Month: August 2014

Tuning cylinder drum percussion genus. Due to the shape of flower pots, also known as pots drums. This drum playing skills and percussions roughly the same, with a pair of mallet percussion. This drum is widely used in folk instrumental ensemble or opera accompaniment, sometimes used solo. Now absorbed the Western timpani drum cylinder features its restructuring became a pitch tuning cylinder drum. It’s a drum with a metal frame, fitted around eight deputy spiral, used to adjust the drumhead tension, change the pitch, the drum body can rotate on a metal frame, a rotatable drum body to fine-tune the pitch. In addition the following hob fitted pedal, pedal also allows the use of pitch movements. While playing, the music is often necessary, will use several methods to combine.

Tuning cylinders also known as ethnic timpani drums, drum cylinder is based on the lessons of the characteristics of Western timpani pitch from the restructuring. Wooden drum box (also use glass steel). Tuning cylinder drum divided into large, medium and small, adjustable pitch. With bass stave notation. Gupi quality and weather changes are affecting the pitch of the drum, to pay attention to when using the alignment tone.

1 Introduction

Ancient musical instruments generally have a dual function – performance and practicality. In other words, both the performance of these instruments musical instrument, but also a tool for labor productivity, or the life of appliances. As in “Annals of Ancient Music chapter” records are: “Yao Li, Naiming quality sound for music quality is effective to make the song of the mountain valleys, are based on moose leather set of pottery and drums, is pat stone. hit the stone, jade chime to like the sound of God, that dance beasts “Wen said in containers with a life – pottery, cast elk skin from the drum. The “pat stoning stone” is the ancestors to hunt stone, knocking into the sound, to the accompaniment disguised as beasts of the original dance. Again in “Han Yang Yun Biography”:. “Ear hot drink, Fou pat his back, and called Wu Wu” This record describes the interest of people drink large hair, side percussion containers filled with wine Fou, the side singing sky . The ancient stone chime may stem from some kind of flake stone tools. It can be envisaged that’s their first long-term labor process, gradually found some stone tools can sound like the producer can be used as musical instruments, then invented the chime. Usefulness of the instrument not only in the original production of certain musical instruments or living Appliances, and people use them to pass some specific living. Such as drumming expedition, Ming Jin close array, bell Drum, Dageng timekeeping, paving the way, drumming Shengtang so on.

2 classification

Some minority still retains love to play the opening chord of information transfer in China, opening chord has become a tool to express love and keepsake. Instrument development and social well-developed and improving productivity are closely related. Evolved from stone to metal chime chime and bell metals appear in the Stone Age is impossible, only when humans mastered before a higher smelting technology. Only when the invention and development of sericulture and silk reeling industry, it may have a “wire attached to the wood on the” piano, Joseph, zither. Instruments Qin Dynasty, found in literature there are nearly 70 kinds. Only in the “Book of Songs”, a book that is mentioned 29 kinds, there are 21 kinds of percussion drum, bell, gong, chime, pottery, bells, etc., playing musical instruments have flute, pipe, six kinds Xun, sheng, etc., playing stringed instruments there are two kinds of piano, Joseph and so on. Due to greatly increase the variety of musical instruments, so have the instruments according to the different materials in the Zhou Dynasty is divided into time: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, gourd, bamboo eight categories, called “octave” classification. Sui County in Hubei tomb of Marquis Yi underground music halls, save 124 ancient musical instruments. Both instruments weighing five thousand kilos giant –64 pieces bells, or in the modeling, fabrication and painting is very delicate drums, panpipes, Sheng, Joseph, have revealed to us the musical culture of the Warring States China status of highly developed, it is glorious to witness the creation of the ancient Chinese musical instrument. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, and emerging new musical instruments. Such as the emergence of a new type of bomb stringed Qin – “string drum used by peddlers and Drums of the people.” Chord is a round drum used by peddlers speakers, pipa straight shank, then to the Han Dynasty developed into “Han Pipa” four strings twelve columns, also known as “Ruanxian.”

The Chinese nation is a good absorption of the nation, since the Han, extensively absorb a large number of exotic instruments. Such as the Han Dynasty (BC 140 – before 87 years) when Zhang Qian Western incoming cross-blow (also known as the flute); Emperor Ling of Han incoming vertical harp (once called Hu harp; Jin Dynasty about 350 years ago after AD from Xinjiang, Gansu, passed along the “crooked pipa,” the Ming Dynasty passed the dulcimer and suona, etc. These exotic instruments, through continuous improvement, so that they gradually become China’s national instrument an important member of a large family in Chinese musical instruments history, it is worth noting that the emergence pull stringed much later than percussion, wind instruments and playing stringed instruments. According to historical records, the Tang Dynasty (618-907) to appear with bamboo rolling of the “rolling koto” and “Xi Qin” (in Song for “Ji Qin”), Song Ji Qin’s bow with a ponytail pull-outs, and the emergence of the “erhu” in the name, such as Song Shen Kuo in his “Dream Pool Essays,” Cloud:. “horsetail violin with Chinese car, the song sound like a complaining Chanyu. “since the Yuan Dynasty, develop into various types of bowed instrument on the basis of Xi piano, violin on China’s” Blow, playing, playing, pull the “four musical instruments, after a long historical period after the founding of New China, the sound of the instrument of heritage impure, temperament is not uniform, the volume imbalance, swapping inconvenient pitch between standard fixed pitch instrument is not uniform, the lack of comprehensive band aspects such as lack of bass, a lot of exploration and reform, has made great achievements, and the emergence of a number of results.

3 musical origins

Chinese musical instruments, percussion oldest, and occupies an important position. Traditionally, divided into drums, gongs, cymbals, boards and clock five, Zoe manufacturing materials to points, can be divided into metal, wood and leather categories. Their skills and expressive playing extremely rich, distinctive sound, not only the instrument’s rhythmic strong, and has a very deep appeal, especially with a strong national colors. Folk music Juban drums, percussion Chaozhou, southern Jiangsu and percussion, Hebei and Liaoning advocate blowing song, etc., both are known for percussion. In modern Chinese Orchestra in Clocks rarely used. A drum musical instruments: historical records, the earliest drum percussion to occur, the Yin Ruins Oracle have their own “drum” word. Drum wide variety of musical instruments, crafting, playing a different approach, there is a wealth of expression, except for the ensemble or accompaniment, certain types of music are also used as a solo instrument. Drum Dagu (Iarge drum), also known as drum drum lobby for larger drum diameter in a general drumhead Chiban more. By the upper and lower ends of wooden drums Mongolian area equal to two leather made​​. Generally placed on the legs of the wooden playing percussion drumhead when played with two mallets and pronunciation. Sounds deep and thick. Tuning cylinder drum Dingyin Ganggu: tuning cylinder drum, bass drum may be set to sound, according to the cylinder drum <pots Drums> Upgrade from. The band often with two or three as a group, a group of more than two tones, and the case of fixed-based sound, a set of three subordinate increased tone, tone on tone or under any other tenor like. Two gongs musical instruments: gong is the one most widely used percussion, originally popular in Central Asia and Southeast Asia, in the early sixth century BC into China, was called “sand gong.” With the development of opera art, spread over a long period and improved to become a musical gong has a rich performance. Many types of gongs, gong and some with fixed pitch, tone rises after some gong strike, strike the gong sounds and some lower. Gong is a musical instrument body vibration, simple structure, a circular arc gong body, usually surrounded by a border, with the central part of the mallet percussion, vibration sound. Gongs Yunluo cloud gong gongs with fixed pitch percussion, folk called nine sound the gong. Ten face generic small gong gongs, suspended between wooden frame, or the wood frame arrived at the table, the right hand with a small mallet percussion, (large gongs, use wooden stand on stage) its upright arrangement vary. Variety of ethnic percussion, rich skills, with a distinctive national style.

4 structures

The drum body, drumheads, drum set sound system and Chui and other components. Materials: drum body: metal structures; Gupi: cattle, sheep, animal skin can be, or the use of synthetic materials. Drums Chui: Short wood hammer. According need to decide whether to play at one end of the package to the elastic material. Instrument features: the case of a single film-ming instruments expensive. Timpani may issue a fixed frequency (ie pitch) of sound, and the ability to change the pitch within five degrees of pitch range. Sound soft, plump, volume can be controlled, the intensity may behave differently in different music content, and sometimes even directly play the melody. Playing method is divided into two kinds of single-outs and roll-outs, single Kanata for metronomic accompaniment, you can imitate thunder roll-outs, and the realistic effect. As the colors of timpani percussion, its rich expressive power far from ordinary percussion can not match. Timpani is the predecessor of ancient Arabia’s 纳嘎拉 drums, spread to Europe since the 17th century, it has been fixed instruments in a symphony orchestra percussion part, is an important color of the accompaniment of musical instruments, is also suitable for other types of bands. Timpani divided on the specifications of large, medium and small three, usually set in the symphony orchestra in three to four, by a musician playing the drums themselves can achieve harmony effect. On the surface, almost considered most vulnerable timpani playing musical instruments, but in fact drummer requires considerable self-confidence and sense of time in order to successfully manage it. Drummer often silently meditating for some time, and then counting the chapter, issued a deafening blow in the non-intervention when the mouth is not the slightest error will be known.

5 Voices

Depending on their pronunciation can be divided into: 1, copper ring, such as: large gong, small gong, gongs, large and small cymbals, touch the bell; 2, rang wood, such as: board, clapper, wooden fish, etc.; 3, leather, such as: the size of the drum, Ban Gu, ranked drums, foot drums and so on. Not only is the rhythm of percussion instruments, percussion groups and each group can independently play, to bring music content, dramatic plot and aggravated expressive music plays an important role. In our Western ethnic percussion orchestra also often used. Ethnic percussion can be divided into two fixed pitch and no fixed pitch. No fixed pitch, such as: large, snare drum, large and small gongs, large and small cymbals, plates, bang, bells and other fixed pitch such as: tuning cylinder drum, ranked drums, gongs and the like. Typical instruments: percussions (drums), touch the bell, cylinder drums, tuning cylinder drum, drums, Korean long drum, a small gong gong, snare drum, drum row, Lee Shi Wen (tambourine), big cymbals. All instruments: Clapper (Han), pestle (Gaoshan), Buzz (Li), pear slices (Han), December dare (Dai), Chimes (Han), wooden drum (Wa), Cech (Jino), cymbals (Han), gong (Han), gongs (Han), ten gongs (Han), star (Han) – touch the bell, bell (Han), bells (Han), and even car stick (Han), call head (Han), scared boudoir (Han), plate (Han), Muyu (Han), I the Fan (Han), France bell (Tibetan), waist bell (Manchu), flower pots drum (Han), bronze drum (Zhuang, Gelo, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Miao, Yao), foot drums (Dai), Nagra drum (Uygur), Yu Gu (Han), plug spit (Jino), Beijing percussions (Han), drum (Han) , long drum (Korean), Lee Shi Wen (Uighur), Pacific drums (Manchu), the amount of (Tibetan), rattle (Han), dulcimer (Han), bamboo qin (Yao), dance to (g Muren), Sa Ba Yi (Uighur).

6-cylinder drum

Cylinder drum and drum set sounds cylinders are of percussion instruments. Due to the shape of flower pots, also known as pots drums. This drum playing skills and percussions roughly the same, with a pair of mallet percussion. This drum is widely used in folk instrumental ensemble or opera accompaniment, sometimes used solo. Now absorbed the Western timpani drum cylinder features its restructuring became a pitch tuning cylinder drum. It’s a drum with a metal frame, fitted around eight deputy spiral, used to adjust the drumhead tension, change the pitch, the drum body can rotate on a metal frame, a rotatable drum body to fine-tune the pitch. In addition the following hob fitted pedal, pedal also allows the use of pitch movements. While playing, the music is often necessary, will use several methods to combine.

Istanbul bomb is Uighur, Uzbek playing stringed instruments. Historic, simple shapes, beautiful tone, full of unique local style, commonly used in solo. As an Arabic instrument tanbūr of. Chinese historical records, there is “no Dan Doyle,” “plucked Seoul” and “Dan Buer” and other translations. Wooden piano, speakers small, a scoop shape. Piano and slender, with stringed wrapped into 16 to 20 grade. There are five steel strings, inside and outside erxian erxian tune into homonyms, five degrees into a relationship with the chord. Wide range, crisp tone, full of rich ethnic style. Commonly used in solo, ensemble or accompaniment, is “if Jimmy Xi Pu” and playing “Twelve Muqam” one of the main instruments.

1 History
Istanbul bomb relatively long history, legend, when fourteen five centuries, Istanbul has been playing famous folk artists playing. Qing court Huibu included music, clear “Imperial Qing Hui” (Volume IV twelve) contains: “Dan is not engraved Tong Seoul for the body, and a large gourd as a tank, …… straight shank, flat back round face, four strings …… iron on two axes, so each one of York. …… iron set for Yamaguchi, nearly on a piece of string on the handle perforation Carolina, under a chord bearing column with the angle. “this documented and widely circulated today the bomb Boolean slightly different. Qing Dynasty “Records of Xinjiang” (Volume IV eighteen) also contains: “Copper string of bombs that Cape.” That bomb bomb Cape Boolean. This instrument was originally popular in southern Xinjiang, the official records found in 1854 Mullah Aspen wood spit Lamujizi wrote “Musicians History” (Balakrishnan ancient manuscripts) in. The book describes and said: Abu ancient musicians are hot together to buy · Garmisch music teacher who at the time played a solo bomb Istanbul. Musicians buy Wu Lana Shah according to Fu · Khabarovsk together, he played a hand-held bomb Boolean “Iraqi Maqam Gobi” captivating. Of the 18th century, playing Boolean northern and eastern Xinjiang reached. Tianshan Mountains has now become the majority Uighur people love playing stringed instruments.

2 Related records
Yutian music
“A singing rooster white world, Articles music played there Khotan.” This is the National Day of Comrade Mao Zedong in 1950 to watch the joint performance of all ethnic song and dance, the written “Huan Xisha” tie in the second half of few words. Words mentioned in Khotan, in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is a popular place of ancient and modern dance. Versatile Uighur people, has a long history and culture, music and dance is particularly prominent, whether it is young men and women, young children or the elderly, are fond of dance, known as “dance village” reputation. Xinjiang ancient called “Western”, according to historical records, Xinjiang Kucha (now Kuqa County area) of music and dance was first introduced to the mainland, and later passed Khotan music, Shule music and high Changle. “Xijing” recorded in the Han Dynasty Khotan music has become a court holiday activities. According to Han emperor concubines Qi Furen Shier 贾佩兰 Speaking after the eviction entertainment palace, said: “July 7, Pro hundred children pool as Khotan music.” Khotan (now Hotan County) flourished ancient folk songs and dances Tang Xuan Zang “Buddhist”, said:. “Qu Sa once that country (ie Khotan) …… country is still music, good people dance,” and says Kucha’s “orchestral Music and Dancing, especially good countries.” Sui and Tang dynasties, the Western Regions in music have been designated as nine, ten music in the palace, every event should be played.
Hu spin woman lover
“Macey to general” (Uighur word for “dance gathering”), is a unique art form Uygur folk song and dance simultaneously. Every festival, wedding, after the harvest or summer night, people gathered together singing and dancing, to express their inner joy and happiness, unmarried young men and women also express love for each other. “Mr Xi if P” has the Uygur folk dance warm, bold features, simple and generous, bright and lively, fast-paced and full of change. It is accompanied by song and music and more, when a break, but also interspersed with games, acrobatics, readings, quizzes, etc., rich in content. With bombs and other stringed instruments play the Boolean primers and Lee Shi Wen played off drums, bright costumes girls into the field, graceful dance, tiny gestures, as in the Tang Dynasty poet, “Hu spin woman” in the depicted as:. “the heart should be strings, hand drums snare drum sound sleeves should move back to snow sway turn Punta dance” followed the girls into the field is young, bold action, strong and powerful. The more people the more jump, men and women, wonderful, does not always stop interruption. Sonorous drums, high-pitched singing, dance by the slow and fast, and eventually stop the rapid eddies, can not hold another retreat out of the loop until the next rotation of left field with young men and women, they are considered as this “dance game,” the winner.
Epic talk
Dance party on the most difficult to be the accompaniment of musicians, and they play with bombs Istanbul, Seoul and hot wap it alone, pulling Aijie Ke, knocking Lee Shi Wen, song pick a song, piano drums stop, singing constantly. On “Jimmy Xi to general” playing music, all from the Uygur classical music “Twelve Muqam.” Known as the “motherland music cultural treasures”, “Oriental music history of great wealth” and “Twelve Muqam”, spread more than a thousand years of history, it sets the culmination of Uighur classical music, genre diverse, rich melodies, A total of 12 sets of the whole song. Each song as a group (“Muqam” meaning that suite), including the song sequence, Syria chanting songs, narrative songs, dance songs and full instrumental intermezzo and so on. The whole song is a total of more than 170 tunes and 72 first song played over and use more than twenty hours. Modern Uygur music beautiful melody, are derived from the “mother of Uygur music.” Since the destruction of the feudal forces, but in this ancient classical folk oral tradition. On “Jimmy Xi if P,” and only those memorize tunes, full of folk songs and old songs can be improvised as artists, musicians to serve their endless dance for joy Caoqin drumming, singing the music, often through the night.

3 Overall
Istanbul bomb shape, like a safe a long-handled gourd bailer. It consists of a resonance box, headstock, piano bar, pegs, MA and strings and other components (Figure). With mulberry wood, walnut production. Resonance box was half pear, Mongolia to Paulownia or white pine for the face plate. Piano bar fine and long, the top of the headstock, flat no ornaments, was square column, no strings slot on the home T-shaped pegs. Piano bar surface Anxian fingerboard on Wound goods. Sheet metal strings. Istanbul bomb due to different geographical spread, while the southern and northern bomb bomb Boolean Boolean points.

4 Distribution
Istanbul bomb in southern Xinjiang
Istanbul is a popular southern earliest bomb bomb Istanbul, is a high musical instrument, since it still maintains the old shape. A total length of 130 cm around the piano. Resonance box with a single piece of mulberry wood dig the system out the abdominal cavity, the wall thickness of about 3 cm on both sides, belly bottom 5 cm thick, facial mask made ​​with paulownia board, panel thickness of 2 cm to 3 cm, the upper opening with two drops shaped small sound hole. Piano bar slender, the other with a mulberry wood. The resonance box and piano bar inlaid bonded into a whole. After the piano bar surface to be wrapped string audition goods were tied with 16 grade, first with a rubber band wrapped around the product, after the switch stringed wrapped goods. Qin head home with five T-shaped pegs left there two, three positive. Zhang five strings, first with brass wire for strings, later changed to the same diameter steel strings. Two outboard a group of homonyms, homophones two within a group of strings, the middle one a chord tone, tuning up for: g, g, c1, g, g or g, g, d1, g, g. Outboard main playing strings to play the main melody, the chord, the chord of resonance strings, you can play the various accompaniment harmonies. Range g-g2, two octaves. Use paddles horns playing, the volume is small, but sounds clear, soft. Popular in southern Xinjiang Kashgar, Hotan, Kuqa area. Commonly used in solo, ensemble or for dance accompaniment.

Northern bomb Boolean
Istanbul is the 18th century northern shells by the famous folk artist · Mullah Mohammed and others, will be brought to the northern southern bomb Istanbul Ili. After the reform of the northern folk artists, timbre changes from clear plump, rich, belong to the music device. With its northern “Twelve Muqam” and widely circulated, and throughout the eastern Xinjiang area. With walnut or mulberry wood, piano and about 147 cm total length, the larger resonance box, in addition to the piano bar wrapped around the fretboard 18 stringed taste, but at the resonance box of the panel also stick with 8 ~ 10 bamboo treble taste. In the piano bar and a resonance box around the back, camel bone inlaid with shells or a variety of decorative patterns patterns. Zhang five steel strings, tuning up for: G, G, d, G, G. Range G-g2, up to three octaves. Lead chord G-d no taste, semitone d-g2 between the range of complete, is playing the melody range. When playing, tie wire right index finger DIP play. Timbre bright, muddy thick, rich local characteristics. Uighur people on “Jimmy Xi if P” is inseparable from the bomb stringed instruments. Popular in Urumqi, Yili, Shanshan and other northern, eastern Xinjiang country.
Alto bomb Boolean
Alto bomb Boolean 1960s, Urumqi City, according to Burke embankment alto playing musical instrument made ​​of Boolean reform. Piano full-length shortened to 110 cm. Piano bar made ​​with mulberry trees. Put together with a resonance box back nine block has a beautiful pattern of walnut sheet. Fretboard embedded with 29 plastic fret. Zhang five strings (also located six strings, each group of two strings), the main playing strings with the 31st thin steel wire for strings, resonant chord with the 29th steel strings, sometimes five strings are used on the 30th or the 28th steel strings. Tune a stringed instrument is: g, g, d1, a, a, because the main playing strings between d1 addition of a four-grade, refers to the treble panel below the bit from d3, also added four tastes, so that range expansion for g -g3, up to three octaves. This bomb Istanbul, timbre will be on the original panel, change embedded in extending down the fretboard, and an additional plate on the resonance box, when you play the right hand wrist no longer touch panel, so articulate, volume growth big. For a long time, professional music groups have adopted this alto Boolean bomb, it would be used for solo or instrumental ensemble, and it is supporting the use, there is a shorter treble piano playing Boolean.

5 Modern Research
Beijing China Art Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Music Instrument Museum bomb Brdo pieces, piano total length 114 cm to 141 cm, the resonance box ~ 14.4 cm wide, 12.5 cm, mostly mulberry wood or pine wood, Mongolia to paulownia panel, five a T-shaped shaft left di-n-three, Zhang five steel strings. But some are also unique, such as the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Department of Culture Istanbul gift of a bomb, length 119.3 cm, 14.4 cm wide, whole body bone embedded in a black and white patterned patterns; gift of the Chinese Musicians Association a bomb Istanbul, length 123 cm, 12.5 cm wide, rosewood fingerboard inlay bone ornaments, piano bar and a piano box back to black and white bone inlay decorative design patterns, five red wooden pegs are disaggregated on the left tri two; purchased from a piano at home ZHENG Ying sun bomb Boolean, length 127.6 cm, 13 cm wide, carved bone fretboard pattern ornamentation; most compelling to be donated to the Ministry of Light Industry Bureau of Light Industry a bomb Istanbul, the whole body is made from pine, length 124 cm, the resonance box was a scoop-shaped, Mongolia paulownia panel, 13.3 cm wide, on the opening two small teardrop-shaped sound hole. Flat headstock, inlaid with bone ornaments. Five tri two pegs left. Piano bar mahogany fingerboard surface, the embedded prismatic and triangular bone ornaments, tied with 26 tendon strings goods. Five strings, including four for steel strings (a group every two strings), with stringed bass strings. Qin bamboo horse. Piano bar and piano are embedded in the back bone of black and white design patterns. This piano production of fine, beautiful appearance, has been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.

6 Play mode
Istanbul bombs and more generally for sitting playing right leg on the left leg, left hand holding oblique piano, piano head towards the upper left leg near the resonance box placed at the abdomen. Contact plate right wrist, palm near the bridge, clavichord point between the MA to the top of 3 cm. In vast areas of northern and eastern Xinjiang, dip the wire tie in the first joint of the right index finger, in the main playing strings can play on the way, but also in the reciprocating plucked strings. In southern dip and then do not use wire or plastic paddles horn playing. His left index finger, middle finger, ring finger Anxian, when the thumb playing chords occasionally use, according to the needs of music that can move up and down freely flexible, changing the position. Rich and diverse musical skills, right hand bombs, strong bomb, dial, double bomb, rolling bombs, shells and sweep Pa bombs, left a flat press, pull strings, glide up and down, up and down vibrato, playing sounds, harmonics and vibrato, etc. .

7 tracks
Istanbul bomb good at playing passionate, rhythmic folk music repertoire is very rich, mainly for the “Wu Zhale”, “Aoxia Ke” and “Wood Xiawu hot g” and “Twelve Muqam” in tune. There are more famous solo song “Ai-mediated Farm,” “Pat Lam”, “three Yan Zi”, “Sabah”, “Motherland is a Garden” and “song to his mother,” and so on.

8 famous musicians
Famous musicians are:
Celil · Garmisch
Black teeth Augustine · Bharti
Kurban Tours River · Ukraine buy
Noor Mohammad Tursun and so on.