Lacquer is the ancient Chinese arts and crafts in the chemical process and the important inventions. It generally painted Zhu ornaments black, or painted black ornaments Zhu, with a beautiful pattern on the surface of objects constitutes a beautiful colored world. From the Neolithic onwards, Chinese people know the performance of paint and used controller. Until after the Shang and Zhou Ming, Chinese lacquer technology continues to develop, reached a very high level. China’s soy gold, gilt and other crafts, Japan and other places have a profound impact.
Brief introduction
Coated with lacquer on the surface of various objects made of daily utensils and handicrafts, art, etc., generally known as “lacquer.” Lacquer is excised from a natural lacquer sap, mainly by urushiol, laccase, tree gum and water composition. Use it as a coating, there is resistant to moisture, high temperature, corrosion and other special features, but also can be prepared with different paint and shiny. Lacquer is the ancient Chinese arts and crafts in the chemical process and the important inventions. It originated in the Neolithic Age, until after the Shang and Zhou Ming, technology continues to evolve, reached a very high level. Its soy gold, gilt and other crafts, but also to Japan and other places had a profound impact.
Historical heritage
Prehistoric
Around 7,000 years ago, our ancestors have been able to create a lacquer. According to 1978 in Zhejiang Yuyao Hemudu cultural sites found in red lacquer bowls and red lacquer barrel, after the chemical and spectral analysis, its paint is lacquer.
Qin
Xia Dynasty, the lacquer varieties, better in the Warring States period, lacquerware industry dominate the formation five centuries of unprecedented prosperity. According to records, management of Zhuangzi young paint industry has done a minor official. Warring States Period, lacquerware production scale has been great, been included in the national key economic income, and let someone manage. Lacquerware production process complicated, time-consuming consuming work, lacquer varieties has been particularly numerous, not only for decorative furniture, utensils, stationery and art, but also applies to musical instruments, funeral utensils, weapons and so on. Then lacquer is very expensive, but are no longer interested in the emerging princes bronzes, while the interest turned bright and clean, washable, lightweight, thermal insulation, corrosion-resistant, painted colorful lacquer inlay decoration, so, to some extent, lacquer replaced the bronze. During this period, generally painted with cinnabar lacquer decorated with black, or painted black ornaments Zhu, with a beautiful pattern on the surface of objects constitutes a beautiful colored world. Tomb unearthed in Hubei has more than 220 pieces of lacquerware. Chu lacquer is in these earliest and most exciting, and the whole category, device type large, simple style, these exquisite lacquer reflects the Chu culture charm.
Chinese
Han lacquer is mainly black and red colors. Han was the heyday of lacquerware, lacquer boxes varieties added, disk, cartridge cases, earrings, dish bowls, baskets, boxes, rulers, saliva pots, masks, board, stools, danger, few, etc., while also creating a The new craft techniques, such as colorful, pin carved, brass buttons, stickers gold pieces, tortoiseshell tablets, mosaic, paint and other decorative techniques heap.
Depending on the pattern lacquer objects to rough concise lines or harassment complex composition performance, enhance human or animal movement and strength. Each set of black and red color produced bright, beautiful special effects. On the screen in red and black interwoven to form a rich musical and magnificent colorful art style, showing a man in gods, Qi Wei deceitful cunning, mobile flying, changing magical mythical world.
Tang Dynasty
Tang lacquer reached unprecedented levels, useful for forming thick paint Duisu convex pattern pile paint; useful for shell cut into images, applied on line carving, inlaid into the lacquer inlaid with mother-patterned device; useful for gold, silver Motif inlaid Jin Yinping off the device. Process beyond the previous generation, carve chisel chisel, exquisite, combined with the paint process to become a representative of the Tang Dynasty-style crafts, carved red lacquer has also appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
Clip limonene statues Northern and Southern bodiless techniques since the inheritance and development. Firstly clay system embryo, topical ramie cloth stick wrapped, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes dry paint clip limonene statues high cost, time-consuming long, because the number of small and precious. Currently the best preserved Buddhist Dunhuang dry paint clip limonene spread in the United States the British Museum,
Buddhism in Khotan unearthed afterimage, there are pottery, like, there are a few wooden statue and similar clips like limonene paint work. In clay and ceramic like, in addition to the Buddha, Bodhisattva much with the “Gandhara” style, there are many kings, warriors, and various image dependents statues, also mostly from the sculptures of local materials, real life from the local variety of different identities intake, personality characters.
Unearthed from the southern and Khotan wooden statue, there is a footer damaging kings like their armor costume, mostly for the Central Plains form, but an air of face, but it is modeled on the local character. Another piece of wood, like, divided into three layers, the image of multi-naked fresh straight, a few purely Indian. Lowermost right, carved two male breadwinner, then again the Central Plains then dressed. There is a residual off bergamot, ramie fabric sticker with a surface coated with pastels, very similar to the Chinese folder limonene paint like approach. Bergamot from only enable us to further realize the Xinjiang Buddhist Sculpture reality. This hand muscles and joints, always very round soft, as if full of cortex blood flow. Art like this share must not mimic the appearance and general works only for par.
Song
Song was considered to be the same color lacquer era, but unearthed many highly ornamentation Song lacquer, correct understanding of the past. Burghardt Temple in Suzhou relic Jingchuang pearl found, the base of the Suan Ni, Po-phase flowers, dependents back with thick lacquer plasticized. In the Yuan Dynasty, is the highest achievement lacquer lacquer, which is characterized by hypertrophy heap paint, carve with a knife hidden Feng rich fruity floral. Big Maung honest muddy, and detail is extremely delicate, the texture has a special charm, such as the Palace Museum of Zhang Cheng made Gardenia pattern carved red plate, Yang Mao early Waterfall Figure square tick red plate, Anhui Museum Zhang made Ukrainian inter- Zhu line tick rhino boxes.
Ming
Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties are capital Beijing, and its cultural and artistic deck Song, Yuan, to continue to develop, and continuously improve. Meanwhile, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur and other ethnic minorities living Manchu customs and cultural characteristics of the Han Chinese traditional culture had a certain impact, greatly enriched the cultural traditions of the Chinese nation. Ming and Qing dynasties of foreign trade is relatively developed, in the output, they also introduced a number of Arab and European technology, to imitate, absorption, digestion, arts and crafts for the development of Ming and Qing Dynasties, infused new blood. Arts and crafts of this period, after 549 years of development has gone through changes, forming a unique style and period look. During this period of painting techniques and construction, furniture, furnishings combined steering and decorated by the practical field. Entered a gorgeous, complex ornaments, caulking, lands and other techniques as the basic process of one thousand paper Wanhua new era.
Ming dynasty lacquer, beginning to Jiaxing (now Jiaxing) Xitang Zhang Cheng, Yang Mao as an example, by the son of Zhang Degang Zhang Liang presided over the inner court with the package government-run orchard plant for the production of paint. Chenghua, Hongzhi Neiting lacquer, thinner devices tires, tread Lichtung, logos Xitang send lacquer nearing completion. Dali is another lacquer origin, Wang Song name painters are known only one person. To Jiajing, Yunnan lacquer began to enter the inner court, grand feat, finally replaced Xitang faction, one of the inner court lacquer to change. Which is characterized by the knife does not harbor front, edges do not grind cooked. Ming and Qing lacquer lost to four years by the Qianlong carved bamboo craftsman carved seal manifold kind, Suzhou Textile paint for successful imitation, the court also with lacquered mostly by Suzhou making. There Yangzhou lacquer inlaid with mother, Babolat inlay and other varieties to Raden most characteristic, especially in the most delicate point of snails, the system of lacquer pattern slim and colorful. Name workers have Wangguo Chen, Lu Ying’s, summer painters, the latter especially good manufacturing antique carved red lacquer. Su Yang Qing destroyed two paint for the suppression of the Taiping Revolution war. Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware to Kyo, color, colorful, lightweight device body is its specialty. Department of workers by the name of Shen zhao’an □ France using traditional folders created by. Qing Beijing carved lacquer developed to imitate the patch Yongle, Xuande and Qianlong lacquer. Makie lacquer paint for the Japanese name, the Ming Dynasty Xuande Young painter was ordered to Japan to learn Maki paint, imitation home, his son Yang Xun from the school, the system enough to the real thing. Another painter Jiang Hui also good imitation Maki paint, lacquer maki Qing Suzhou imitation heyday, gold lacquer shine, magnificent. Gifted appear soft Raden is inlaid with mother of new varieties. Xin’an (now the new County of Anhui Province) Fang Xinchuan tin inlay heap, Yangzhou Lu Tin Kwai Sang sand inlaid lacquer are reputed 1:00. Closure gold, bodiless lacquerware, etc. also have varying degrees of progress.
Modern
Modern lacquer mainly in Beijing, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, Shanghai, Chongqing, Sichuan, Fujian, Pingyao, Shanxi, Guizhou generous, Tianshui, Gansu, Jiangxi Yichun, Fengxiang, Shaanxi and other places. Among them, Beijing carved lacquer, in wood or copper tire tread painted decoration on dozens or even hundreds of layers layer, then relief, color with scarlet-based, style Furama expensive. Yangzhou lacquer ware inlaid inlaid with mother in their characteristics, in the light Zhao Ying, very beautiful. Fujian bodiless lacquerware, with its bright color, light and beautiful, not afraid of flooding, to heat, acid corrosion of its features. Sichuan lacquer ware, multi-use push light carved painted decoration techniques or fill Kyo, or by grinding painted said. In addition, Xiamen decorative paint line, Tianshui carved filling, etc., each with a different artistic characteristics.
Those ancient paint, gloss China, like Ugyen rather than cold, bright and stately, with a rich and dignified temperament, the ancient nobility of the time, mostly used by the contemporary Chinese arts and crafts workers, to the natural beauty of lacquer materials and production processes means to re-displayed at its graphic arts, through color, gloss, texture, texture, and other visual language, and a blend of traditional Chinese cloisonne craft dizzy Korea artistic effects to produce visual pleasure, evoke or deep tranquility, or Yun Ji subtle, or Furama expensive, or simple and elegant aesthetic, sparking spiritual wisdom and despatched to the height of spiritual enjoyment. [1-3]
Techniques category
In the lacquer surface, painted with gold floral decoration method. Gilt on black ground is the most common, followed by vermilion ground or purple ground. There is also the gilt called “gilt silver paint decoration law”.
“Zunsheng eight chien”: “Xuande have filled paint containers, piled with colorful thick paint colors, polished picturesque ——” “Teikyo other things a little,” carved flowers and birds fill the paint, thick paint color fill , polished picturesque —— “This heap engraved pattern after the fill color to show the mill painted decoration technique called” fill paint. ”
Also known as “snail fill”, “Lo Austin” is a shell made of sheet figures, birds, flowers and other images embedded in lacquer carving or painting decorative techniques on the matter. After the flat paint and decorated with colorful, there are trace paint, color paint, bleaching Xia makeup color, flower color, Painted etc. Method, decorated with gold, there are gold, gilt, throwing, painted gold, lacquer, laced with gold and other names, according to their respective names fine, since it can be inferred different system of law. In short, lacquerware are concerned, the most noble lacquer, lacquer were also the most artistic charm, so efforts are making history. Song carved red lacquer, if the palace with boxes, multi-use gold and silver for the child to stack to tens of layers thick red lacquer, before carved figures, pavilions, flowers and other pictures, the knife work, Carve the clever, if Yan strokes . Tin tires who have □ places, there are saffron yellow ground, there are five colors, Cephas makeup shades with dew color, such as needle-like leaves, yellow heart Blackstone and the like, eye-catching impressive, but rarely handed down. And useful Zhu, a carved assorted flowers, with black for the face, carving a variety of flowers, Jindi embossing, lovely red and black, then mostly Boxes, disk cartridges followed. Box there Zhengbing type, Hexi type, stage curtain, three hit style, two hit type, plum-type, oval type, then a few feet large and small then dash, both sides of a pattern. There are those who dish round, square who were waist-like, four persons, star anise, some in ring-like sash who have corners by peony petals. Cartridges, there are rectangular, square, two hit, three hit four style and so on.
Process method inlaid with mother very early origin, Zhou has been popular. Tang inlaid with mother-in-kind from an existing view, there was a very high level. CAO Zhao “Grid ancient theory to”: “inlaid with mother vessels, the Ji’an Prefecture Luling County. Old Song and do things within those Fuchu, but Kennedy who paint or copper inlay very good. Yuan Dynasty Regal Any date do , paint hard and lovely character. “There Zhang Cheng, Yang Mao two, technical trespassing while, but not thick with Zhu, paint and more knock crack.
Point Lo lacquer is a traditional Chinese arts and crafts. 1966 Beijing Yuan Dynasty unearthed fragments of a Lacquer Tray inlaid with conch slice Moon Palace. Lo Ming is the point of peak lacquer, exquisite craft level has reached a considerable degree. With shells, snails and other luminous as raw materials, refined into a gauzy spiral slice, then slice thin spiral “point” in the paint on a blank, hence the name “dot spiral.” Due to the more general point screw material mosaic inlaid with mother of thin and soft, so called “thin inlaid with mother” and “soft inlaid with mother.” Today, Yangzhou and other places, still a little snail lacquer production.
The gold and silver thin moments into various figures, birds, flowers and other patterns, with glue paint on smooth polished fetus, to be dried, fully painted and then by grinding show two three silver pattern, so that achieve the same pattern and paint the bottom roughness, plus push the light become exquisite lacquer square off. Wide tread surface where gold and silver can also be carved lines, but not carved through the gold and silver pieces. This decorative method, precise of work, materials noble, but the luster of gold and silver specter embraced with the paint color is extremely gorgeous, very precious lacquer. “Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang”, “Lushan deeds”, “too true rumor”, “Yu Lin”, etc., are on the Emperor, Yang Lushan give off a variety of flat lacquer nominal records.
Without gray paint and paint color used to paint different kind of painted decoration pattern making techniques. Now used for heap paint may have colored plastic material that can be affixed to gold painted color, meaning more widely.
In the stacked flat tire tick engraved pattern paint techniques. Began in the Tang Dynasty of lacquer, the history of the Yuan Dynasty Jiaxing Xitang most famous modern main origin of Beijing, Yangzhou, Tianshui, Huizhou and so on. Most vivid red lacquer with lacquer, also known as “red tick.” Often lacquered wood ash, metals tires, paint heap, at least ninety eight layers, up to a hundred layers, are subject to semi-dry stint drawings, a painted decoration applied carving techniques. Generally brocade pattern as the ground, hidden from the pattern, refined and full of solemn sense Lihua America.
Northern and Southern Dynasties spot paint is a paint decorative techniques, using it as a vehicle by ancient decoration. This method because two or more lines with paint, intertwined, showing a variety of patterns, like plants and animals at the markings and the name. “Complex set of painted decoration ornaments recorded kun”: “Fine maculata various ornaments.” Yang Ming Note: “listed in the various ornaments, Safe thin spots too, and its spot black, green, red, yellow, purple, brown, and the color quality is no exception, is the six-color interoperability, there are two-color, three-color jumbled who have prime spots of the same color to shallow depths of those. ” This seems similar with spot varnish. In addition, the different shades of a single color paint markings show, also called spot varnish.
“Zunsheng eight chien”: “Xuande have filled paint containers, piled with colorful thick paint colors, polished picturesque ——” “Teikyo other things a little,” carved flowers and birds fill the paint, thick paint color fill , polished picturesque —— “This heap engraved pattern after the fill color to show the mill painted decoration technique called” fill paint. ”
With lacquer objects, and no other formalities, known as flat paint, paint the first thing, only this way, plain simple, well-made and very cute. So today, many use this method.
Artifacts on both coated with paint, etc. to dryness, and then stabbed with a needle engraved pattern, then sprinkled with gold dust loopholes manipulation in the flat, called closure gold. Caesar psoriasis, called closure silver. It is said that closure of the ancient invented words, vulgar read Qiang Falling, is decorated with gold artifacts methods. According to the “Dan lead overall record” contained, Don “Six Code” fourteen kinds of gold, gold an invasive method, Wu Weiye the “Golden Cricket basin closure Xuanzong Queen song,” Kim Chong Ming is very successful, hence the name is a lot of .
All piled lacquer surface pattern, covered with red lacquer, called a heap of red. “To the ancient lattice theory” that the false carved red with a gray group, the outside painted red lacquer, called a heap of red, also known as red hood. [2] [4]
Process characteristics
Outline
Generally refers to a transparent lacquer or lacquer coated with some wood or ceramic, metal objects. Chinese ancient lacquer paint, is cut off from the lacquer on the mining of natural juice. Sumac produced in China, about 10 years old can be excised ─ ─ lacquer sap. Lacquer production process very complicated, we must first make the carcass. Tires made of wood, occasionally with ceramic, copper or other materials. Also useful for curing lacquer engraving directly without tires. Carcass is complete, using a variety of techniques lacquer artists decorated the surface. The main characteristics of lacquer can be polished to be comparable with porcelain. Paint drying in wet conditions after curing, the surface is very hard, acid, alkali, wear-resistant properties. Our ancestors exquisitely crafted lacquerware, like ceramics, silk, is a treasure of national culture.
“Rhino skin”
“Rhino skin” and writing “Sipi” or “rhinoceros border”, where the so-called “rhino skin” is not a rhinoceros skin, but especially in ancient Chinese lacquer produced a decorative craft. It is the first paint of different colors painted on rugged device heap on the tire, paint dry and then polished, resulting in a bright color, smooth abnormalities, natural and vivid artistic effect.
About “rhino skin” technology appears era, according to the literature concerning past rhinoceros skin lacquer records mostly in the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 ~ 907 years) late, so people think that the emergence of such a paint process no earlier than the Tang Dynasty. This figure Three Kingdoms period (AD 220 ~ 280 years) The discovery of the rhino skin lacquer appeared ahead of time for nearly 600 years.
This rhino leather gilt buckle leather ear cup unearthed in tire paint Anhui Province in eastern China’s Three Kingdoms period tombs (the tomb of Wu Zhu contingent), now in the possession Anhui Institute of Archaeology. Cup body length 9.6 cm, width 5.6 cm, height 2.4 cm. Two are fetal cortex, the cup oval, flat. Two ears and inlaid with brass buttons at the rim, gilt buckle after treatment. The body of rhinoceros skin paint pattern from black, red and yellow paint composition, the idea of elegance, exquisite exception. This rhinoceros skin lacquer find that the history of the development of Chinese lacquer has important significance.
“Rhino skin” lacquer to the Song and Yuan Dynasties (AD 10 to the 14th century) has made tremendous development, production technology has matured. Ming and Qing Dynasty (AD 1368 ~ 1911), “rhino skin” technology development to achieve the perfect level. Qing Dynasty (AD 1644 ~ 1911) when using this fabrication lacquer, small cassette, large furniture, variety, and was offered as a tribute to the progress within the Palace.
Lacquer painting
Lacquer is a natural lacquer painting as the main material, can also be used cashew lacquer and synthetic paints. Painting had been in the Tang and Song dynasties, it is common to hook black gold. The late Ming Dynasty, the use of “Ming paint” halo of gold and silver to produce the effect of changes in depth, rich lacquer. Lacquer is a combination of painting and craft of painting, both works of art, and is closely related to people’s lives and practical decorations, often with murals, screens and murals and other forms. Its variety of materials, techniques are also colorful, based on different techniques can be divided into carved lacquer painting, heap paint, lacquer, inlay paint, painting, grinding paint, such as different varieties. So painting is a kind of painting large capacity, with a wealth of expression and great artistic potential.
Lacquer has a unique technology, quality materials elegant, well-made and many other features, the entire process purely handmade, and the process is very difficult, very costs of working hours, there is only one process, the plate: 2, copy: 3, Material inlay : 4, fill paint; 5, painted: 6, cover paint: 7, polished: 8, polishing, and many other kinds of processes. Technical performance with corrosion proof, deformation, color stability, long storage time, etc., there is a strong collection.
The beauty of painting, in its unique materials and processes. Paint scraping paint brush is painting tools, paint liquid toner is a pigment, and inlaid with mother, egg shells and other special materials, with inlay, hanging, Caesar, hood, grinding and other means constitutes a special quality lacquer effect. Variety or naive, or bright, or flash, or matte quality materials, inlay posted aloof, like do not like a beautiful picture. Bump No rank paint, if subjected crumbs flour, filled with lacquered, they can form actual situation and white, the game’s image. Paint dilution flow properties of the film formed undulating folds texture, and its place is definitely not fun brushes can cause. When painted reaches a certain thickness, then they can be carved out of the mountains on which the trees and rocks, flowers and birds three-dimensional effect. If the metal foil powder presented in a different face painting, and both can get magnificent results, but also can form a soft subtle flavor. Metal Foil & Powder paint two if combined with another, you can also reach any pigment elusive containing brilliant, brilliant bright strange results. Lacquer gives a deep restrained but vigorous natural beauty, coupled with various onlay material can reach or Yingying dark or golden Silverlit, or colorful, or twinkling artistic effect. The color of the cover against the gold lacquer, overlapping layers of grinding out a picture, then and if Kyoka Suigetsu, giving endless reverie. Deep mysterious oriental style, rich texture texture magical, confusing poetic mood, and overall decor flavors and exquisite detail processing, have made art of painting with a time vary due to the peculiar effect, it is interesting , infinite charm.
Painting the beauty lies in its rich and diverse artistic expression techniques. Broad and inclusive so that it has an infinite handsomely Timmia: description paint like meticulous beauty, painting paint like heavy color beauty, carved lacquer like printmaking beauty, heap paint like relief of the United States, scraping paint like painting the beauty splashed paint like watercolor beauty. It can be compressed block as embossed surfaces can also be partitioned as mosaics decorated with oil paintings and more than heavy feeling short length. Both vertical and horizontal sway, throwing gold water, can also double hook heavy color, dense brilliant, but also light dry dressing, elegant Seiitsu. [4]
Lacquer screen
Screens in three thousand years ago to the emperor week of special apparatus appears as a symbol of fame and power. After continuous evolution as wind screens, partitions, concealeth uses, and the environment and beautify the space play a decorative effect, so enduring spread so far, and the derived variety of forms. Today, the main screen of screens, seat screen, hanging screen, table screen and other forms, including a large screen can show that noble momentum, is the living room, hall, meeting rooms, offices of choice. It combines practicality of appreciation in one, both practical value, but also gives a new aesthetic connotation screen is definitely strong ethnic characteristics of traditional arts and crafts boutique.
Screen classification introduced
Block screen is divided into two categories screen and off-screen: Screen is under the seat base, not folding screens, it was also call site screens, it was also call table plaque. With a single fan, there are two, three’s. The smaller seat screen, is placed on the bed, desk case above; as decorative; folding screen that can be folded screens, also known as screens, there are six, eight, or twelve and so on. The continuous evolution, screens of an increasing variety, which has floor screens, bed screens, hair screens, light screens, etc.; while in sub-texture more like jade screen, Carve screens, glass screens, mica screens, ti Su screens, painting screens and so forth. The screen can be divided into the Qing throne screens, screens, table plaque three.
Knowledge lacquer screen
In China, from the Neolithic met since the performance of paint and used controller. Until after the Shang and Zhou Ming, Chinese lacquer technology continues to develop, reached a very high level. China’s soy gold, gilt and other crafts, Japan and other places have a profound impact. Lacquer is the ancient Chinese arts and crafts in the chemical process and the important inventions.
The raw material is large lacquer paint, lacquer called from the trees drawn. Will be processed into liquid paint the paint only after the lacquer creation. Lacquer is painted with paint reconcile various pigments in paint board and use other ways to make it polished color gradually showing a sense of depth and crystal art of painting. Paint as paint board is closed to reconcile polished tile and wood ash will Cheng, can be isolated from acids, alkalis, oxygen, water, painting generally tens of years to maintain its colorful features. lacquer with lacquer as raw material with a strong sense of color, strong visual impact, but also for the modern favorite material sense and oil painting, painting, printmaking and watercolor painting and other art forms than painting features is its heavy feeling, layering, crystal clear sense, sense of color, texture and a sense of easy care, long shelf life , and can be a good painting art form to achieve the above effect, made into a painting, oil painting and other styles of painting, and painting both the characteristics and advantages.
Lacquer screen forms
Large solid day morning lacquer screens are hotels, restaurants, clubs, hall, halls, offices and other tasteful decoration and collection of the most suitable types of high-grade noble art of painting, according to the different placement can be made for the wall painting wall painting , ground floor screen big screen seat, floor Weiping and for partition partition screens and so on.
Related works
“Painted decoration recorded” Ming Huang Cheng
“Painted decoration recorded commentary” Shixiang
“Paint book” Zhu Qiqian
“Painter Data” Shen Fu Wen
“Xianping lacquer techniques” Shen Fu Wen
“Beijing carved lacquer” album Lee’s
“A Brief History of Chinese Lacquer” Lee’s
“Beijing a treasure – Lacquer” Lee’s
“Yangzhou lacquer History” Zhang Yan
“Record drawings painted decoration” Zhang Yan
