoon sounds deep, rich, slightly sad sad, lyrical depiction. Different kinds of pipe can be replaced whistle lift pitch. Traditional music of “Everlasting Joy”, “goose down beach”, “Jasmine”, “kite”, “Liu Qing Niang”, “put asses” and so on.

tube – History

Aka clarinet clarinet, clarinet or Xiao Yang, a cylindrical tube, the top is the shape of a special mouthpiece, reed on coupons, there are bell bottom PA tube. Generally ebony, plastic, metal material. He is also the only low-range sounds significantly different woodwind, expressive instruments outstanding, thus making the clarinet has “Orchestra orator” in the title. According to the German Bavarian musical craft museum records, the predecessor of the modern clarinet was 夏鲁摩 (Chaulumeau). This wind instrument is a non-cylindrical keys. Is manufactured by the German musical family Deng Carolina (Johann Christoph Denner) invention. In 1689 he seemed to be one kind of recorder clarinet instrument to be improved, and in the bottom mouthpiece added two keys, so that the instrument can range over blown third overtone. There are two keys to a single-reed instruments, which have at the time and 夏鲁摩 on timbre significantly different; instrument sounds that are called Clarino bright sharp, due to replace the baroque trumpet to play the treble melody, reportedly also Clarinet the word etymology. At that time the players usually range depending on the requirements of the music to interactive use of these two instruments, then put the clarinet in the high range called Clarino, while the bass was Chalumeau.

To the Baroque period, musical instruments mostly manufactured in boxwood or ebony. Overall watched two or three sections, blowing head design varies, but is satisfied with the design of a wide Deng large, 50mm between about 40mm to.
Today’s way of playing is also accustomed to contact with reed and upper lip in different ways, although you can get this blowing a large volume, but it can not control the sound texture; so this period can only be regarded clarinet orchestra, playing at strong the effect of the use of musical instruments. Between 1730-1740, there has been a third key clarinet, in order to play the bass, so there is a plus clarinet bell. This can only be modified to make the original musical super blow down B’s, and the new B sound can be connected together, and let Chalumeau range of clarinet with Clarino two combined into one instrument. Diameter, mouthpiece, reed instruments form the size of this period are still many experiments with color, because the technology standards of the factors that are more modern instruments clarinet large, sound a bit rough, the general common D and C tune two instruments . Appeared in 1750 when a five-key clarinet, which is fourth, five keys, respectively, left and right audio; these four keys have been reluctant to make clarinet blown chromatic. In the same period Frenchman Roth (G.Lot) invented the bass clarinet (Bass Clarinet), it has a deep sound, and special sense of humor. The more special is that this is the first mechanical device using right thumb appeared to control extra contrabass. Between 1770-7180 ​​appeared in the middle of the mouthpiece and instrument tuning pipe in the UK, while the players have begun to play by the same as today, using a mouthpiece to alternately play the way other tonal instruments.

The 1791 Paris home Leifei Buddhism for clarinet clarinet plus a sixth key, the other players have begun to follow suit. During this period the production of increasingly sophisticated instruments, such as: brass keys ivory mouthpiece, a sound hole and the precise manufacture of the inner tube has a satisfactory sound can be blown. 1806 German Miller started thinking, how to increase the musical movement issues. The original semi-spherical sound hole pad, improved system for leather stretched round pie, which makes the gas density sound hole better. In addition, he also added the right thumb buckles on the instrument, which is a device of great ingenuity, and since then players do not have to use insecure way to play, but Miller has become a German-style clarinet clarinet style prototype. In this period some German players have begun to try and approach the lower lip contact reed playing and become a modern player’s standard way. 1832 German Bohm (Theobald Boehm) invented the long axis of the rod and used in the improvement of the flute. 1837 French pack Philippines (August Buffet) musical invention with the spring pin. After the French clarinet Klaus and package Philippine Using the above invention, to jointly develop a “package Philippine Klaus clarinet.” The device has a musical ring Miller clarinet keys that are not, this invention allows the finger while holding the sound hole transport means, can simultaneously control by Bohm long axis of the rod to the other to make the instrument sound hole so on fingering becomes a more logical. Klaus package Philippine clarinet used in the mechanical structure is very complex, they were used seventeen keys and six key ring, and to the 1870 this type of musical instrument has become a standard French, and in the United States, Britain , Italy, Belgium became all the rage.

Followed closely by the Spaniards 古梅兹 published in 1885, London-wide Bohm style clarinet, he added the seventh keys, improving vibrato right outside, coupled with the left hand and on the “Klaus package Philippines’ system mechanical means tube. After the French clarinet both in swapping, chromatic, tremolo, etc., have been consistent with all aspects of the request. 1860 famous German clarinetist Bellman (Carl Baermann) started thinking how to improve the lot of irrational Miller clarinet fingering. He and instruments manufactured home 欧坦斯 Tanner cooperation with the long axis of the key advantages of the ring rod used in the instrument. After this has been used up to the early twentieth century clarinet. Although his fingering style than Bohm slightly inconvenient, but fewer number of openings in the tube body, but also makes sound relatively clean. Before the late romantic music, Miller and pom-style clarinet performance, regardless of Xuan to the. However, late romantic music, the volume of the tension on Miller clarinet and operational aspects, the slightly less. Europe and Germany in 1900 began for these two shortcomings began to develop a new system, try to keep him in the original German-style traditional sounds, but also hope to solve operational inconvenience, and in 1920 developed the Oude systems, a total of 27 buttons and 5 rings key. This section clarinet on the pitch more than the French instruments outstanding (French bass clarinet usually too low, too high treble intonation problems), at the convenience of fingering and French are also considerable, but some of the sound hole farther away, for some palms are too small people will have restrictions on playing.

tube – Music
Clarinet in the development and reform process, there had been many different tone clarinet, and later with the musical structure improvement and perfection, some tone clarinet tube is gradually eliminated, leaving only the last drop B flat, A tune ordinary clarinet and bass clarinet in B flat tone, as the E-flat, D raised tone clarinet in the band has retreated cameo role. To explore the clarinet playing and music, you should start with his unique sound to explore together. The reason is because the clarinet is is a “closed tube” sound science on the structure. This “open and close” does not refer to the instrument tube sound hole open and closed states, but rather “If the air by the impact shock wave at the point of the highest node us, whereas the antinodes; opening of the wind instrument is a tube antinodes at both ends, and is closed at both ends of each wind instrument and wave antinodes festival. “about the use of clarinet in Ge Luke (Christoph Willibald Gluck)’s opera” Orfeo “(Orfeo) where it has been recorded. The early use of the clarinet in the orchestra to Stan Schmitz most, he also wrote one of the earliest of the Clarinet Concerto. For the greatest impact on the development of early clarinet composer, then it is Mozart. At that time clarinetist Shi Tele (Anton Stadler) commissioned composer for his friend Mozart. In his commission under the spectrum of the famous “A great Clarinet Concerto”, the song appeared in the subsidiary means clarinet musical instrument orchestra raised to the status of a solo instrument.

To the Romantic period, orchestra began to rapidly expand. From Berlioz (Hector Berlioz) begin until Wagner (Wilhelm Richard Wagner) after clarinet orchestra in the number of expansion, for example: in Strauss’ “Salome” and “Airey Stella” on the use of six forms of clarinet. In conclusion, since Mozart, the composer of the song clarinet made​​, whether it is musical form or quality, are beyond the other woodwinds.

The famous works are: Mozart’s “A Clarinet Concerto” K622, “Clarinet Quintet” K581; Weber’s two “Clarinet Concerto” OP73,74 and “Concertino” OP62; history Bo (Louis Spohr) of four “clarinet Concerto “OP26,59, WO19,20; Schumann (Robert Schumann)’s” clarinet and Piano Fantasia “OP73; two Brahms’ clarinet Sonata” OP120 and “clarinet Quintet”, “clarinet Trio” OP114 , 115; Hindemith (Paul Hindemith) “clarinet Sonata” OP57; Pu Lang g (Francis Poulenc) “clarinet Sonata”; Linmusiji · Korsakov (Rimsky-Korsakov) “clarinet Concerto”; Richard Strauss (Richard Strauss) “for clarinet and bassoon concerto complex”; Stravinsky (Igor Stravinsky) “three cappella piece”; Copland (Aron Copland) “clarinet Concerto.”

tube – “River Water”

“River Water” playing
Formerly known as “Jiang children water”, is advocating on commercial music Liao Sheng pipe tunes in, popular in the Northeast, after joining the “stub” Melody, Tune adaptation will be made ​​”slow down plus flower” and other treatment, making shrill desolate-hand melody. The whole song is divided into three parts, ABA structure. “A” for “Jiang children water” Tune, feather tuning, a total of nine, mournful tunes, like the human voice crying. “B” section with the “stub” material adapted into requisition with vocalist style, melody soften deep, contrast with the previous result. Changes in the last paragraph is “A” reproduction, slightly indignant character, climax. This song has been incorporated into the “East is Red” big dance, the groans and complaints to the performance of old China strata laboring people, and very successful. After well adapted for the erhu, and very moving.

Tuning cylinder drum percussion genus. Due to the shape of flower pots, also known as pots drums. This drum playing skills and percussions roughly the same, with a pair of mallet percussion. This drum is widely used in folk instrumental ensemble or opera accompaniment, sometimes used solo. Now absorbed the Western timpani drum cylinder features its restructuring became a pitch tuning cylinder drum. It’s a drum with a metal frame, fitted around eight deputy spiral, used to adjust the drumhead tension, change the pitch, the drum body can rotate on a metal frame, a rotatable drum body to fine-tune the pitch. In addition the following hob fitted pedal, pedal also allows the use of pitch movements. While playing, the music is often necessary, will use several methods to combine.

Tuning cylinders also known as ethnic timpani drums, drum cylinder is based on the lessons of the characteristics of Western timpani pitch from the restructuring. Wooden drum box (also use glass steel). Tuning cylinder drum divided into large, medium and small, adjustable pitch. With bass stave notation. Gupi quality and weather changes are affecting the pitch of the drum, to pay attention to when using the alignment tone.

1 Introduction

Ancient musical instruments generally have a dual function – performance and practicality. In other words, both the performance of these instruments musical instrument, but also a tool for labor productivity, or the life of appliances. As in “Annals of Ancient Music chapter” records are: “Yao Li, Naiming quality sound for music quality is effective to make the song of the mountain valleys, are based on moose leather set of pottery and drums, is pat stone. hit the stone, jade chime to like the sound of God, that dance beasts “Wen said in containers with a life – pottery, cast elk skin from the drum. The “pat stoning stone” is the ancestors to hunt stone, knocking into the sound, to the accompaniment disguised as beasts of the original dance. Again in “Han Yang Yun Biography”:. “Ear hot drink, Fou pat his back, and called Wu Wu” This record describes the interest of people drink large hair, side percussion containers filled with wine Fou, the side singing sky . The ancient stone chime may stem from some kind of flake stone tools. It can be envisaged that’s their first long-term labor process, gradually found some stone tools can sound like the producer can be used as musical instruments, then invented the chime. Usefulness of the instrument not only in the original production of certain musical instruments or living Appliances, and people use them to pass some specific living. Such as drumming expedition, Ming Jin close array, bell Drum, Dageng timekeeping, paving the way, drumming Shengtang so on.

2 classification

Some minority still retains love to play the opening chord of information transfer in China, opening chord has become a tool to express love and keepsake. Instrument development and social well-developed and improving productivity are closely related. Evolved from stone to metal chime chime and bell metals appear in the Stone Age is impossible, only when humans mastered before a higher smelting technology. Only when the invention and development of sericulture and silk reeling industry, it may have a “wire attached to the wood on the” piano, Joseph, zither. Instruments Qin Dynasty, found in literature there are nearly 70 kinds. Only in the “Book of Songs”, a book that is mentioned 29 kinds, there are 21 kinds of percussion drum, bell, gong, chime, pottery, bells, etc., playing musical instruments have flute, pipe, six kinds Xun, sheng, etc., playing stringed instruments there are two kinds of piano, Joseph and so on. Due to greatly increase the variety of musical instruments, so have the instruments according to the different materials in the Zhou Dynasty is divided into time: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, gourd, bamboo eight categories, called “octave” classification. Sui County in Hubei tomb of Marquis Yi underground music halls, save 124 ancient musical instruments. Both instruments weighing five thousand kilos giant –64 pieces bells, or in the modeling, fabrication and painting is very delicate drums, panpipes, Sheng, Joseph, have revealed to us the musical culture of the Warring States China status of highly developed, it is glorious to witness the creation of the ancient Chinese musical instrument. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, and emerging new musical instruments. Such as the emergence of a new type of bomb stringed Qin – “string drum used by peddlers and Drums of the people.” Chord is a round drum used by peddlers speakers, pipa straight shank, then to the Han Dynasty developed into “Han Pipa” four strings twelve columns, also known as “Ruanxian.”

The Chinese nation is a good absorption of the nation, since the Han, extensively absorb a large number of exotic instruments. Such as the Han Dynasty (BC 140 – before 87 years) when Zhang Qian Western incoming cross-blow (also known as the flute); Emperor Ling of Han incoming vertical harp (once called Hu harp; Jin Dynasty about 350 years ago after AD from Xinjiang, Gansu, passed along the “crooked pipa,” the Ming Dynasty passed the dulcimer and suona, etc. These exotic instruments, through continuous improvement, so that they gradually become China’s national instrument an important member of a large family in Chinese musical instruments history, it is worth noting that the emergence pull stringed much later than percussion, wind instruments and playing stringed instruments. According to historical records, the Tang Dynasty (618-907) to appear with bamboo rolling of the “rolling koto” and “Xi Qin” (in Song for “Ji Qin”), Song Ji Qin’s bow with a ponytail pull-outs, and the emergence of the “erhu” in the name, such as Song Shen Kuo in his “Dream Pool Essays,” Cloud:. “horsetail violin with Chinese car, the song sound like a complaining Chanyu. “since the Yuan Dynasty, develop into various types of bowed instrument on the basis of Xi piano, violin on China’s” Blow, playing, playing, pull the “four musical instruments, after a long historical period after the founding of New China, the sound of the instrument of heritage impure, temperament is not uniform, the volume imbalance, swapping inconvenient pitch between standard fixed pitch instrument is not uniform, the lack of comprehensive band aspects such as lack of bass, a lot of exploration and reform, has made great achievements, and the emergence of a number of results.

3 musical origins

Chinese musical instruments, percussion oldest, and occupies an important position. Traditionally, divided into drums, gongs, cymbals, boards and clock five, Zoe manufacturing materials to points, can be divided into metal, wood and leather categories. Their skills and expressive playing extremely rich, distinctive sound, not only the instrument’s rhythmic strong, and has a very deep appeal, especially with a strong national colors. Folk music Juban drums, percussion Chaozhou, southern Jiangsu and percussion, Hebei and Liaoning advocate blowing song, etc., both are known for percussion. In modern Chinese Orchestra in Clocks rarely used. A drum musical instruments: historical records, the earliest drum percussion to occur, the Yin Ruins Oracle have their own “drum” word. Drum wide variety of musical instruments, crafting, playing a different approach, there is a wealth of expression, except for the ensemble or accompaniment, certain types of music are also used as a solo instrument. Drum Dagu (Iarge drum), also known as drum drum lobby for larger drum diameter in a general drumhead Chiban more. By the upper and lower ends of wooden drums Mongolian area equal to two leather made​​. Generally placed on the legs of the wooden playing percussion drumhead when played with two mallets and pronunciation. Sounds deep and thick. Tuning cylinder drum Dingyin Ganggu: tuning cylinder drum, bass drum may be set to sound, according to the cylinder drum <pots Drums> Upgrade from. The band often with two or three as a group, a group of more than two tones, and the case of fixed-based sound, a set of three subordinate increased tone, tone on tone or under any other tenor like. Two gongs musical instruments: gong is the one most widely used percussion, originally popular in Central Asia and Southeast Asia, in the early sixth century BC into China, was called “sand gong.” With the development of opera art, spread over a long period and improved to become a musical gong has a rich performance. Many types of gongs, gong and some with fixed pitch, tone rises after some gong strike, strike the gong sounds and some lower. Gong is a musical instrument body vibration, simple structure, a circular arc gong body, usually surrounded by a border, with the central part of the mallet percussion, vibration sound. Gongs Yunluo cloud gong gongs with fixed pitch percussion, folk called nine sound the gong. Ten face generic small gong gongs, suspended between wooden frame, or the wood frame arrived at the table, the right hand with a small mallet percussion, (large gongs, use wooden stand on stage) its upright arrangement vary. Variety of ethnic percussion, rich skills, with a distinctive national style.

4 structures

The drum body, drumheads, drum set sound system and Chui and other components. Materials: drum body: metal structures; Gupi: cattle, sheep, animal skin can be, or the use of synthetic materials. Drums Chui: Short wood hammer. According need to decide whether to play at one end of the package to the elastic material. Instrument features: the case of a single film-ming instruments expensive. Timpani may issue a fixed frequency (ie pitch) of sound, and the ability to change the pitch within five degrees of pitch range. Sound soft, plump, volume can be controlled, the intensity may behave differently in different music content, and sometimes even directly play the melody. Playing method is divided into two kinds of single-outs and roll-outs, single Kanata for metronomic accompaniment, you can imitate thunder roll-outs, and the realistic effect. As the colors of timpani percussion, its rich expressive power far from ordinary percussion can not match. Timpani is the predecessor of ancient Arabia’s 纳嘎拉 drums, spread to Europe since the 17th century, it has been fixed instruments in a symphony orchestra percussion part, is an important color of the accompaniment of musical instruments, is also suitable for other types of bands. Timpani divided on the specifications of large, medium and small three, usually set in the symphony orchestra in three to four, by a musician playing the drums themselves can achieve harmony effect. On the surface, almost considered most vulnerable timpani playing musical instruments, but in fact drummer requires considerable self-confidence and sense of time in order to successfully manage it. Drummer often silently meditating for some time, and then counting the chapter, issued a deafening blow in the non-intervention when the mouth is not the slightest error will be known.

5 Voices

Depending on their pronunciation can be divided into: 1, copper ring, such as: large gong, small gong, gongs, large and small cymbals, touch the bell; 2, rang wood, such as: board, clapper, wooden fish, etc.; 3, leather, such as: the size of the drum, Ban Gu, ranked drums, foot drums and so on. Not only is the rhythm of percussion instruments, percussion groups and each group can independently play, to bring music content, dramatic plot and aggravated expressive music plays an important role. In our Western ethnic percussion orchestra also often used. Ethnic percussion can be divided into two fixed pitch and no fixed pitch. No fixed pitch, such as: large, snare drum, large and small gongs, large and small cymbals, plates, bang, bells and other fixed pitch such as: tuning cylinder drum, ranked drums, gongs and the like. Typical instruments: percussions (drums), touch the bell, cylinder drums, tuning cylinder drum, drums, Korean long drum, a small gong gong, snare drum, drum row, Lee Shi Wen (tambourine), big cymbals. All instruments: Clapper (Han), pestle (Gaoshan), Buzz (Li), pear slices (Han), December dare (Dai), Chimes (Han), wooden drum (Wa), Cech (Jino), cymbals (Han), gong (Han), gongs (Han), ten gongs (Han), star (Han) – touch the bell, bell (Han), bells (Han), and even car stick (Han), call head (Han), scared boudoir (Han), plate (Han), Muyu (Han), I the Fan (Han), France bell (Tibetan), waist bell (Manchu), flower pots drum (Han), bronze drum (Zhuang, Gelo, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Miao, Yao), foot drums (Dai), Nagra drum (Uygur), Yu Gu (Han), plug spit (Jino), Beijing percussions (Han), drum (Han) , long drum (Korean), Lee Shi Wen (Uighur), Pacific drums (Manchu), the amount of (Tibetan), rattle (Han), dulcimer (Han), bamboo qin (Yao), dance to (g Muren), Sa Ba Yi (Uighur).

6-cylinder drum

Cylinder drum and drum set sounds cylinders are of percussion instruments. Due to the shape of flower pots, also known as pots drums. This drum playing skills and percussions roughly the same, with a pair of mallet percussion. This drum is widely used in folk instrumental ensemble or opera accompaniment, sometimes used solo. Now absorbed the Western timpani drum cylinder features its restructuring became a pitch tuning cylinder drum. It’s a drum with a metal frame, fitted around eight deputy spiral, used to adjust the drumhead tension, change the pitch, the drum body can rotate on a metal frame, a rotatable drum body to fine-tune the pitch. In addition the following hob fitted pedal, pedal also allows the use of pitch movements. While playing, the music is often necessary, will use several methods to combine.