Pipa , also known as the violin . Stringed instrument . Pipa is a traditional Chinese stringed instrument , 18th century , with the formation of traditional Chinese opera opera in stringed erhu pull on the basis of restructuring, has been 200 years of history, is a major Chinese traditional opera opera musical accompaniment .
Brief introduction
History
Jinghu in Qianlong restructuring on the basis of the violin , because mainly for opera accompaniment derives its name .
Pipa : formerly known as ” violin ” , also known as the first ” two Drum .” The main opera musical accompaniment , and its name is due for opera accompaniment derived.
Pipa is fifty years of Qing Emperor Qianlong ( 1785 ) about the formation of the violin with opera based on the restructuring of the stringed instrument , has been 200 years of history. The earliest jinghu , only a short piano bar , Qintong also small , in order to be able to pull a high-profile child , as well as Mongolia python , but with a soft bow ( without tensioning bow hair ) pull the strings .
After the 19th century , began to appear hard bow . Now Anhui, Shandong , Henan, Sichuan and other places still have reservations about playing with a soft bow , bow played harder tone is soft, and there is a special kind of broken bow effect , playing techniques is also high, and hard to pronounce bow is bold, loud and clear .
20 half of the century , the Peking Opera actors continue to lower the pitch , exquisite line cavity mellow tones of the structure also changes , piano bar , Qintong constantly extended . Subsequently, Pipa became popular nationwide , especially popular in Beijing .
1930s , opera unprecedented flourishing jinghu also appeared in the production boom , not only the music industry changed to violin shop plaque , even in the name of Peking Opera musician who also recruit workers from jinghu prepared to sell . Some in the production process on the use polishing agent instead of waxing. Nourish the bamboo skin surface gloss , won praise from fans .
The earliest Jing erhu rod is very short, Qintong also small, with a soft bow -outs, time, people called it the soft bow jinghu . After the 19th century , jinghu gradually began playing with a stiff bow , piano bar , Qintong constantly increasing, jinghu also gradually popular in various parts of China , especially in Beijing is particularly prevalent.
Jinghu mainly by the piano bar , Qintong , Bridge, strings and bow and other parts. Pipa ‘s Qintong cylindrical , acoustic resonance is jinghu part of the vibration of the strings through string horses spread Qintong make the air cylinder vibration, issued by the crisp bright tone. Playing Pipa , the player will Qintong on the left leg , left hand according to the string , right hand holding the bow pull-outs .
Early jinghu only one specification , luthiers and players through long-term practice , jinghu development for a variety of specifications to meet the development needs of opera music . Today, the Chinese composer also wrote many jinghu solo, concerto , Pipa is also the corner from the opera accompaniment come center stage .
Early piano bar short Qintong small , Mongolia python or snakeskin , Zhang stringed , played with a soft bow , called soft bow violin ( see ” soft bow jinghu ” article ) . Nineteenth century after the hard bow . First half of the twentieth century, today the formation of shapes . The beginning of this century, the fifties steel stringed . Pipa , with the formation and development of opera , on the basis of the restructuring in the violin made of a stringed instrument . Its bold loud voice , opera orchestral accompaniment is the main instrument . The last century, five , sixty years ago, Peking Opera has been in use with the erhu call , after which , in order to distinguish it from other operas , this instrument was formally known as the ” Pipa .” Qianlong 55 years Anhui ” three Qing “, ” Sixi “, ” spring “, ” spring station ” four emblem classes, gradually came to the Beijing show, they tune with artists from Hubei Han cooperation, mutual impact , but also accepted the Kunqu opera tunes and performances method , gradual integration , the development of today’s opera . There are two main opera singing yellow, Sipi two systems , so the opera also known as ” yellow skin .” Pipa is “skin yellow” music representative. It is accompanied by “skin yellow cavity” gradual formation and developed . Pipa has a magical and loud sounds, can Runqiang charm with actor voice, singing Yutie integrated, perfectly reflects the authentic characteristics of opera . Become opera indispensable and irreplaceable accompaniment of musical instruments .
Structure
Jinghu by the piano bar , Qintong , pegs , extremely heavy hook, Bridge, strings and bow and other parts , piano bar , Qintong are bamboo , piano bar is set extremely heavy hook, tube mouth Mongolia snakeskin , with the tail bow pull-outs .
Jinghu by the piano bar , Qintong , pegs , extremely heavy hook, Bridge, strings and bow and other parts. Piano bar , also known as a burden, multi-purpose black bamboo , white bamboo, Monstera or stained bamboo made , there are usually five , at the top of the first and second , and each is equipped with a peg , inserted into the bottom of the bottom section in Qintong , where a rod in the cylinder body, a rectangular opening , before and after wear outlet, it is a complex Qintong resonance section. Qintong length 11.4 , rear port diameter 4.3 cm , made of bamboo , the former mouth mask snakeskin , after exposure. Boxwood or rosewood wooden pegs . Piano yards bamboo . Bow river reed bamboo , on hitching tail length 74 cm . Zhang erxian , with ” extremely heavy .” Five degrees tune a stringed instrument , singing , and according to different tunes were: anti Erhuang do, Sol strings, two yellow Sol, re strings, Sipi Ia, mi chord , anti- Sipi re, Ia strings. Commonly used in D , E and E jinghu tone two tone yellow , G tune Sipi jinghu . Range of about two octaves.
Qintong a cylindrical shape , made of bamboo . After the 1970s , is also useful low-foam (ABS) material molded . Barrel before the mouth of Mongolia to thin tough snakeskin or other new film material . Qintong is jinghu sound resonance part , the strings vibration transmitted to snake through the chord on the horse , and then spread to the cylinder air column vibration, send a strong sound , crisp sound , loud and clear .
Pegs called spill , the use of fine wood, color Jiao Yan boxwood wood , there are also large with rosewood or ebony . Jin hook is made of copper or galvanized wire S-shaped small hook , hook live two strings before and after the Bay tied with a fine stringed piano bar in the middle third , it is strongly delineated effective long strings fixed point .
Code is made with bamboo strings , a bridge empty and hollow type two. Strings are jinghu pronunciation body , with the original two stringed , the Department of the lower shaft of the chord is fine, said outboard , the Department of the upper shaft thicker strings , called in the strings. Now more steel stringed , stringed better than intonation , pronunciation crisp , easily broken strings.
Bow river with flexible bamboo reed making, baking out of the corners at both ends , the bamboo thin tail end of the bow , the department made an horsetail , horsetail placed two friction between strings and string sounds.
Playing, sitting, Qintong placed at the center of the left leg , slightly tilted to the left piano bar , piano bar Anxian left hand , right hand tail bow perform string sandwiched between two pull-outs .
Bowing with bow , pushing the bow , quiver bow, shaking bow, Dayton bow with bow , quick bow , etc., fingering a press tone , vibrato , playing sounds, portamento , Yi Yin and other techniques . For accompaniment or solo. Is a major opera musical accompaniment , but also for other operas . More from opera solo tunes , such as ” small door “, ” Deep in the Night “, ” Liu Qing Niang “, ” spring “, ” Everlasting Joy ” and so on .
Species
Jinghu many varieties , often with black bamboo Pipa , Pipa and white stained bamboo bamboo jinghu . There are also Lohan bamboo bamboo Pipa Pipa and water hyacinth .
Early jinghu , only one specification , after luthiers and players long-term practice , according to the different opera tunes , and the development of a variety of specifications , created a Sipi , two yellow, doll reconcile plectrum , such as several special jinghu . Amplifies the low-key door jinghu size to accommodate the needs of the development of opera music .
Production process
Choice of materials
( A ) the burden
Do jinghu burden materials are mainly black bamboo , followed by water hyacinth Bamboo ( Bamboo ) , Rohan bamboo, Monstera and so on.
Shichiku produced in Fujian , Jiangxi, Anhui and other places. Classy black bamboo ( flower Shichiku ) color patterns not only look good, unique and solid texture , is doing jinghu on the election of the material .
Of course, if the water hyacinth Eichhornia bamboo pattern also spend the finest materials like leopard spots . However, although the water hyacinth bamboo texture generally very solid , but the size is often less than ideal .
Good Lohan bamboo , Monstera also be made of high-grade jinghu come . In conclusion depends on the choice of materials first product phase , ie color and pattern . Common flower Shichiku black black bamboo ( commonly known as the Black Tiger ) , white black bamboo , yellow and black bamboo ( commonly known as the yellow tiger ) , sesame point , yin and yang face, eel and yellow . The second depends on size : ( 1 ) Thickness : that diameter should generally be in φ18mm ~ φ20mm between . ( 2 ) length : jinghu burden is divided into five , usually requires first long 80mm, second length 90mm, third length 100mm.
Sipi burden from the first to the fourth quarter should be less than 400mm (370 ~ 390mm);
Two yellow burden since the first quarter to the fourth quarter should be greater than 400mm (400 ~ 430mm). Outside this range do not apply.
Eichhornia bamboo is often first is short, it does not matter , as long as the second , third right on the line . And Lohan bamboo and Monstera will depend on the size of its next three , in particular, Section V is most important and should not be longer than 120mm; should not be less than 100mm.
Lohan bamboo Total number generally are odd , so Lohan bamboo qin common are : ” section cudgel “, ” seven whip “, ” whip “, ” The Wild Bunch ” and , of course, the most rare ” Eighteen ” is even festival .
( Two ) Cheese
Cheese is a bamboo diameter φ42 ~ φ52mm whichever bamboo saws made . Cheese to solid texture, Zhuhuang thick and evenly. Of course, the best iron heart . Its dimensions : Sipi tube length 115mm, diameter : φ42 ~ mmφ44mm; two yellow tube length 117mm ~ 120mm, diameter : φ45mm ~ φ52mm.
( Three ) snakeskin
Pipa is wild with black snakeskin sheath snake . Produced in Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang , Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. Generally from the color of three types: black, brown, green. Among the black for the best. Snake because of the time difference in the thickness of the leather quality is not the same. Jingzhe after snakeskin best, and the summer after molting snakeskin not the best.
Snake snakeskin pattern size and thickness of about . Spend the bigger the better . Pattern to be black and white. Often say ” white as lines, such as satin black ” is a good leather for most incisive describe it.
A snakeskin can take 6 to 8 . Thickest end of the leather , but also the smallest flower for Sipi piano ; near belly thin leather that can be used two yellow piano .
( Four ) piano axis
General Qin axis common with Jujube wood , boxwood , rosewood , ebony, sandalwood and so on. Length size : 148 ~ 152mm.
Jujube axis which is most useful, because Zaomu and hard and resilient , so they can ” bite ” hard bamboo. But low value but often overlooked by people , so the axion upscale piano mostly wooden houses or sandalwood .
( Five ) strings piano yards
Jinghu strings on the market in Tianjin , Beijing , Shanghai and other products of the various brands. I believe that through the practice of Shanghai production of ” Pigeon ” string is best to use . Soft and easily broken strings , sound and transparent.
Code is engraved old piano made of bamboo , sub- code two kinds of hollow codes and horseshoe . Strings and piano code is jinghu pronunciation key component of a piano to do it and after several tunings and escape to issue a pleasant voice.
Manufacture
Grilled burden
Because bamboo grows naturally in the mountains , and therefore its shape flat , round , curved , straight mixed. Once the selected material , it must be processed baked straightening tone round to meet the requirements
Tool
Grilled burden of tools are: stove, bench , school round clamp. Stove to stove with ordinary briquettes can be.
Bench wooden bench to the usual home , but you must drill a diagonal hole on top .
Head in an oven using tongs welding on two iron, iron on wood bordered with screws . Wood is special , each with a semi- circular hole above . This is the school round pliers .
Grilling
The burden will be marked with grilled industrial wax, when the wax is melted inside bamboo skin penetration , so that the burden of bright color . The natural color is a difficult match any paint .
Then the burden placed on top of the cellular furnaces for baking at about 5,6 cm . Kaozhi burden itself temperature of 70 ~ 80 ℃ immediately scored a school round pliers to clamp round, fast rotation burden , given the pressure with pliers so that it becomes flat in a circle . Clip to ovality burden does not exceed 0. 5mm can. On campus at the same time , the use of inclined holes on the bench , the burden of straightening . These two work could alternately, and must be processed multiple times , in order to meet the technical requirements . Process, do not hurry, or likely to cause splitting burden . Round in school and straightening the same time, the burden also dried up .
Sealing head
The burden is generally baked before 6 , after baking shall cut off the top one , and then saw sect.
Sipi F piano tuning ( doll piano tuning ) the last one is : 103mm;
Sipi E flat piano ( dan piano ) , the last one is : 105mm;
Two yellow F piano tuning ( Health Net piano ) the last one is : 107mm;
Two yellow D piano tuning ( dan piano ) , the last one is : 110mm.
After cutting , the saw cut fell flat , and then sealed head ( Figure 3) . Rapid adhesive with 502 good .
Head of mahogany or ebony wood for general use car from the system.
Shaft hole drilling hot
Before and after the separation of the burden ( after pre-yin yang ) in the first and second , between a straight line symmetry , then in the first quarter of the half draw a horizontal line at the bottom , with the original line into a cross , from amount to a second 80MM painting at the second horizontal line . In these two points ( down a total of four points ) with a cone drill down on the kind of red eyes . Draw a good line , you can drill . The first two holes drilled φ10MM , behind the two drilled holes φ12MM . After the holes are drilled , you can burn holes. Hot hole with fire stick is specially . Hot hole should pay attention to two holes parallelism and concentricity. To burn a hole generally 3 to 5 times , once every hot , should be selected piano axis placement try. Any correction holes prejudiced and depth, to meet the requirements so far. The length of the shaft is generally : 36MM ~ 39MM.
After a good hot shaft hole , shaft hole with a knife scrape off the charred parts , then scrape the shaft hole with training , piano shaft until the shaft and the shaft hole with piano tight so that so far. Finally, wrap up and down the shaft hole black nylon cord.
Grilled Cheese
Grilled cheese stays within the circle before : the cheese on the pot with boiling water and cook for 4-6 minutes, then remove a child support two stuffed a wooden tap lightly until child support and seamless Qintong until then Qintong with wooden spreaders child placed in a microwave oven . With the fire bake 2 to 3 minutes, remove and let it cool off after the wooden child support , you can spin on the lathe cylindrical . The wall thickness of the cheese is usually : 5. 5MM ~ 6. 5MM.
Cheese drilling
Drilling before drawing a line in the bobbin : cheese head in the end surface of uniform centerline , and then down the centerline of each bobbin leads to a straight line with a vernier caliper 40MM at the top with a line , with the original line cross into a cross , and then the caliper in the following line 41. 5MM flat horizontal line at the intersection with the original line into a cross , and in the upper and lower cross at shallow holes drilled with a cone drill mark. Drilling should be preceded with the amount of what the diameter of the burden , such as the burden of crude 19MM , then choose φ18MM reamers ; such as the burden of crude 18MM , then choose φ17MM reamers . Holes drilled , you can match the burden of it.
Burden and bobbin spotting
The diameter of the amount of what the cheese , and then put the burden on the lower end up bobbin size plus 10mm diameter circle delineated pencil India , first with the rasp head to head with the lower end of the burden on the junction file extension 10mm roll into a cone , after using emery cloth ( 80 # ) from the pencil to the end at the sleek polished smooth . Be careful not to ground into an ellipse. The burden of polished good for spotting and cheese . Hole on the bobbin to use a knife scraping Xiu positive cone , or the small great . Lower hole is inversely tapered repair scratch .
Cheese and down hole must be with the burden of spotting was very tight, to grind after a good airtight prevail.
Mongolia snakeskin
Mongolian snakeskin past old artist used was ” Bagua Zhen ” method, which uses eight small sticks stitched leather upper , with a wooden wedge will snakeskin taut. And now it appears that this approach is obviously awkward and behind.
Most people are using a mold with cone ring skin . This method is somewhat easy, fast and snakeskin even by force . This skinning tool. Mongolia snakeskin front until the cheese should be playing outside groove .
The snakeskin in cold water for 5 to 6 hours , remove the belly cut part was octagonal , with a newspaper on the snake skin moisture dry. Help spread the bobbin has Aohao glue, put the snake is in the bobbin with a tapered sleeve to suppress, the mold, evenly tighten the four nuts with a wrench , placed in ventilated, dry place , waiting to dry to refrain from exposure or baking.
Piedmont was the tightness of the snake entirely on experience to complete. The elastic and snakeskin with piano tone , timbre relevant . General profile of the piano Mongolia to cut back door ; understated piano door was loose some of the Mongolian . In short, Mongolia more, also very much at home .
Mont
After the snake on Piemonte , ventilated place summer six hours , eight hours after the winter you can put the cheese taken down from the frame , remove the sleeve , the excess glue with a knife scraped around in snakeskin cast a wide 30MM black or blue cotton , for edge protection. Mont , should the cheese stick a pad along the skin, in order to avoid frayed strings snakeskin .
Open air
Insert the burden of good Qintong inner Mongolia , crossed with a pencil in the barrel , and then take in the open eye ( the sound hole ) . General Qin ‘s eye Approximately 20 ~ 25MM, width 3 ~ 4MM. Eye to open just as sound is not ideal, can be lengthened and widened the eye , but the eye on the sounds of impact is limited . The burden then inserted in the bobbin , you can wound , tied jin hooked .
Hook tied jin
Jin hook is made of H68 brass or stainless steel S-shaped . A diameter of 1. 2MM ~ 1. 5MM. The width is generally extremely heavy 20MM or so. The width of the hook with extremely heavy sound related, such as timbre is not satisfactory, adjust the hook jin will play a role.
Debugging Pieces
Jin leash hook , you can audition the placement of piano yards . Generally, Xiaoqin code comparison through sound , and a large yard piano sound is more boring . A piano to go through repeated testing, to find out it’s the best voice. Jinghu should have quite a good penetration , and also have crisp tone metal sound , if they have, then a good violin was born.
Tune a stringed instrument
Jinghu relationship tune a stringed instrument with five degrees , according to the different opera tunes have different tuning . The two tones of the string tuning relation to five degrees , according to different tunes accompaniment opera , often given as c1, g1 string ( trans two yellow ), g, d1 string ( two yellow ), a, e1 string ( Xipi ) and d1 , a1 string ( anti Xipi ) of four, and sometimes fixed into f1, c2 chords and e1, b1 strings and so on. Jinghu use stringed , generally outboard with erxian , where strings with the old strings, same to Pipa , steel stringed stringed pronunciation than crisp . Because jinghu strings shorter range is not wide, so not suitable for general music or dance accompaniment . When playing jinghu , played by flat feet apart , left hand on the tiger’s mouth harp performed under extremely heavy hook will Qintong on the left leg , piano bar to the left slightly tilted . Right hand holding the bow bowed , bowing to stable. Bowing with bow , pushing the bow , quiver bow, shaking bow, Dayton bow, bow with bow and fast and so on. Anxian left hand , the hand -type semicircular , except the thumb , and the other four fingers fingertip contact area between the belly chord . Except fingering sound outside , mainly vibrato , playing sounds, portamento and Yi Yin and other skills.
Discriminate
Pipa is a piano burden Qintong , snakeskin , bows and other accessories constituted . Making a good violin , what tone choice of what materials, what size are very particular . Qin burden to Cishi , plump, pattern to be beautiful, usually black bamboo . Shichiku of “white black bamboo ” , “yellow bamboo “, ” day” , “Black Tiger “, “yellow tiger .” Flower bamboo stars “toad flower “, ” sesame seeds and flowers” and so on.
Cheese : Texture to shun , to a large cross-section and uniform brown eyes , Zhuhuang to thick bamboo to Cishi but not excessively Cishi , otherwise it will affect the sound vibration.
Axis: the past used boxwood , rosewood , the advantage of smooth, delicate , beautiful, but easy to bend and deform . Now multi Jujube , ebony, mahogany . Rosewood piano axis should not be done , easily hurt burden .
Leather divided into three : the meat board, oil board , crisp plate . Brittle slab best , because it is beautiful, loud sound . Using the most attention in the past produced from Hubei , Wu Xiao snake Piemonte jinghu . Because it is consistent with good skin ” as black as satin, white as line” standards.
Bow : the use of the sword bamboo, river reed, bamboo water hyacinth , bamboo is the best to independence .
A good jinghu criteria should be: good materials , good technique , sound volume is good ; Also has use value, ornamental value and worth retaining .
5 Plate
Jinghu the plate roughly [ board] [ original ] [ Allegro Adagio fast three ] [ ] [ ] [ rubato in three guides ] [ ] [ ] [ touch rocker panels roof panels ] [ ] [ ] [ clearing board pallets water ] [ ] [ ] [ roll twenty-six board] and so on.
Choose
Optional jinghu pay attention to its quality , materials and workmanship. A high-quality jinghu , the sound quality should sound crisp , bright , pure, mellow , pronounced keen focus , no noise. In the selection must be dry bamboo pole , bamboo solid , full, can not have shrinkage , grooves, infestation or splitting phenomenon , the shaft straight without bends. Shichiku should maintain the original color , bright and moist. Bamboo tube should be solid , uniform texture straight , coarse fiber , no water stains phenomenon . To a large snake scales ( scales ridges to five and a half by superior ) , line white, plate crisp , pure black is better.
In the production , rod and tube installation should be moderate , suitable elastic skin , snake skin scales tip down the ridges in the central tube mouth . Pegs petal pattern uniform , lines clear. In contact with the bore axis tight, non-slip phenomenon strings .
New total jinghu do not compare the old piano , it is because Qintong and piano bar after a long , natural drying , adapted to the playing conditions , so the sound quality is better.
