Decorated with painted pottery as
Pottery: also known as ceramic painting, it is our long-standing “quintessence” – ceramic art among the arts, as early as six thousand years ago around Banpo culture period, there appeared on the earliest pottery painted. The porcelain works relatively more tension on paper, pottery art combines the artist’s various creative thinking, style, language, create styles and colorful art treasures, is the rare cultural treasures.
Pottery refers to the orange-red pottery smooth polished billet, with natural mineral pigments painted with ocher and manganese oxide as a coloring element, and then kiln fired. The tires on the ground in the orange-red showing a red ocher, black, white, beautiful patterns of color unite to form patterns with highly unified modeling objects, to decorate the effect of pottery.
Pottery originated in the Neolithic period dating back some 10,000 years ago. Accompanied by a relative in the Neolithic human settlement with the invention of farming culture pottery techniques. Guanzhong area in about 6000 BC Laoguan Taiwan will have a more developed culture period pottery, bowl-shaped device rim individual decoration a wide ribbon, which is painted pottery sprout. In 5000 BC Xi’an Banpo Yangshao village ruins, found a lot of fine pottery, indicating that the Banpo times, people have been able to skillfully control the kiln temperature, and painting art has reached a very high level.
Painted pottery-type basically daily necessities, a common pots, bottles, cans, urn, kettle, tripod, etc., on the device type is hard to see there are other special purposes. In the Yangshao ruins, have been found buried with two kids on the rational urn example, cutting a small hole on the urn, expressing primitive yearning for regeneration.
Chinese pottery found later (1912), has only 87 years, and the birth of pottery, but today has 8,000 years of history. Pottery recorded the initial phase of human civilization and economic life, religious and cultural aspects of the information. Painted pottery culture widely distributed, continuing a long time, from 8000 years ago to around 3,000 years ago, stretching over 5000 years, spanning Laoguan Desk, Yangshao, Majiayao, dawenkou, Qujialing, Dasi, Redhill , regulating the family and other cultures, the history of pottery in the world, the highest artistic achievement. From the production process, artistic achievement, historical value, appreciation of space, and many other factors, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai Yangshao, Majiayao, regulating the family culture pottery and pottery in Shandong region Dawenkou most desirable collection.
Chinese pottery origin has been a lot of controversy, Bay found in the earth’s diameter 51 cm pots pottery Yu Wen won at the end, is currently the largest fish pattern found in diameter pots. Layer Yangshao look different. Pottery crunchy texture, uneven coloring, almost no large pieces of pottery, tombs of many funerary objects have been broken, excavated pottery personnel vividly call these as “pastry”, indicating that this phenomenon can be ceramics technology is more primitive. Discovered the shape is very special, a little more than a three-legged base support, or won at the end, or ring foot, basically gone flat device. Even more strange is that in the bowl-shaped devices were found inside and outside rim of dark red color bands. These features no doubt that they are not commonly realized Yangshao. Judging from the formation, which is earlier than the Yangshao culture remains. The School of Archaeology and laboratory determination of submission of the five specimens’s about 7300 years -7800 years ago, nearly a thousand years earlier than the Yangshao culture. Dadi Bay cultural discovery not only establishes the Yellow River region early Neolithic culture, but also to explore the origins of pottery and agriculture provides a number of precious materials. Bay pottery earth with the world’s earliest pottery in Mesopotamia, and Central Asia in time, almost simultaneously, indicating that Chinese pottery originated in the Weihe River in Northwest China.
Painted pottery culture
The earliest pottery in 1912 in Henan Mianchi Yangshao Neolithic cultural sites found in the village, then in Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei and other places have been discovered. Pottery because of the time difference, belonging to different cultural types.
〗 〖Yangshao pottery
Yangshao Culture dating back about 7000 years, is the most abundant Neolithic pottery prosperous period. It is located in the Yellow River region in the Loess Plateau as the center, across Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Ningxia and other places.
Yangshao pottery technology is quite mature, beautifully structured artifacts, mostly fine mud and sand terracotta terracotta, pottery Pottery and more rare. Its decorated with painted mainly in artifacts beautifully painted color pattern, reflecting the then part of people’s lives and artistic ingenuity. Another polished, beat India, and other decorative techniques. The types of modeling cup, bowl, bowls, pots, jars, urns, spoon, bottle, steamer, kettle, stove, tripod, the cover and Holder, etc., the most prominent is the dual tip end bottles, smooth lines, symmetry, very with artistic beauty.
Because of the time span and geographical distribution of different Yangshao distinction must be classified, mainly Banpo type and MDG type.
Banpo painted pottery
First discovered in Xi’an Banpo, dating back seven thousand years of history. Is the early history of pottery culture, features prominent, influential one type. Banpo painted pottery ruins shore of the river, and thus there is Kap Shui Banpo pottery pointed bottom bottle gourd, long-necked bottles, in addition to pots, cans, pots and broadly similar to today’s.
Early Banpo painted pottery decoration, mostly scattered-point shot. That is, in a device type, the decorative surface is often only occupy a small part of the natural form of the pattern is generally reproduced. Banpo ornamentation lovely image, showing the human childhood childlike innocence and cordial relationship with nature. Carefully taste, it was with a feeling of nature as one solution, it can be said that the original live recording Banpo people.
Ornamentation depicting the image of the main contact when people animals, running deer, fish pattern, people face pattern, frog pattern, Bird, pig grain and patterns from the above two or three combinations of the patterns. There are also some simple patterns such as folding lined any, triangular pattern, textured and so on.
Miaodigou pottery
Miaodigou types of pottery, mainly pots, bowls, pots and so on. Have similar early and mid Banpo gourd-shaped bottles.
Miaodigou pottery much more mature than the Banpo. Point, line, surface with the right mix of space Lichtung crisp. Between surfaces, interspersed with lively points and lines, so that the distinctive rhythm patterns, a strong sense of rhythm. Two sides continual organizational structure is beat concrete, more so that there is a strong sound effects. This reflects the original tranquil, Xian Jing mentality. 〗 〖Majiayao culture pottery
Majiayao culture pottery industry is well developed, and its color Tao Jicheng the Yangshao Miaodigou type hearty style, but the performance is more sophisticated, forming a beautiful and elegant style of art than Yangshao further development of artistic achievement reached its peak height. Mostly clay pottery plate construction method molding, ceramic yellow-orange color, is very delicate polished table. Many Majiayao cultural relics, it is also found in kilns and pottery kilns, pigments and pigment grinding stone, color plates and other pottery. Majiayao culture pottery, mainly early in black painted pattern; interim use of black color and black and red two-color and white drawing pattern; late mostly black and red two-color pattern with drawing. Majiayao culture pottery technology have begun to use the slow wheel repair billet, and utilize wheel draw concentric circles, string and parallel lines, ornamentation, showing a skilled painting techniques. Mass production of pottery, indicating that this period of social division of labor has long specialized pottery, pottery appeared in specialized craftsmen. Pottery is Majiayao culture developed significant features, all found in our pottery culture, Majiayao culture pottery ratio is the highest, and it is particularly well-developed internal color, pattern very distinct characteristics of the times.
Mid-painted pottery
Mid types of painted pottery, mostly cans, pots. Plump shape approximation football, adduction, abdomen nearly straight line, the lower half of the adduction-type decoration is concentrated on the upper half.
Mid-type pottery, is developed on the basis Majiayao up than Majiayao richer; her prosperity, Yong Rong Huagui style is full of swirling-type structure on the decoration, black and red and white color, line thickness changes, and sawtooth pattern, triangle pattern with, big patterns in sets of small patterning. Rotation and continuous structure, so that a few large circles against a positive, mutual proximity, interconnected with former call should be after, filed the line, continuous effect, showing a fusion, lingering momentum. Together with the device type constitute a majestic grand momentum. Mid-term, is the peak stage of painted pottery culture, showing broad, mature and perfect features.
Machang type of pottery
The autumn of 1924 was discovered in Minhe Machang plateau, mainly distributed in Qinghai, Gansu and other places, the shape basically followed the Mid-type shape, but compared Mid pottery seemed tall, beautiful. Emergence of a single-cup headphones, ear, New styling full of change. It’s about BC 2350 – before 2050. Ornamentation with concentric circles, stripes, argyle pattern, humanoid frog pattern, parallel lines on a paper, hooked lines and so on. In addition, dawenkou culture, Daxi culture, Qujialing culture, regulating the family culture and other sites also unearthed pottery, but in the number, size, artistic level and the type of pottery culture has a certain gap. Another ancient pottery painting after firing the pottery painted pottery ornamentation.
Contemporary Art pottery
In the course of development of contemporary art in pottery, painted pottery, Sichuan, undoubtedly played a crucial role.
The rise in Sichuan pottery ceramics, pottery in 1998 Lu Yi establishment as the symbol. In just a few years time, born in Sichuan pottery factory has more than more than twenty manufacturers, the products are exported to overseas. In the country’s major arts and crafts market, consumers can easily buy the collection of classical and modern America in a pottery crafts. As the industry’s pedigree – Lu Yi pottery, has been in the history of changes in the gradual demise, she had founded the brilliant nature is unsurpassed. The company works “Ten Marshals bottle” for the Chinese Military Museum’s collection, “1999” is a national ceremony, celebrate the return of Macao in Macau government donated the time. Instead, the process further innovation Poly Arts pottery and other vendors. Contemporary Art pottery Total production processes more than fifty processes, which combines long-popular ceramic billet casting technology and contemporary color engraving technology and processes. Of course, the development of contemporary art pottery short time, is still insufficient and the long history and cultural heritage of classical pottery comparable. But one kind of pottery culture formation takes time, needs to be more to the era of technology and Chinese culture would like to combine. Without a cultural industry, certainly can not stand the test of time.
Identification methods
Taizhi
Ancient ancestors crafted pottery, selection of high quality by the river alluvial clay, pure and free of impurities, such as powder cake lip; and into the mud with flexibility. Pottery firing into view with the naked eye the “glue” texture.
Since then firing poor technical conditions, the firing temperature is relatively low, burning out of pottery has a strong water absorption. Hand beat Tao body will issue a muffled mute; hand weigh pottery feels relatively light weight; should not have a heavy pressure feeling; water wet pottery, can smell the faint odor of dirty soil; hard look at the clay surface will with tiny needle.
Ancient pottery, mostly ancestors living appliances, buried underground in before the body of a bump marks, long-term use of the body has a natural wear and tear phenomenon, with air, water, oil and other materials generated by contact of the “hull color pulp. ” Pottery buried underground for thousands of years, long-term accumulation, the clay surface and full of “scale.” True “scale” can not afford to wash with water, dilute hydrochloric acid brush again “scale”, you meet with “scale” white smoke from the foam.
Modeling
Really gives the impression of ancient pottery: ancient, pure and honest, natural, soft, vicissitudes, no blunt anger feeling.
In ancient times, there is no standard size concept, the system made faience, impossible same specifications; same shape, the same pattern. Ancestors of pottery, the use of mud deposited bodiless France, clay plate construction method, Duisu pinching method, using the original slow wheel trim, creating a very neat pottery is impossible, there is a slight deformation, surface concavity. Limited level of technology at that time, the production of pottery, mostly within the interface roughness, bottle is not very mellow structured, both sides of the bottle ear is not a horizontal line, sizes and shapes.
Various types of pottery culture, has its own unique type category, collectors should be more reading, more exposure to physical, lies at the heart of type characteristics.
Painted
Pottery painted ornamentation was the clan or tribe specific clan logo. Xi’an Banpo painted pottery such as human faces major pattern, Yu Wen, deformation Bird; Majiayao painted pottery main vortex pattern, God – Man, network lines; Xindian painted pottery main hook pattern, sun pattern, deer Man, Bird ; dawenkou painted pottery mainly octagonal pattern, deformation floral pattern.
Technical conditions
In the early development of pottery for thousands of years, the ceramic technology is not yet mature, pottery production technical conditions can not be met, therefore, produce pottery pottery appeared after thousands of years. Appear to produce pottery from pottery, which is a long-term exploration, trial and error, continuous improvement process.
Pottery production at the beginning, there is no deliberate decorative ornamentation, but the processing of pinching, flakes scrapers, slapping the wall and so tend to leave some irregular prints. As people’s awareness of the aesthetic, they gradually transformed into this irregular imprint intentional, rules ornamentation, such as rows of tick tattoo, a circle of hands nest pattern and so on. Early Jomon pottery appeared in large numbers on a stick wrapped in rope roll formed wall decoration, pottery tires can enhance firmness, but also play beautify the appearance of pottery decorative effect, do both. Later, only play a decorative role more and more types of ornamentation, and gradually evolved into a simple decorative patterns, and therefore, people are increasingly focusing on decorative pottery. As process conditions are met, pottery was born. Pottery is drawn to a variety of natural mineral pigments pottery, forming a colorful variety of patterns, making pottery is no longer just real products, but also with the aesthetic function of art. Most of them are first drawn on ceramic blanks and then kiln firing people, pigment chemical change tires after integration with pottery, painted pottery color so easy to fall off, durable and aesthetically pleasing. There is a class called painted pottery, is to draw directly to the paint after firing pottery above, attached to objects such painted surface, falling easily damaged during use. Dadi Bay cultures simultaneously both types of pottery, the former majority.
Pottery produced technical conditions are threefold:
First, the primary production of pottery technical conditions, is a natural mineral pigments understanding. As pottery pigments, the kiln at high temperatures must not decompose, such as higher levels of hematite with a high temperature performance. But also to grasp the laws of mineral color, what kind of paint will turn red after firing, or turns black, so that it can use it freely to produce the desired color. Diluted processed pigment can be used, to the thickness of the powder, diluted with water concentrations, there is a constant familiar process control performance;
Second, pottery billet surface must reach a certain finish, paint can penetrate into Tao tire inside. This requires careful screening for clay, panning, casting molding device table even after repeated grinding. Archaeological discoveries are mostly pottery clay pottery, even coarse pottery as Xindian culture is also more delicate table. Dadi Bay culture pottery ceramic body is sandwiched fine sand, but is a relatively smooth wiping tables are muddy layer;
Third, the higher the temperature of pottery, the stronger the adhesion of the pigment, the stronger ornamentation. Pottery firing developed to a certain stage, humans have gradually changed the kiln structure, increase the intensity of the kiln chamber is sealed in order to achieve the production of pottery firing process for protection.
Pottery pattern
There are a large number of pottery patterns geometric patterns, both early pottery knit prints and nets, water vortex, leaves and other patterns of continuity and change, but also the primitive heart surging music and visual performance.
What can man do to experience the sport itself, balance, repetition, strength and other rhythm manifested with a brush, which is undoubtedly magical creation. The animal-shaped pottery with geometric shapes are generally put it out there, then Vivid, showing the art of pottery heart freehand writing excellent level. Pottery pictographic patterns varied, the basic theme is the reproductive theme. There are plenty of fish, frogs, fruit plants, flowers depicted. Banpo times the average human life twenties and thirties, fertility is something that is mysterious and urgent. Therefore, these prolific animals frog fish became a symbol of fertility. Especially in the matriarchal society of the fertility of women praise is praise. Fertility reproduction in folk art theme continues today.
There are some very special graphics, such as Banpo unearthed Seaman pattern pots, wall pots painted in patterns, with a decorative technique to draw a round face, triangular nose, with two short draw eyes, What seems to turn a blind eye to pray in silence, ears and mouth parts are painted with fish, the other parts of the basin also painted fish. This graphical Banpo clan seems primitive belief, for it was the product of totem worship. This kind of fish to decorate the body, the motif continues today in folk art, but with cross and symbol will change with the social customs of distortion. In Qinghai Datong on Sunjiazhai Majiayao unearthed pottery basin types of dance pattern is close to the mouth of the basin wall, depicting the three groups handle hand villain ornamentation, each five people, headdress, and tail ornaments . Handle villain pattern in today’s folk art inside is a very important motif, called the “handle Doll”, referred to as “Zhuaji doll.” “Zhuaji Doll” in the folk art drawings ever-changing, but always say that he is human reproduction and protection of their gods. So like this pattern will not handle the villain is purely for entertainment and creative, it contains “witch” in nature, is the purpose of human services to their actual product.
Faience shaped in perfect function, based on the shape of the ever-changing style, fully embodies the potters artistic talent and creative enthusiasm bored, and different types of decorative techniques and artistic effects, unique.
Banpo type of pottery, Xi’an Banpo, temporary Zhang Jiang Village, Baoji North Ridge etc. unearthed was represented. SHICIE pottery is generally flat ring hearth bowl, flat-bottomed pots, Peng pot belly, narrow neck bottles. Pattern painted on the rim, is the shoulder, abdomen and other eye-catching position, or painted wall in an open basin. In addition there is broadband triangular patterns, slashes, twists and other geometric patterns, there are a lot of animal prints. The latter has a strong painting charm.
Miaodigou types of pottery, Shan County, Henan and Shaanxi County Miaodigou retaining springs village unearthed was represented. Painted Dorsch song at the end of a large mouth and small upper part of the abdominal wall basin, light and graceful style, multi-use patterns arc depicted, in addition to birds, fish, frogs and other animals graphics, the most manifold ornamentation techniques based on dots, arc edge triangle, vertical hanging scroll, pods, petals, buds, etc. constitute a pattern, plant grain increased significantly. Most designs use two parties constitute a continuous manner, with virtual and real purpose.
Majiayao types of pottery, many urns, bottles, pots, etc.-type, decorative area, patterns with vortex pattern, wave pattern, mostly arc edge triangular pattern, with dense composition, changing the characteristics of maneuver.
Art Law
First, the “no beginning and no end, food for thought.” Second, “Perception, down from the previous outlook.” (First swim head rule, which is later Chinese painting and Chinese gardens a fundamental aesthetic principle that neither the screen starting point, and no end, rendered as a whole; the second is the creation of pottery and ornamental accordance with the “Perception”
The Chinese way of contemplation, which is later in painting and poetry widely used in building a basic rule. )
Pottery is round, facing the square, figurative pattern to people’s attention focused on the one side, tends to form the focus point. The figurative into abstract pattern, the entire pattern is wandering, and for four, so that neither the sides to form a starting point, not the end of the coherent whole. Such pottery drawing naturally became a moving cavalier perspective, it allows you to carry around painted pottery “step by step move, all things to see,” the appreciation, and in this round face faience limited to appreciate the kind of “endless” the mean . And this “swim head” is the later Chinese painting and Chinese gardens a basic aesthetic principles. Chinese pottery painted pottery is different from other cultures Another feature is that both the basin is bowl or bottle and cans, are noted by the outlook on the results. Such as bottles and cans, before drawing a pattern surrounded by carefully tended to close the mouth of the bottle neck pattern, so that when viewed from the top down also form a harmonious pattern. Thus, the creation of pottery and ornamental accordance with the “Perception” The China Perspective manner. This is later in the poem, words, painting and architecture in the widely application of a basic rule.
Draw
With advances in technology and human aesthetic consciousness gradually increased, Neolithic people gradually began to be deliberately decorated pottery, then, there was such a work of art pottery. Color painting, pottery making enough vital link. Neolithic ancestors had a good system in the blanks on pottery, drawn with colored paint depicting Zhizhuo, simple, elegant decorative patterns, so very ordinary pottery dexterity in the hands of the potter, became a member precious prehistoric art.
Pigments and tools
The earliest pottery from the earth Gulf culture, its color is dark red color; after Yangshao, Majiayao culture dominated mainly black color, and a small amount of white color; Mid and Machang period also appeared large brown composite color. In some ruins excavations unearthed a number of mineral pigments. After years of comprehensive research, the use of advanced technological means, academia variety of the mineral composition of pigments and colorants, already has more comprehensive research, reveals the reason why the gorgeous gorgeous pottery works.
Pottery is fired after the first paint color, therefore, must be chosen mineral color temperature, the color does not decompose under high temperature, can maintain the original color. Back in tens of thousands of years ago, humans had discovered and began using nature’s reward: cavemen deceased dispenser in red hematite grains, with all kinds of ornaments red slag; earth Bay two of room site, we found people living there at the time Spreading the surface layer of red hematite. Thus, the human understanding and use of mineral pigments, through tens of thousands of years of history, has always already been regarded as auspicious beautiful red color.
Red color: the earth and the Bay of a wide river to Pakistan Taobo Mid type clay pots on the floor red color sampling, the testing and analysis of its color elements iron, the color phase of iron oxide. Unearthed hematite mineral pigments are ocher weathered material, the main ingredient is iron oxide. Some places also uses a high iron content of red clay as a red pigment. Hematite is more common in nature, easily accessible, so early painted red color have become a major choice. They use red to express their own passions, and red symbolizes’s hopes of happiness.
Black color: It is the most common pottery Gansu colors. According to the Yangshao, Majiayao culture, Huoshaogou culture, Xindian culture sampling specimen analysis, the results in Table apparent color elements are iron and manganese, the color phase of iron oxide. The mineral magnetite and black manganese-based. Dr. Ma Qinglin also recently Majiayao culture of black color for the first time discovered franklinite. These types of minerals are spinel based mineral, which, zinc iron spinel, black manganese darker color after firing, magnetite is bluish, which is Majiayao cultural reasons shiny dark black color . Linxia Gansu Provincial Museum and Museum has done some experiments with pure manganese pigments if drawn pottery, all at a high temperature decomposition of manganese; When using manganese hematite, lighter in the case of dilution, only after firing pottery red color; doctrinal case, were dark brown. This series of experiments showed that prehistoric potters have recognized manganese hematite, hematite and magnetite that mineral pigments mixed with two different coloring performance, and mastered the variation of light and shade, making it to meet the needs in the paint color.
Brown: In the Mid-type part Machang pottery, there has been neither red nor black brown ornamentation. Mr. Li Wenjie said: brown color and the black color of the same chemical composition, but the manganese content lower than black color, iron content than black color, it may be in the pigment mix of red clay. Dr. Ma Qinglin this a new understanding, through his experimental analysis: At this point have been used black and red pigments composite pigments. Through color, the tone changed, pottery color gradation and therefore more abundant.
White: mid Yangshao, the emergence of individual white color, to Majiayao type, white color increased. Bay three excavated earth white color, by X-ray diffraction analysis, the color is more pure quartz material powder. Majiayao type of white color, the main component of gypsum or calcite.
After collecting the mineral pigments, to go through the process before using. First, the pigment mineral smashed, and then need to grind to a fine powder, the more detailed the better paint adhesion. Research into the fine will add water to reconcile into a pigment paste, or tune into a mixing pigments. In Gansu archaeological finds, due to the developed pottery, pigments and processing engineering: tools often unearthed. Dadi Bay ancestors who are used stone axes and use it to smash mineral pigments, so often on the unearthed stone axes stained paint. Unearthed hundreds of pieces of grinding stones, grinding discs, grinding pigment is undoubtedly kits. Grinding stones are round, conical, oval cylindrical, has a smooth polished surface; grinding disc shape varied, but has a recessed Mokeng. Some very fine grinding disc, grinding Qinghei bright, was a neat circle. White Erdaogou Ping in Lanzhou kiln ruins unearthed two tools, one for the stone grinding disc, one is a high-side sub-grid ceramic plate, pan left bright purple color when the palette. Paint after a good tune, the final step is the paint color.
Paint color is exactly what tools to use, because there is no physical unearthed, hardly conclusive. However, according to the observations of Gansu painted pottery, painted pottery pattern is not difficult to find many inadvertently left tapering stroke, presumably painted a similar brush tool, not only the production of hard bristles, “pen”, as well as with a soft bristle production soft “pen”, otherwise, Mid Machang type fine grid pattern, sawtooth pattern and so can not be completed. From the slender smooth lines can be seen, then painted the color of the “pen” is likely to be with wolves, deer and the like made of wool long front hard brush, and has good cohesion.
2. Paint color
In traditional Chinese art, pottery is the earliest artifacts shape pattern with the perfect combination of original artwork. Drawing pottery, the ancestors of great importance to pattern and the shape, angle relationships, and have noticed a pattern in different perspectives arising under visual effects, rendering devised no matter from which point of view, is flat as still looking down, you can see the perfect picture, and strive to achieve the pattern constitutes physiognomy coordination unit. Different according to the shape, determine the location and the design of its decorative design patterns. Because there is no Zhuoan like prehistoric society, so many items placed on the ground or small soil table, and modern placement distinct; Also, many prehistoric ancestors sat on the floor, Natural Perspective also a clear distinction, therefore, painted color focus more in the following parts of the abdomen and artifacts. Yangshao such as pots, sight confined rim and abdomen, so the only color in the painted parts of the line of sight; Majiayao types of pots, big mouth pale belly, overlooking the wall due to a more clear and therefore more or less color-based , concise outer color supplemented; Yangshao, Majiayao culture shape slender bottle-shaped objects, abdominal oblique straight, is not the body, can be incorporated into the overall clear line of sight, and thus from the rim to the lower abdomen or the whole body most SHICIE SHICIE; Mid-type urn, circle puff shape, placed on the ground due to the lower abdomen basically been blocked, so in the middle order – painted color.
Artisans paint color can not be daub when, according to the shape of objects on the rim, neck, abdomen and inner color pattern, there should be prior design and conception. After determining the position of the pattern, painted parts of the objects that need to be separated according to division, fixed, and then painting. Painting painted motif first, and then add sketched with coordinated and complementary secondary theme ornamentation. Based on observational studies pottery patterns, suggesting that specific color painting process is as follows:
Color painting process
(1) or separate aliquots
Painted in addition to individual objects, the objects are round, basically constituted by teams of ornamentation painted with horizontal expansion, a small painting to portrait. So the first thing to try would be reasonable decile or painted parts separated, and then grouping painting ornamentation. As the shape varies, aliquots of different methods, vertical long artifacts mostly horizontal parallel lines from top to bottom will be painted parts separated; cross-Wide artifacts artifacts places longitudinal parallel lines from left to right will be equally divided. Painted pattern with bisection, trisection, quartered and multi-decile, because of motif ornamentation may be. Some relatively simple pattern is also easy to divide, such as Yu Wen basin, circular transverse divided into halves, painted two identical patterns of the fish; petal pattern pottery pots is to use a vertical line bisecting the transverse abdominal artifacts, after four decile, eight equal portions, the last eight groups drawn patterns on the petals. Also some objects painted parts separated by a single number, such as Yongjing three floor unearthed called “Painted King” painted urns, which will parallel lines painted on the site is divided into three parts, and then the next segment color painting. Bisector or dividers not only as between different parts of different patterns of lines, has become decorative border played a certain role. Mid Machang type of pattern dense complex or separate aliquots extremely fine, wide river to Pakistan as Mid-type floor pattern pottery urns continuous heavy arc, circle, etc. need to be divided into 11 parts, showing the difficulty of this work was unusual general. Thus, there may already be used when the tool aliquot Otherwise, it is difficult and so share arcs 11 groups so precise. For objects with ear, these accessories are the most convenient, ready-decile point.
(2) Location
After late Yangshao culture, there has been a large number of pottery continuity rotating pattern, and very wholeness, and can not be separated, with the bisection method obviously can not meet the development needs of pottery. According to the characteristics of such a pattern, the first to the overall layout, to determine its anchor point or orientation round and divided painted parts. If Gansu Xilv Ping bottom tip of bottle collecting, needed three WHORL center circle. Point as the anchor point, and then a dot as the center, leads to the surrounding arc, constitute a continuous swirl pattern. Mid Machang type of pottery, and more to the theme of the circle pattern, so the circle will be replaced by a dot, the evolution of the circle positioning, such as Mid-type painting, first draw a few big circle, hoist lines, etc., and then painted the other supplementary auxiliary jaggedness around other patterns. Machang type of pottery is true, first draw the outline of the four circles, then fill the grid pattern inside the circle, and the surrounding air when finely divided ornamentation.
(3) After the first main times, from complex to simple
Pottery pattern can be divided into motifs and non-theme ornamentation. Motifs painted on the location of the most striking objects, other ornamentation or as a foil, fill empty or ornaments on the neck, lower abdomen, play a supporting role of decoration. Color painting, to grasp the important position, the first prominent position motif painted, rear corner of the subsidiary painted ornamentation in order to achieve perfect harmony with the overall effect. Yongjing three Ping unearthed pottery urns, on the lower divided into three cells, constitute a pattern consists of three parts. The largest in the abdomen of a grid, an important motif in the middle position, you must first painted as the theme of the vortex pattern, and then fill in the gaps around the painting small concentric circles, the upper and lower abdomen and other ornamentation finalized. Mid-type pottery, pattern dense fine, painting is difficult, but careful observation and analysis, although the black drape occupy major space, the overall pattern is still difficult to see the red color as the backbone, the red line also plays a role in positioning aliquots. Black zigzag pattern or stripe, bar spacing among the red line, black and red and white embraced each other, forming a perfect picture. Therefore, it appears that Mid-type procedures should be painted before painting with red color ornamentation After outlining the trunk, and then draw the black drape. All in all, the first painted motif, the backbone lines, will be able to control the entire screen, make the layout more reasonable appearance.
(4) the first hook profile, refilling
Since the late Yangshao, there are more grid pattern, a circular outer contour, oval, gourd-shaped, triangular, back to the strip-shaped, etc., but also outline the grid filled in more intensive fine. For the analysis of such objects should be painted first outer contour, and then fills it within the outline grid pattern, diamond-shaped box patterns and other ornamentation. If salamander fish pattern pottery bottles, should be first sketched salamander fish’s body and then painted his body and limbs within the grid lines. Mid-type hoist pattern pottery pots, gourds obviously should draw the outer contour, and then fills in cucurbits fine mesh pattern, then the final ornamentation other lines will complement the surrounding air when. Machang types of single ear cup, you must first draw back to the strip-shaped pattern, and then painted strip between the fine grid pattern, about 1 cm2 between bands, there are five lines criss-crossing the latitude and longitude, then painters exquisite skill with this evident. Otherwise, the lines are of varying thickness, density uneven or curved lines, resulting in overlap and so on. Thus drawing skills proficiency directly affects the quality of pottery and beautiful.
Whatever the shape, what kind of pattern, and regardless of what type of culture, any of its ever-changing color painting always follow certain principles and procedures, that is from top to bottom, from the point to the surface, the first after the other and from the main the overall layout of the local structure, these laws created a general rule later painting of its kind. In the heyday of Gansu painted pottery, the pattern is still complicated but not chaotic, orderly, the fundamental reason is painted with the color of the basic rules.
Pottery is pottery blanks are not completely dry when depicted. Body paint color after repeated use tools such as polished pebbles, it will give the device table grabbing dense texture becomes smooth and delicate. Draw up the color material will be subject to a means of rolling embedder polished table, becoming an integral part of the device table, firmly attached to the body is not to fall off, and after firing device table bright, beautiful color. Mid-table type of pottery is the most polished fine pattern bright, dazzling, reaching the extreme. Lanzhou City, Mid-type Mu Ping pottery pots, neck junction using the left stick vertical rolling circle arising dent. After Mr. Li Wenjie experiments in color can be hard and rolling ball of light, color can be used outside the circle of light stick hard and rolling. Forced to pay attention to the rolling direction is substantially perpendicular to the table, so it will not shift color material, the pattern remains intact. 3. Tao Yi
Painted pottery blanks in color before, add a layer of colored pottery coating applied is after the mid Yangshao types – type pottery culture common practice. Shi Tao Yi, the device table covered with a layer as gorgeous Technicolor Dreamcoat, and then other colors paint color. If the clothes on red painted pottery black color, strong color contrast and athletic, more eye-catching. Plus some pottery painted pottery coating color even after longer, such as the Land Bay four pottery tripod, whole body ornaments purple pottery, clothing, still seems gorgeous dazzling). Pottery coating material is generally fine clay carefully washing off the mud, and sometimes transferred to other pigments. Gasch pottery clothing when brushing the mud is placed on the table or utensils made of foam dipped in mud. Machang type, and Huoshaogou, Xindian, manholes are endemic culture terracotta clothing; Yangshao, Majiayao culture pottery small amount of white clothing. After identification, red pottery coating raw materials is high iron content of red clay, chalk white pottery, mostly clothing.
Painted pottery
Painted pottery is fired and then painted pottery color pattern pottery, painted pottery color of these pigments plus a gelatinous substance, whereby the color material attached to the device table, but still easy to fall off. Dadi Bay one found a white painted pottery, painted in white tank-shaped inner wall, paint coarse texture, significantly higher than the control tables. By X-ray diffraction analysis, pigments calcite, calcium carbonate and silica components. Local everywhere “material Jiang stone” contains high calcite, it is estimated will “feed Jiang Shi” cooked ground into a white pigment.
Gulf of four in the earth painted pottery unearthed more, one is painted in red on plaster painted pottery quality, because shedding pattern color material unclear; other is painted in muddy bottles, pots on the white painting, shedding phenomenon as a serious red color. Red color material was identified as cinnabar, white color material mainly composed of calcite and a small amount of gypsum. This time, the white color material composition and a basically the same, but the texture is fine, the adhesion of the pottery in a strong performance, process obviously had come, it may be a better use of colloidal material.
Pottery methods
Of Neolithic pottery production methods can be broadly divided into hand-made, molded and wheel braking. From the early hand-made by the slow wheel trim, the development of fast wheel pottery, went through a long process of development. In other words, the earliest pottery is no pottery wheel, dating back about 7000 years later produced a slow round, dating back 5,000 years ago in the Yellow River after the Longshan culture was invented and used a quick round.
Handmade dough method can be divided into mud tablets affixed construction method, built of mud into law. Only a small amount of dough France small objects, and objects on the accessories, such as ears, feet and objects to become attached to additional heap pattern of pinching clay strips. Clay tablets affixed construction method mainly popular in southern China, including clay is built into law, including the Yellow River in Gansu main pottery methods.
Molding method that is relying on pottery mold molding method. It is the initial stage of the mold deposited sludge method, namely the earth of the earliest pottery unearthed cultural relics Bay pottery is made in this way. The mature stage molded law Miaodigou prevalent in the middle Yellow River, Long LLJ culture. The difference is that the former mud deposited on the mold, which is fortified in the mold clay.
Wheel braking method is to use a rapidly rotating wheel throwing pottery molding process. According to Mr. Li Wenjie observed only speed up to 90 weeks or more per minute, can quickly forming body, below this speed, wheel only for trimming body craft. Despite the slow wheels visible for pottery, but can not make pottery molding, which can only be used as an adjunct to trim body, so people can not go round system of law.
According to research results, Gansu pottery mold molding method is mainly deposited mud and clay built Act into law.
Bay, a pottery earth has a very distinctive feature, namely pottery stratification. Mainly divided into inner and outer surface and inner tube layer, and the inner tube can be divided into two or three layers, from pottery sectional layers can be clearly seen through vertical texture. Pottery bowl-shaped inside and outside surface are red clay pottery, tube layer is gray-black, clip a more uniform fine sand. Pottery fragments stubble visible at stratification off phenomenon. This preliminary judgment, pottery blanks are stratified by different mud applicator produced. Why can assume is molded?
There are several reasons:
First, according to the common sense of ceramic technology, built into the legal system into a clay pottery tire sidewall is thicker, and a pottery tires thin as thick as 0.3 cm;
Second, a simple-type species, and many ceramics same sizes, and further the possibility that the molding;
Third, and most conclusive evidence, because the production of artifacts found in the inner mold and outer mold making Hukou, are fired by solid clay molds. Thus, we confirm that the earliest pottery molding mold deposited sludge method, which mainly within the mold as the basis, directly into the mud mud extruded sheet, layer after layer applicator onto the mold.
Specific methods of operation are as follows: first inner mold placed on wooden pallets or flat stone on the mold surface sprinkled with a layer of fine dry soil, so as to form pottery tire and die after separation. Mud deposited on the plate will be placed on the mold, upside down in order to operate. Straight cans, deep abdominal cans, etc., because of their steep inner mold wall was like, mud wrap should be bottom-up, top-down or if deposited, fetal heart rate is easy to fall or break. The inner wall of the bowl was gentle shape mold, both top-down start to apply from the center, also starting from the edge, bottom to complete. The key mud deposited a first step a first layer of cladding fetal mud way to press mud squeeze hard hand, it is securely attached to the mold not to fall off, and then continued layers dressing up mud. Stratification mud deposited film layers have a certain relationship between the inter-adhesive surface to be uneven, so as to be successively deposited mud tablets are firmly bonded together.
Tao tire molding mold, and then look at the inner tire pottery spread a layer of muddy clay by hand. In some pottery found in the inner wall of the bottom-up finger wipe marks, is indicative of the surface is made of mud plaster. Plastering both hands on the artifacts inside and outside of, the force pulling extrusion, both exclude indirect stubble soil layers formed at the bubble, but also to eliminate, smooth wall gap, so that the pottery tire structure was further closely, is table and thus also becomes smooth.
Painted in the three-legged device, foot mosaic installation methods is done. Foot Yong Shounie from the system, until the water evaporates slightly hard when dry for easy operation. Will be pre-made foot inserter drilled holes in the bottom, inner bottom and then were outsole clay paste, squeeze real flatten the seam, then mud trowel.
Having Dadiwan a study of pottery can be seen at this time potters using not only the body’s internal model, but also the use of pot collar (rim) of the outer mold, and the well-known muddy mud and sand different properties of mud, in the same utensils intervals alternately using two mud. These facts show that people already have more experience, indicating that this method is not the most die deposited mud pottery primitive methods. For its origin is not yet quite clear, yet continue to study and solve.
However, the mold production process complicated deposited sludge method, combined with the shape of the body, the size of the mold will be subject to restrictions, making it difficult to produce large objects. Shapes and objects made of monotonous, low productivity, the firing process is often cracking and delamination phenomena caused many scrap, defective products, thus greatly restricted the further development of pottery. Population growth, economic development has brought a large demand for pottery, in the constant practice of pottery production process evolved, so that this method is more backward pottery consequent new technology – built of mud into law instead.
Clay building and mature into law is a typical hand molding method is most widely used in the Neolithic Age, the time most lasting ceramic billet molding technology. This method is first knead clay mud, clay and then built into the body. In Gansu Province, dating from about 7,000 years ago Yangshao begin until the Bronze Age, has always been to build clay into law as the main method of pottery. That is, in addition to the land Bay Gansu painted pottery culture, the basic use of this production technology.
It should be noted that in the early Yangshao, together with the above two methods. Won at the end of the bowl, basin, mostly pottery, still uses the mold mud deposition method. Their pottery is still hierarchical, and the earth proved Bay a method of making the same. The difference this time is that the ceramic layers, as are fine clay pottery, more closely between the layers combined firm. Extensive use of flat device, sharp end device, then use clay to build into law. Inside the flat, sometimes leaving clay seams between the sharp end of the bottle bottom, showing a circle circling mud streaks. Yangshao to mid rounded bottom is basically disappeared, built of mud into law eventually completely replace the mold applicator France. Thus, this is a long process of development.
Clay building became law is divided into plate construction, building lap two methods. Plate construction is connected to a ground of mud a linking spiraled build body; Circle building is to clay
Each end to end, made of mud ring, then circle pile of mud adobe built by piling up, and thus often leaving mud tire inside wall of the gap. Two methods to plate construction method common, Machang circle of pottery are also sometimes used construction method.
Means of operation
Specific operation has built and is building down two means. Pour down from the upper floor is the body produced by the Department, the first building after the building’s bottom wall, the bottom tip for bottles; positive construction method is built after the end of the first production unit wall for flat device. ‘s Bottom is made into a cake in advance, and then from the bottom outside edge devices built with clay walls synthesizer, commonly known as “day package earth.” Sometimes shallow dish is made from the bottom, from the inside splice abdomen, commonly known as “bag day.” This production was up in a fixed workbench complete, then a clay one, according to the need to constantly continued plus or fortified Tim pile. Changes in various parts of the wall, relying on finger pinching clay control and change shape. Finger inward or outward objects can be expanded or reduced in diameter. Tilt inward to form the wall diameter increases abdominal; tilted outward, forming the walls gradually narrow diameter shoulder; and table vertical wall constant diameter, forming a straight abdomen or neck. Because Bohou wall thickness depends on the clay and pinching of the intensity of the size, so the mud bar built into the body of the entire process, the hand operating skills play a decisive role. Beautiful and decorative pottery is the perfect combination of unity, harmony depends on the shape of the perfect craftsman superb skill. Beautiful refers to the objects of the outer contour America, the image of the United States, its first condition is the ratio between the various parts of coordination. Bottom diameter, abdominal diameter and the diameter ratio, abdominal diameter and a height of, is tall with collar (or rim) a high proportion. The inclination of the lower abdomen different shapes for different objects, such as the mid-song Yangshao abdominal and pelvic tilt – showed a greater degree curved belly; Majiayao type of flat-bottomed bottles, small inclination thus elongated straight abdomen; Mid-type pottery urn, tilt large cylindrical puff. Show different shapes of different competing graceful curve, and the artistic style of harmony and unity.
Tao billet made, the need for proper dressing, it will give the various parts neat and beautiful artifacts, rim and appearance becomes smooth, modeling and more shapely. When dressing a similar bone dagger flakes, scrapers off the excess mud; also use ceramic pads, etc. lumps pad in the wall, to adjust the curve of artifacts; or additions mud by hand, for processing, to make pottery tire the best shape. Modeling is complete, you want to be slapped pottery tire rolling, to make the clay more closely bonded to each other securely. In the Yangshao culture, there has been slow wheel dressing technology, in some pottery rim wheel spin leaving traces. Dadi Bay, the Royal depression and other negative unearthed pottery, bottle gourd, trim the bottom of the Sacred Hearts vortex pattern generated are sufficient to prove the existence of the slow wheel. Zhengxintai vortex pattern is body upside down on the potter’s wheel, and with the tools from the center to the edge of the dresser-end texture generated by moving gradually, which differs from the bottom splitter fast wheel pottery produced when the eccentric vortex lines. Although the pottery wheel has not yet been found, but they found in the earth from the Gulf of early to late Yangshao pottery into a series of turntable. Turntable is coarse pottery, both thick and heavy, mostly more than 30 cm in diameter. Early turntable Central uplift as a flat work surface, the central disk late turntable upside down in a ceramic pots. Late Yangshao set of artifacts unearthed when they are reflected in the case of the production: ceramic pots upside down on the turntable, turntable middle of a circle of round mud protruding edge, just fixed on the turntable will be within the basin. Operation is placed on the turntable on the potter’s wheel, diameter 15 cm ceramic pots pottery bottom plate construction has become blank countertops. Some turntable interior is also engraved with many concentric circles in the middle of a circle, round mouth to pottery can be made more for the bottom of the abdomen and neat. Some turntable edges have a plurality of apertures for the discharge tray when the outflow of excess mud pottery. This exquisite pottery tools and detailed vision, fully embodies our ancestors have a clever wit and a wealth of creativity.
Slow round production
Qinan, Gangu along some villagers still use the slower wheel. Usually the first dig a pit, pit burial shaft, made of potter’s wheel with mud, when placed flush with the pit. When making pottery wheel with foot pedal, the wheel rotation. Because no other power, the potter’s wheel only slow rotation, plus set a potter’s wheel Central argillaceous workbench. From such equipment and working scenario, we seem to be able to capture thousands of years ago our ancestors were potters information.
Painted pottery prosperity and the level of technology development are closely related. After the rise of fast wheels, painted pottery declined rapidly. The study found that: Where has the pottery making traditional ancient culture, its pottery handmade craft necessarily remain in the stage, master, and after the use of quick wheel pottery, painted pottery craft will soon disappear along. Gansu pottery until Xindian, manholes culture, still use clay to build into law making. Xinjiang pottery end much later, because the only successor to the Han dynasty pottery nearly round. Northwest China, pottery production to the Bronze Age, the reason is still very well developed, the important reason is unable to grasp the fast wheel pottery methods, but also precisely because of this, it makes Gansu pottery colorful splendor.
Jieshou pottery
Outline
Located in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River Jieshou, always honest, rich cultural heritage. People with dexterous hands continue to create a material, but also created a beautiful folk art. This paper-cut, paintings, pottery and other folk art, exudes fragrance of the soil, dotted with bustling like a small farm house, especially Jieshou pottery, with its unique art, folk art garden of the Chinese nation in a wonderful work.
Traceability
The invention of pottery, should be traced back to five or six thousand years ago in the Neolithic Age. Hard-working, intelligent ancestors to soil for the timber, digging for the kiln, firing a low fine pottery. The invention of pottery, marking the beginning of the Neolithic culture. This period pottery modeling simple and full, in proportion, simple and elegant decorative patterns, bright colors, set of practical, aesthetic in one.
Pottery skills from generation to generation, like the Yellow River water and continuously. To the Sui Dynasty, Jieshou will have a history of pottery kilns. To the Tang Dynasty, Tang origin due to Luoyang with neighbors, Jieshou three carved pottery along with the advent of color. After nearly a thousand years of development, Jieshou three-color engraved pottery has gradually evolved into today’s three-color portray pottery. However, its unique plastic arts and decorative arts remains of the old charm.
There Jieshou pottery on the birth of an ancient legend: first, they just burn the family pottery, production of some commodities, for a year, the father of Emperor Li Shimin Li Yuan after jieshou of the “glass temple”, staying in the vicinity, night dream streamers table, placed above the green, yellow and white color pottery, woke up, he immediately ordered the vicinity of the potter to make tri-color pottery. However, due to limited skills at the potter, burned for three days and three nights, only to burn out the yellow and white pottery, think of ways to make green pottery.
While we are unable to do anything, a coppersmith through kilns, due to continuous rain for several days, coppersmith forced to work within the kilns, some of the copper powder was blown into the kiln, I did not expect that these copper actually changed the Tao colors, they produced a green pottery. So far, copper is still their pottery raw materials. When the Lo family mastered the art of pottery making three, start from generation to generation, and gradually spread open.
To the late Qing Dynasty, the nearby 13 villages are producing pottery, forming a well-known “Thirteen kiln.” In a few hundred years, a large number of pottery Jieshou transported via the nearby Grand Canal to the country, and is supplied as a luxury dignitaries.
Process Development
Jieshou pottery craft’s no clear origin of written records. In 1999, one of the top ten archaeological discoveries of ancient canals Liuzi Huaibei archaeological excavations unearthed a large number of pottery pieces and parts of Jieshou tick flower pottery complete control, especially in a Song wells carved three pottery found jieshou tablets, as the beginning of our study jieshou pottery burned years provides valuable materials; Ming in Xuzhou City Ruins also unearthed artifacts and pottery fragments Jieshou. Through these findings, can be inferred Jieshou pottery production process later appeared in the Song Dynasty. In addition, according to “Historical Atlas of China · Sui part” in the birthplace of Shaolin Ying River north of insufficient Barry Tang is one of the three ligou origin, while the ancient waterway transport has been an important way, so can be inferred, Jieshou pottery process development is likely to be directly or indirectly through the Ying River by the Tang Dynasty, the impact of the three-color process.
Jieshou pottery clay used is taken from the local yellow clay, kiln workers also known as the “Yellow River silt,” that is deposited after the Yellow River flood of yellow clay. According to “Genshi canals” records, the Yellow River is in flood affected Ying Yuan Ren sickness among (1314 ~ 1320). Local kiln workers introduced another big yellow clay, small clay of the points, the Yellow River flood known as the small clay clay before, their sexual hard, can only do pots, plates, lamps and other simple shapes pottery; subsequent spread to the Yellow River flood place, known as the big clay clay deposited, their sexual soft, strong plasticity, can make more complex shapes of pottery. After the Yuan Dynasty, Jieshou absorb the local pottery is very popular woodblock New Year pictures and paper-cut applique decoration techniques and ornamentation content, there has been portrayed, tick flower craft, initially formed its own unique artistic style. In the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic, Jieshou pottery in succession on the basis of pre-pottery art, but also by the impact of the then opera art, decoration and much more colorful, flowers, birds, fish and insects in addition, the emergence of a large repertoire of traditional character as a theme scene painting, carved, tick flower decoration process is more common. Early days, Jieshou pottery care and support of the Government, the famous kiln Lushan Yi, Lu Shan Zhi was sent to the Central Academy of Fine Arts of East Branch of the masses classes, making their drawings, preform level has been greatly improved. In 1954, Mr. Lu Shanyi set up a pottery production cooperatives, in 1958 changed its name to jieshou pottery factory. In 1954, the Soviet Union, Museum of Oriental Art “plastic arts” published Mr. Lu Shanyi produced three color “knife horse people” jars photos, great response at the international level, some countries in Eastern Europe are eager to collect his works, Mr. Lu Shanyi also Chinese Folk Artists Association was named national outstanding folk artists, and purple artists Gu Jingzhou other masters par. “Cultural Revolution” period to the early 1980s, China’s cultural rebirth, but also ushered in a Jieshou pottery art spring. Jieshou pottery factory in the famous Arts and Crafts home under the guidance of Mr. Han Meilin, developed a series of borosilicate glaze, such as Ugyen glaze, gold sand glaze, peacock blue glaze, rose red glaze, etc., instead of the original lead glaze, while the pottery from the converted to high temperature low temperature (kiln temperature reached about 1000 ℃), combine glaze more closely than before, more brilliant glaze beauty products are exported to Eastern Europe, the USA, Japan, Hong Kong and other countries and regions. Mr. Lu Shanyi of the “three-color engraved cylinder” also in 1984, Ministry of Light Industry Chinese arts and crafts Hundred Flowers Award for quality award.
Evolutionary history
Pottery decoration technique retroactive jieshou the evolution history can be divided into three periods.
The first time that the initial period of Jieshou pottery, strictly speaking, this time can not be called faience pottery, and can only be called unglazed pottery. Due to lack of production tools, the ancestors can only use intelligent brain and industrious hands rubbing mud condiments, plates clay modeling, using firewood cryogenic burn out without glaze unglazed pottery; plate construction made of clay pottery, natural made of stripes has become a unique aesthetic decorative patterns.
The second period, that period Jieshou carved painted pottery. At this point, our ancestors have begun to use the potter’s wheel, to borrow feet uniform rotation force to make pottery wheel, set the mud in the wheel, his hands skillfully force, pull out the ever-changing style pottery tires; dried, applied clay to tread then dry to semi to portray iron sign or bamboo bird fleas in the tread, soil Zhu Zaishi lead glaze, kiln dried and placed, firewood till three or four days that was glistening three-color pottery. Which characterize the content, mostly for the birds in nature, but also because the neck or at the bottom of the altar cans are engraved with flowers as a theme continuous pattern of two parties, so called carved pottery; pottery kiln after burning tires were red ocher, accessories green and yellowish brown glaze, the natural formation of three colored glaze, the two are combined is three-color engraved pottery.
The third period, Jieshou pottery portray period, starting from the second period after several years of practice, earthenware pottery artists gradually enriched scribe theme. In addition to birds, fish and insects outside, such as the “broken Hongzhou”, “war Qin Qiong,” “guillotine v. United States,” and so traditional drama scenes are “moving” on a pottery jar; in performance techniques, the use of a tick, carving, scraping, etc. way to make the picture more colorful, more vivid characterization theme. This period pottery decoration techniques has been dominant so far. Its decorative techniques mainly in two points, one engraving tool particularity. With a knife, needle ghostwriter, tick, carving, scraping simultaneously, so that the screen produces black, white, gray artistic effect; this traditional art pottery in the domestic sector yet his case. The second is the compatibility of regional folk art. Jieshou pottery art deco features both local lines carved woodblock New Year pictures manifestations, but also absorbed the jieshou paper-cut lines to cover the characteristics Xinshou artists portray, no carving of the unimaginative.
Artistic Features
Jieshou color Taobing Cheng Tang legacy, but also absorbed the paper cutting, artistic style woodblock New Year pictures, pottery art of self into the genre. Production on the tread, Jieshou pottery decorated with two make-up of dirt and characterization demonstrated in the course ocher, yellow or ocher, white two basic contrasting colors; the portrayed subject matter, divided by the life of the flowers, birds, fish , for the creation of objects insects, but also learn the traditional emphasis on the art of opera elements to be in the form of scenes of the performance, Lushan Yi’s “Knife horse people” series is its representative; during the firing, the first addition to making pottery Jieshou tide, then unglazed, temperature is generally 700 to 800 degrees Celsius, finished in red brick portrayed pottery, unglazed after glaze firing, ie, coated with lead, silica, silt and put into ceramic glaze sagger, the gradual increase in temperature 1000-1050 degrees Celsius, burning two days and nights, finished as the jieshou red white pottery.
Jieshou pottery reflects the honest farmer Daisetz earthy character and great aesthetics Coincidentally, reflecting the Chinese folk art nature, the pursuit of harmony aesthetic trends. This artwork by domestic and foreign markets welcomed the British Victoria Museum collection has jieshou three-color portray pottery. Jieshou pottery colorful, colorful, popular with Europeans welcomed the founding soon, many state leaders like to take jieshou pottery, gave the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and some other countries officials.
Decorative pottery Jieshou’s unique art is constituted by a number of factors. The application rate of the unconscious as gold, treatment of space, the layout of the screen, etc., the best combination of multiple elements to create a unique artistic character Jieshou pottery. However, Jieshou pottery is a human in the long term production practice, social life constantly observed, continue to find, constantly refining and continue to create crystals; mimic scored from a simple to a comprehensive artistic creation, from the occasional discovery to skilled grasp, so again, and be inspired to get the law before summarizing the principle of creating beauty. Therefore, Jieshou symmetry of pottery, balanced beauty, decorative beauty, is derived from life, rooted in the local beauty collections. Jieshou pottery material taken from the main river of the clay layer Ying, therefore, also have the local, national local characteristics, thus forming a personality and unique artistic language “jieshou pottery.”
Jieshou pottery mostly circular shape-based, according to research, with a circular feature has two determinants. First, here is derived from folk culture. “Tao” with “dig” of the homonym, “round” with “round round” of meaning, a combination of both, shall dig a round and round. Before liberation, the Huaihe River area when the woman will prevail marriage dowry custom of a three pottery altar, round engraved on pottery jars peony, plum magpies, carp and other content lotus, peony symbolizes wealth, Yu said hi magpie on plum brow, Lotus carp meaning there are more than a year after these public loved the theme, and both reflect when the wedding couple yearning for a better life. Second, the round-shape than other ceramics large capacity, more practical, and, in the firing process, the circular pottery deformation.
Jieshou pottery shape, on the basis of a large number of the graphics but the scientific use of the S line, so that the shape of the contours full of change; its facade bilateral S radians size, width, height changes, the pottery capacity and overall aesthetics plays an extremely important role. As can be seen from the example, the body is in line with faience Jieshou golden section method. Jieshou pottery in many circular pottery jars, pots, and its height and diameter ratio, mostly in the 6:4 or so; three pottery hanging plate and the bottom plate at the end of the 6:4 ratio is also more in between, therefore, In the process of natural drying and firing the lowest rate of deformation.
Jieshou pottery more use has changed the law and unification of the plastic arts. S-shaped lines are constantly changing, highlighting the physical personality characteristics, namely arc-based, supplemented by a straight line; side, the bottom of the tank from the altar to the neck are composed by a tension arc, while the neck to the mouth department is using a little straight line, so obvious contrast, highlights its prioritized, distinctive black and white contrast. The body portion (i.e., bottle-shaped abdomen) curve of expansion, similar to the formation of expanding circle of the body, the S line extreme exaggeration, a full, rich visual effects. The use of the neck straight, indeed go beyond that, just right. The use of these short lines, play an irreplaceable role in foil, making a circle more round, full markedly effective full, rich styling and body language, that song has straight, there are just soft, avoiding the modeling monotonous, dull disadvantages. Only changes in the length of a straight line, but there arc intensity and diversity of form, line and arc combine to form a unified Jieshou pottery, coordination, balance and stability and beauty.
Heritage significance
Pottery production techniques that do not pass the same surname, making pottery, a different family names are not allowed to watch. If the children of the family want to learn it, just let them watch the production process, and then do their own, thanks to their own way, do not do even beaten. When 70% of produced pottery similar to prove they have a certain “talent”, the ancestors began to give advice. It is said that studies the skills needed at least three years, and some may not learn.
1958, Jieshou way down the river in the north bank of the formation of skills Ying ceramics factory, the plant has now become a major production of pottery, the pottery firing techniques Jieshou pass extension to get here. However, in recent years, by the impact of modern industrial products, ceramics factory downturn now facing financial difficulties, the traditional art of pottery products production decline in sales, the market slump, while more young people do not want to learn from a teacher apprenticeship, so Jieshou pottery firing techniques have successors in fear, it is necessary to protect them.
Country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, May 20, 2006, the State Council approved the production techniques included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. June 5, 2007, determined by the Ministry of Culture, Jieshou of Wang Jingsheng, Lu mountains for cultural heritage inheritors representative, and was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage items 226 representative heritage list.
