Whistle a multi succulents Latin name Conophytum luiseae Aizoaceae meat coneflower is a green Qunsheng plant that grows mainly headshots way , a single head of fissile new head into 2-3 pieces . Heat , summer demand without water , not less than 3 degrees below zero in winter , spring and autumn blooming yellow flowers in general , some purple and red.
Whistle , Shanghai National Orchestra Yu Xun-fa created a new wind instrument . Withered or small water with yellow bamboo production, can also be used long stems of bamboo , water hyacinth bamboo or black bamboo . On a short , thin bamboo , blowing open a hole in the middle , the use of natural orifice tube end , into two orifice flute , if the recent blow hole to open three vents , compared with five opening whistle . Two orifice flute , pipe length 4.8 cm , right side of the first hole , the second hole left , left, right end inside diameter of 1.05 and 1.1 cm , respectively , blowing pitch left and right side , respectively, 2.3 and 2.5 cm ; five orifice flute , pipe length 7.4 cm , left , right 0.95 and 1 cm inner diameter , pitch blowing left , right 3.45 and 3.95 cm for the blow hole oval, round sound hole , a diameter of 0.5 cm .
Whistle
Brief introduction
Whistle nation
Han
Whistle production
Whistle flute player Yu Xun is issued under spit blade shape, made of short bamboo . There are two openings and two five-hole flute .
History
Huangdi period, ie dating back about 4000 years ago, the Yellow River basin growth of a large bamboo, bamboo as material began to choose flute , “Historical Records ” record: ” Yellow Emperor makes cutting bamboo in the Kun Lun Ling Xi , for flute cut and blow for Phoenix Ming “in order to feed a village of bamboo flute made a big step forward , one bamboo bone vibration than good , clear pronunciation ; two bamboo facilitate processing . Qin and Han Dynasty has been a seven-hole bamboo flute , and the invention of two flute , Yong , Xun Xu , Emperor Wu Di have produced twelve law , that a flute all . In ancient flute called a ” flute .” To the Han Dynasty , Xu Shen ‘s “Dictionary” are: ” flute , seven holes , bamboo Yong also ” records. In 1978, with the county from Hubei tomb unearthed two bamboo Chi , from Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb unearthed two bamboo flute , bamboo flute unearthed ancient books and records of the Han Chi , in addition to the length slightly out , other shapes are identical ; flute unearthed and documented the same except outside , and wrote the words on the tomb of bamboo has chi , apparently ancient bamboo flute , bamboo flute and flute ancient very similar , always someone chi , flute does not points, said to be of the same instrument , actually there is a difference . Unearthed Chi , flute can be seen : Chi , 6 holes , closed, the sound can be played five plus a change in tone , body painting (xiū) paint ; flute , 7 holes , openings, the sound can be played seven plus two changes in tone, not painted .
Warring States period, Chi is one of the main melody instrument or ritual feast pavilion when playing the flute is also very popular , Qu Song of the students ‘ flute Fu ” was also mentioned in the South at that time whistle , flute today and have been very similar . Flute in front of the Han Dynasty more than that vertical flute , since the Qin and Han dynasties , the flute has become the common name of the vertical and transverse flute blowing the whistle blows and the continuation of a long period of time . Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian passed through the Western flute , also known as ” cross- blowing .” It plays an important role in advocating music in the Han Dynasty . Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb unearthed two bamboo flute , transverse flute instruments are considered blowing class. Northern , the flute is not only extremely common, and some development , shape, length, thickness larger changes . To the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty , beginning with the ” flute ” in the name . Sui late , there has been able to play chromatic ten holes flute . From the Tang Dynasty , there are large cross- blown flute and a small cross- blowing difference. Meanwhile, Chi was only called vertical flute blowing , blowing is called transverse flute . Tang Lu Cai, system ” shakuhachi ” vertical blow , and brought to Japan ; in Shosoin ancient capital of Nara , the treasure of China’s Tang Dynasty produced four flute . There teeth and each one carved stone flute , bamboo ‘s two , they are different lengths , but have opened seven oval sound hole . Liu Department for seven Guan Di , Mongolian film assistant sound, plus film is the first person flute . When Jin has clarinet , blowing head plus a wood, so that gas from the gap by two post holes toward the edge mausoleum pronunciation. Song flute made diverse, Chashou flute , flute long neck , small cross eleven holes blown flute large abalone , the seven-hole flute and so on. Flute with a similar late Yuan Dynasty , as the booming opera , flute accompaniment for many musical drama , opera and press accompaniment divided into two categories: bangdi and Qudi .
1960s , Zhao Songting invention Pan Flute , the 2-4 tie together different tone flute , the range can be extended over three octaves , music varied , easy to play. Chinese flute is widespread wind instrument, because it is made of natural bamboo , it is also known as ” bamboo flute .” A bamboo flute made from the inside to the festival , there is an opening in the tube body blow hole , a film hole , six sound hole . Blow hole is the first hole flute , air thus blown , so the air tube vibration pronunciation. The membrane pores is the second hole flute , dedicated to paste Dimo , Dimo multi- made film or bamboo reeds film , Dimo by airflow vibration , will be issued crisp and mellow tone . Although short and simple flute , but it has 7,000 years of history. Around four thousand five hundred years ago, when the bamboo flute to the bone . In the first century BC, when the Emperor , flute called ” cross- blow “, which plays an important role in the advocacy of the music of the time . From the beginning of the 7th century , the flute , there has been improved by increasing the membrane pores , making it the expressive power has been greatly developed , and play technology developed to a very high level. To the 10th century , with the rise of Song Yuan , Yin word flute duet accompaniment became a major instrument in the folk opera and drama minority band , the flute is an indispensable instrument. Expressive flute is very rich, it is not only playing a long , high-pitched melodies , but also the performance of the vast , wide mood, but also can play the merry dance and mildly gorgeous beautiful tune. However , lies not only expressive flute melodies, it can express various sounds of nature. For example, to imitate a variety of birds and so on. Not only the rich flute playing skills, and it ‘s varieties are also diverse, there Qudi , bangdi , set the tone flute , plus key flute , Yuping flute , seven-hole flute , flute and other eleven holes , and the formation of different styles of north and south factions .
3 types
Bangdi : bangdi northern clapper opera accompaniment for flute body thin and short, high-pitched tone bright and strong , focused on the use of the tongue tips on playing shows great local color , the use of breath more fierce , and the use of special skills to play the sound of rapid jumps tongue , powerful tone stack , and so full of fun flowers retroflex . Bangdi good performance energetic , uninhibited, lively and brisk fantastic , with a strong north colors, in which the people of this region and the northern characteristics and life , work habits are inseparable. And more for the north blowing song , Peking Opera and clapper opera ( such as Shaanxi , Hebei Clapper , Puju etc. ) accompaniment , also be used to solo. Qudi : Qudi for the South , such as Kunqu opera accompaniment , also known as “class flute “, ” City Flute” or ” tie -line ( ie wrapping ) Flute” , because it is abundant in Suzhou , it has ” Su Di ” of said . Mostly C or D notes. Tube body thick and long, sounds pure and honest, mellow , lingering stress luck , intensity changes in detail, often used to close after the first release , a three- rhyme sound , melodious tactful , playing tunes more beautiful , exquisite, gorgeous , with a strong southern flavor . Li Yun tone , clear, tone controls , the strength of contrast freely, and to ” call tone” , “send sound “, ” play sound “, ” appoggiatura ,” ” tremolo ” and flute on the multi-application technology , the use of breath on requires full uniform, minimize the use of staccato tonguing . Qudi widespread in southern China , suitable for solo, ensemble , is one of the Kunqu opera and other music genre , Sunan percussion, flute sets of drums and other places Chaozhou music distinctive instruments. Flute is one of China ‘s most characteristic musical instruments. May 1986 , in the East Village , Henan Wuyang Jiahu early Neolithic site excavated in 16 vertical blow bone flute ( made with birds limb ) , based on the measurement dating back more than 8000 years of history. Vertical blowing sound hole holes ranging from five to eight holes , with seven sound hole flute majority, with which we are familiar with traditional Chinese roughly the same scale , the hole next to the bone flute carved decile symbol next to some of the sound hole also added hit holes, fully consistent with the tone of today’s China , still playing folk music with its “cabbage .”
4 Production
Early 1971 , flute virtuoso Yu Xun instruments issued by blowing spit Jingpo horizontal edge , inspired by a short bamboo flute made under the cut is made . Can blow (d1 ~ d2) an octave , two years after the formal stage performances, the first song played song name ” lark .” Later, Yu Xun hair and the assistance of the Shanghai National Musical Instruments Factory王益良the successful development of a five- orifice flute .
Whistle structure is simple , easy to make , or small water use more Withered yellow bamboo production, can also be used long stems of bamboo , water hyacinth bamboo, black bamboo or other materials to a round shaft straight hard bamboo better .
Take a short , thin bamboo , physical space , the right end of the first hole , the second hole left , left, right end of the inner diameter of 10.5 and 11 mm , respectively , away from the left and right side , respectively 23 and 25 mm at the opening of a blow hole , which made two opening whistle .
Five opening whistle is blown flute on the opening two holes near the wall to open three vents , five orifice flute , tube length 74 mm, left and right side of the inner diameter of 9.5 and 10 mm , respectively , blowing pitch left and right side , respectively, 34.5 and 39.5 mm , and the third , fourth and fifth holes , blow holes open on the outer edge of 14 mm from a straight line . Blow Kongkai Cheng oval, diameter 8 mm , third, fourth, fifth round sound hole , a diameter of 5 mm .
5 Performance
Playing whistle , left , right thumb to control the second , a hole , the third hole left index finger , right hand , index finger fourth, fifth hole . Vents full press issued contrabass , open a hole sent four degrees above the pure tone, open one or two holes for the pure octave , two thumb moves pronounce on the sound hole .
Playing whistle , right, left thumb to control the first and second hole , third hole left index finger , right middle finger , index finger by a fourth , five-hole to the right hand ring finger and left middle finger against the tight lips withstand flute body with his left hand ring finger Hold the flute dorsal body . Vents emit contrabass full -time , open a hole to issue four degrees above the pure tone, open one or two holes for the pure octave , moving through two thumbs pronounce on the sound hole , one, two holes can be issued within four degrees respectively a series of scales.
When the winds blow whistle , blow holes aligned lips , nearly horizontal angle , throttle should be small, lip muscles to tighten , the air should be thin and anxious. Luck also has special requirements, in the course of the entire play , abdomen bear close , not relaxation . Like with the bamboo flute , whistle mouth can play the various techniques , especially playing smooth glide more smoothly than the flute .
G flute tune two orifices can to play by the d1 ~ d2 an octave ; A flute tune five orifice can to play by the (g ~ C2) 11 -degree sound , but also with full press flute hole , turn the flute body , relax blowing fresh and changing the angle of the mouth and other methods , blow d, e, f3 tones , the range of d ~ C2, nearly two octaves . By varying degrees of opening and closing the mouth fresh sound hole and fit , but also play the lift ( semitones ) between each tone to sound .
Whistle sounds bright, high-pitched , approximate whistle , penetrating power . Especially suitable for the performance of melodic tunes and lively and enthusiastic and cheerful , and can vividly imitate birds contention and vocals . National band , used it to play a cadenza , can be used solo, ensemble or accompaniment. Also can participate Western orchestra , is a unique color effect of the instrument.
6 Select
Select flute , flute should consider the quality and class up . Quality flute , in addition to depending on the flute itself good or bad quality materials , it also depends on the level of production . Choose the time of purchase , should be tested :
An inspection of the bamboo flute . Regulatory requirements bamboo flute solid ( bamboo pattern old ) . Fine bamboo pattern . Tube body straight and round. Flute body generally head slightly thicker than the tail , but the phase difference is not too large . Moderate flute thickness . Flute pipe wall is smooth . Body without infestation , cracks and other phenomena . Nice shape . These requirements can be identified by sight .
2, the test flute intonation . The method is based on sound instrument calibration standard pronunciation flute music devices or fixed ( accordion , keyboards , etc. ) controlled trial blowing. After determining vocalist , and then interval relations , flute pronunciation accuracy of all tested . You can also blow each overtone , easy to see whether a sound and clean. The real test is a good way overtone tone pitch inspection .
3 , inspection flute volume. In general , the larger the volume as well . Large volume of flute , resonance , vibration and strong. Sometimes when there is a play on the fingers numb feeling.
4 , test flute tone. General requirements tone is loose, thick , round, bright , flute itself in this regard depends on the quality, on the other hand with the film technology , performance skills also have a close relationship.
5 , testing the sensitivity of the flute . Generally speaking, in order to sound out the gas , pronunciation is not slow as well, the sooner the better response .
7 Maintenance
( 1 ) buy a new flute or flute new production of his own , if you find bamboo too dry , you can plug the hole flute all to live , and then coming down point brine immersion one to two days ( depending on the humidity in accordance with bamboo , bamboo soaking wet by the time should be longer ) , and then open a hole to pour the brine , rinse with water a little , to be an hour , and then put some in the barrel over cooked vegetable oil ( preferably pure chili oil soup oil, use this oil falling red bamboo can never vermin rupture ) , can be used. If you bought the original bamboo flute very dry but strong, the best scrub around a bit with alcohol and blow hole flute tube to achieve the purpose of disinfection . Also a little moisture will Takeuchi with volatile alcohol and exclude ( 2 ) Professional piper who has a flute box , no box man, do a cloth cover ( preferably a sandwich or cotton ) . Weekdays The flute on the inside, if set , boxes are not , you can find a clean cloth to wrap to avoid sun and wind, dust. ( 3 ) After blowing finished, be sure to pour out the flute every barrel of saliva . Best to do a cloth brush , the saliva poured stabbed to gently rub , then into the box or bag . This flute barrel so moldy smell in saliva , as well as flute tube decay. (4 ) weather hot or too dry , it is best to do a ” flute guts” ( with a barrel length of the stick pretty flute , wrap several layers of clean cloth , cast some oil ) , when you can not blow it plugs flute into the barrel to prevent rupture of the flute body . ” Flute guts” and thickness relative to the thickness of the flute tube adapted to rough the plug does not go , a thin bamboo walls suffer not, would not achieve the role of whistle -run . ( 5 ) flute blowing a long time, there will be a lot of dust slowly flute barrel . Dust, gas and water penetration coupled with the passage of time formed a dirt , which is not only unsanitary , often odor , and even to influence the tone , pitch . Then you need to wash . In particular there is no whistle and flute box sets comrades , a flute should be washed in a certain period of time. Note that when you wash , cold water temperature is not too hot . General immerse their hands in lukewarm water as appropriate . Because the water is too cold, dirty wash clean , the water is too soup, dip flute absorbent points too , a thousand wet sucker for flute bad, bamboo fickle , easily broken. Also use a soft cloth or sponge and other drugs , wrapped in a bundle on a stick ( the stick can not be too coarse to fine too solid ) , flooding ( detergent , soap , etc. ) scrub. But not with detergent and soap , because they are irritating , easy to damage the inner wall of bamboo . ( 6 ) sometimes due to weather changes, too cold or too hot or too soft because the bamboo , bamboo is too small, flute body are easily broken . To prevent such breakage , or after has been ruptured , and the blow holes may be in between the two ends to the membrane pores , the membrane pores to the sixth hole between which the two bundles wrapped with a silk thread ( preferably elastic plastic do not ) . The head and tail or copper ( or aluminum ) circle hoop .
Succulents whistle (Conophytum luiseae)
Chinese name: whistle
Latin name : Conophytum luiseae
Genus : Aizoaceae meat cone flower genus
Geographic distribution : South Africa Cape small Namaqualand region
Whistle Conophytum luiseae – Aizoaceae meat cone flower is native to South Africa, Cape Little Namaqualand region .
