Pai drums drum is a new breed of musical instruments. Appeared in the early 1960s, by the Central Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra Caihui Quan, Yang Jing Ming made in accordance with common folk percussions and medium-sized drum reform, and later continuous improvement. By five rows of drums of different sizes, there are other drum pronunciation composed of a set. Drum height from 29 to 33.3 cm, catchy surface diameter from 16.7 to 37 cm, under the port side from 11.7 to 37 cm in diameter. Both sides of the drum frame drum outside diameter of the same inner diameter of each varies, may issue two different tone to the pitch, so there are ten five drum sounds. Pronunciation row drum intense, Tiaodang, a firm treble, middle and bass generous loud and clear, especially good at performance warm jubilant mood.
An Instrument Introduction
Pai drums drum is a new breed of musical instruments. Appeared in the early 1960s by the Central Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra Caihui Quan, Yang Jing Ming made in accordance with common folk percussions and medium-sized drum reform, and later continuous improvement.
By five rows of drums of different sizes, there are other drum pronunciation composed of a set. Drum height from 29 to 33.3 cm, catchy surface diameter from 16.7 to 37 cm, under the port side from 11.7 to 37 cm in diameter. Both sides of the drum frame drum outside diameter of the same inner diameter of each varies, may issue two different tone to the pitch, so there are ten five drum sounds. Each drum is fitted on both sides of tuning equipment, tuning range up to four or five degrees, according to the actual needs tuning. A drum body fixed to the drum stand can be a special lifting drum frame end is “u” shaped frame, the frame can be placed in the drum body be inverted pitch selection.
Pronunciation row drum intense, Tiaodang, a firm treble, middle and bass generous loud, especially good at performance warm jubilant mood. In the song “cottage holiday”, “sea percussion”, “dragon boat percussion”, the music segments are ranked drum solo.
Yan River in Jilin Song and Dance Theatre in cooperation with the National Instrument Factory in Suzhou, developed into a row of drums composed by thirteen drums, drum body with glass and steel production, drums and stand for socket-type combination, the new structure has been used for stage performances.
2 Drum rack research
Row drum rack
Today sided frame drum used row, ball rack body rotation will often fall. Taipei Municipal Orchestra and Orchestra experiments, often Western snare drum stand as a row of racks, it is also very easy to use.
Pentameter row overall frame drum, drum king from China – Mr. Liu Hanlin and new manager Jinan drum percussion factory Wang Ling Yun jointly designed, based on the original split frame combined into a whole shelf, easy to move in before the show, for speeding . Overall frame can be removable, but also facilitate long-distance transport. More importantly, a great improvement in the production process; overall quality metal frame and drums used by more reliable.
3 drumsticks Introduction
1. Soft Stick: tuning for pots and pots drum drum stick body made of bamboo, percussion drumsticks at the stick on round wood or cork, the outer circular flannel suture to close the line at the bottom of the head. In Taiwan, the player with the common Western timpani stick instead, due to the Western timpani stick external fluff fiber, easily drum skin pores adhesions, drumsticks used mostly by Western stacked flat cylinder made of velvet Buppee drumsticks.
2. Yingbang: the use of mahogany, ebony made of quality materials drumsticks heavy percussion drumsticks round small diameter end, holding drumsticks circle larger diameter end. Taiko Japanese ghost According to Taiwan to play playbill records, used drumsticks made of birch. Central Conservatory of Music teacher gave Li Zhen expensive is the author of a large drumsticks made of birch, 35.2 cm long, blunt tip before and after, at 1 cm from the tip diameter of 1.7 cm; centimeters away from the rear end of a diameter of 2.1 cm; distance backend 6.6 to 7.2 centimeters 0.6 cm stick body, the body engraved with two bars around the ring; 3.4 centimeters from the back-end, drill hole diameter of 0.4 cm. Drumsticks quality than the mahogany, ebony light, suitable for pots drums, drum playing.
Church drumsticks
Many Taiwanese folk artists like drumsticks with bamboo, can be found in folk music, seeing the group also plays drums hands hearted master, its bamboo hall drumsticks from the mainland put it down. Bamboo Church drumsticks around the same end diameter as the front end to have bamboo, playing the sound to be “pass. Pass. Pass ..” effect. Redwood National Orchestra often used drumsticks for percussions, drums and drum playing Pai, Taiwan commonly used for long mahogany drumsticks 25.5 cm from front to back 1 cm at both ends of the drumsticks, each rod has a diameter of 0.8 cm and 1.2 cm red hard wood timber, suitable for making drumsticks. Since in recent years been used in the production of drumsticks aspen material, gradually being adopted by the country music hitter. Because the outer ring around the center of Aspen has six clear of wood, so called Abelia. Aspen firm texture with toughness, unlike the case of the red wooden body often blow cracked.
Row drumsticks
When using the saw poplar trim, you can see its debris sinking, unlike general mahogany wood, it will fly off Abelia drumsticks, about 30.4 cm at the front end of a centimeter in diameter of 1.1 cm, the back-end a centimeters and a diameter of 1.4 cm. After sharpening rod end sandpaper and finishing behind bars can be used. Li Chen of Taiwan to play when your teacher is using this form of six wooden drumsticks, while Lee Min male teacher in Taiwan play, which is just 10 centimeters long Abelia use drumsticks, drumsticks worn pointy front, drumsticks tail drilling put on line, for playing fast-paced set of percussion music in a small thumb, such as: a bumper harvest of row drum playing. But because the bar is relatively soft heart, once worn too sharp, after a blow to the tip drumsticks easier to wear and dulling.
Redwood drumsticks
Orchestra often used for percussions, drums and drum playing Pai, Taiwan commonly used for long mahogany drumsticks 25.5 cm from front to back 1 cm at both ends of the drumsticks, each rod has a diameter of 0.8 cm and 1.2 cm, red wood wood hard, for making drumsticks.
Aspen drumsticks
Since in recent years been used in the production of drumsticks aspen material, gradually being adopted by the country music hitter. Because the outer ring around the center of Aspen has six clear of wood, so called Abelia. Aspen firm texture with toughness, unlike the case of the red wooden body often blow cracked. When using the saw poplar trim, you can see its debris sinking, unlike general mahogany wood, will be scattered. Six wooden drumsticks, about 30.4 cm at the front end of a centimeter in diameter and 1.1 cm at the rear end of a centimeter in diameter was 1.4 cm. After sharpening rod end sandpaper and finishing behind bars can be used.
4 historical records
China for its diverse and varied percussion sounds, traditional folk opera adds a rich color, drums and gongs in the history of these two still widely played traditional Chinese musical instruments, many have their origin and development scholars, and manufacturing process of its kind, is to go exploring in depth, in this first preliminary study of modern Taiwan Chinese Orchestra common drum, gong classes and their drumsticks, shelves of shape, as a study of traditional Chinese percussion start.
About row drums, Fan Ye’s “Han Ma Yuan Chuan” in: “aid to ride, good alias Ma, Luo Yue in Cochin was ranked drum.” This is the earliest record of the discharge drum. Jin Pei Yuan in “Guangzhou mind,” wrote: “Vulgar Liao bronze for drums, drum only tall as you, Miankuo Zhang Yu.” FangXuanLing “Book of Jin Appreciative”: “Guangzhou barbarians, valuable row drum. “Guangzhou area was great, including the current majority of Guangdong and Guangxi. Luo Yue Department of the Qin and Han nationalities in a previous Baiyue tribes, Ji Jin Zhuang. Literature since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the more to see records Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Hunan and other places related to Timbal. “Sui Shu Geography”: “Since the south ridge, more than twenty-gun …… and bronze for the bass drum, into the early, suspended atrium, Zhijiu to recruit the same.” Du Tang Dynasty “Tongdian”: “row drums, bronze whom, virtual its side, cover and blow on it. “mention only a drumhead. Liu Xun Tang Dynasty drums when describing row image in the “Lu Yi Ling tables” wrote: “There are rows of drum music barbarians Yan, shaped like a drum, one has a face, a drum circle two Chixu, face and body connection, all with bronze, its body over there, insects, fish, flowers and the like, the whole body evenly thick two points outside the furnace casting wonderful, in fact, Kit Kat, hit the loud, no less than Ming lizard “Song poet Fan Chengda” Gui Hai Yu Heng Chi. “: “its system such as sit pier, and empty their next full drum patterns are fine, very workers caused by the four corners of a small toad.
5 playing skills
Ranked drum and bass drum drumming essentials and actions the same row can be fixed on both sides of the drum sounds, this is because each row of a drum bore side of the big, the small side, and its range is not the same, both sides of each row of drum tuning and more relationship for four or five degrees, the reason is struck while playing though only one side, but the other side of the drum skin is not static, it will resonate. So the sides of the drum skin tuning for consonance, on the one hand is easy to sound Dingzhun, on the other hand can pronounce pure, because percussion sound is music material itself, so that the sound melodious, rhythmic, drum playing with the row teaching, whether playing round-outs, roll-outs, also playing etudes, the sound quality when solo is the need to make an effort in particular.
In row drum art, beautiful melodious voice percussion drum when using row source of strength, the strength of domination, striking row drum method has a direct relationship. From a physiological point of view of the person’s arm into the hand, forearm, arm, elbow, waist, and several other independent activities can be part of the proper use of force is the key to learning basic skills drain drum, using force is reasonable, whether Science works to fight decision success.
A source of strength to force the coordinated movement of the fingers, wrist, arm from the waist. In other words, the waist is a source of strength to force the tap row drum. “People of flooding, the waist is the” waist walking, plays the role of the body’s balance when standing away, and when force is reflected in the reserve forces under the command of the brain, playing drums in a row, often encountered under the music the intensity of the mark, such as f, ff, fff like. These marks are playing, although there are different requirements in different works, but they are expressive intensity of. These efforts are bound to play the waist strength to force the point. Gupi full from top to bottom and vibration (sound seems to make the earth, which is commonly referred to as the sound playing through). So as to achieve good performance results.
Such as drumming together Qin “agitation Central Plains” to start and end until three by two f f constituted momentum strong, majestic, atmospheric, if it is by force is not acceptable waist, waist power can not act directly on the exhaust drum playing, but through the fingers, wrists, arms, shoulders, back and instantly transmitted to finish playing, whether this power transmission coordination is the key row playing drums produce good effects. They are explosive strong Qin, moderate strong Qin.
Strong explosive played. Such efforts are common in music, percussion row drum sound when you make a flexible and explosive, it should sound play “through.” Especially when playing fast degree of rhythm, percussion force to be sent accented part of the body to do bottom-up “where they stand.” Requirements effect is particularly strong performance, full, forceful tone, by the waist, upper body, arms and hands, and finally with drumsticks drum percussion in the apparent surface “dynamic” in “put fresh” state, not just when struck with a finger, wrist, arm, waist combined with the use, but also to include the entire body of coordinated movement to force the waist waist knees and feet and other parts of the outbreak is highly concentrated driving force of its features.
Moderately strong playing. Such efforts strong, but not explosive, explosive and strong volume also played under the fingers, wrist, arm stressed, feeling a sense of force concentration but does not drive the outbreak: fingers, wrist, arm strength driver supports inner strength its characteristics. Only clever grasp and fingers, wrist, arm strength, including the support throughout the drumhead being hit in order to achieve the rich, full, solid inner force effects.
Pianissimo. Played a strong explosive force is characterized by the fingers, wrists, arms and waist, knees, feet drive outbreak. Strong outs moderate force is characterized by a finger, wrist, arm drive support and instant transmission of inner strength. And when pianissimo finger, wrist force transmitting the most unique, with its twenty words summed force principles: ideas by means wrist force to symmetry, the full force consistent shoulder, wrist and fingers slowly push. In pianissimo, and both require the volume to be weak, but in the end require percussion, sound really weak and not imaginary. This point is difficult to control, correct use of twenty word principle, there will be satisfactory results.
In the process of evolving drum percussion row, and now on the fingers, wrist, arm movements are made more specific requirements. Advocates overall relax and let the natural weight of the arm spread through drumstick drum surface that wrist, forearm, arm, elbow, shoulder should be coordinated. Correct use of the fingers, wrist, arm, shoulder, back, waist, knees, feet intensity, can play a satisfactory sound. Sound technique, which is basically strike tactics. Strictly speaking, sound techniques should first include the voice of the mind awareness, awareness is the sound of sound mind imagine finger, which resemble directly from the auditory perception of sound hit the drumhead and understanding of music. If you leave the likeness of sound mind, struck drumhead trick is without trees, which is not required to demonstrate to the sound. Learn row drum pronunciation is the study of the principles and characteristics of the discharge drum sound playing skills necessary prerequisite. Strike and pronunciation which is ranked drum pronunciation principle stated by the most simple percussion drumsticks to the drum surface. If row drum pronunciation principles for further research, we will be able to find, drumstick percussion drumhead trajectory is straightforward, and the situation is just the speed of the other sports, it is very important. Because, behind the strength of the voice changes include drum sound, timbre, volume changes, in fact, produced only percussion drumsticks instant speed changes. Therefore, in the final analysis, ranked drum percussion player mode, control and influence the drumstick percussion speed. Drumstick sound changes depending on the cause of percussion drumhead change speed. Tips on how to use the law of this simple principle developed operability. This is the main problem of our study. What is striking variations drumstick that strikes the way? Simply put, the force in the form of strikes approach is struck. Force in the form of strikes, including two aspects: the way and force hard way. Hard way mainly in the form of different strike rate; force transmission mode is mainly reflected in the striking form of a finger or hand support, which is a key factor in the decision drumming speeds.
6 History
Skin drum-ming instruments belonging to the film, its origins, there are four different versions: Sage drum system says, “Book of Music”: “Then saint, as, drums, control, exposing, Xun, chi, this six who Voice of Germany also. “Iraq’s Society for the drums. “Book of Rites hall bit”:. “Earth drums, Kui rafter, reed flute, Iraq’s Society for the joy of it,” said the Yellow Emperor drum system. “Shan Hai Jing Oare Le Sutra”: “Music has a sea wave mountain stream, on which there are animals, like cattle, pale body with no angle, the sound of a thunder foot, its called Kui, was the Yellow Emperor, with its skin. for drums, chunks of bone Brontotherium, Savaka five hundred years, to Granville world “” Yellow Emperor “Yiyun:.” Emperor cutting especially, for the monarchy Xuannv Kui eighty cattle drum surface, startled five hundred years, Lian Zhen three thousand eight hundred years. “Shen said drum system. Ming Elohim “Things original · original music,” says: “Shen for drums.”
Iranian Society’s prepared soil drums, clay for the box is for both sides to leather, tied with grass drumstick percussion.
Drums in the Shang Dynasty was widely circulated instruments, since there are a variety of shapes Shang and Zhou. “Book of Rites hall bit”: “after the summer of foot drums, drum Yin Ying, Zhou hanging drum.” Foot drum for the next drum with foot, double bird taotie late Shang Dynasty bronze drum that is enough drums, drum chamber on both sides decorative lizard sticks, drum cavity under four animal heads for the foot. This period also appeared kind of like the modern folk popular “rattle”, then called or drum, the drum is worn on the wooden handle, on both sides of the drum box tied with two ropes, rope end is a small bead, when the hand 榣 wooden handle, these two back and forth beside the ear on the drumhead and the sound of percussion.
To the Zhou Dynasty, in the “Book of Songs” recorded in twenty-nine kinds of instruments which, percussion accounted for twenty-one of which includes Ben drums drums, drum County, lizard, drums and so on. In large radio instrument orchestra, also used to build drums, Jiegu, should, drums and other percussion instruments.
One kind of brass instruments, called Timbal, popular in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is made as a copper kettle cooker developed come. To the seventh century BC, was used as a special instrument to use, when the shape is also more stable, and there are colorful ornaments on the drum map. Timbal as a symbol of the power of the rulers, and later for the war, but also as a sacrifice, reward and tribute of weighing equipment.
Hundred play Han Dynasty, the band was popular in the Han Dynasty large bells and drums band, with drum-based, with a flute, dulcimer, building, Joseph, bells and chimes and other instruments, including a drum used to build drum and should drums. Drum and bass drum should be for meaning, for snare drum placed next to another kind of drum, as in a hundred plays the role of those who control the rhythm, called drums.
To the Northern and Southern Dynasties, because of the war of northern ethnic minorities, resulting in a large number of minorities passed percussion Central Plains region, such as Jiegu, drum, drum A wax are Tan drums, drum Mao member, etc. These instruments then prevalent in the Tang , for use in the Sui and Tang Yan Yue.
Sui and Tang dynasties, the Sui and Tang nine ten Yue Yue, the emergence of festival drums, drum, Jiegu, wool member of drums, drum are Tan, A. December drums, drum Chicken Lou Qi drums, Tam drums, even drums, leather drums, rafter drums, with drums, drum king, are drums, and drums, eaves nearly 20 kinds of drums drums, drum unlike the Chinese before.
Song used as a ceremonial military music or advocate music, drums and wind instruments in the main, the number of thousands of people.
Yuan Cheng Song relics, Palace 廷雅 in music, including the construction of drums, drum scabbard should drums, Jin drums, thunder drums, Lu Lei, Lu Ya drums, with drums, stroke and other twelve playing pat Department musical instruments; feasting in part, there are a drum stick, tie drums, Yu Gu, and drums, drum gold bridle, gold bridle slightly sub-drums, drum etc. coloratura slightly sub-drums.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the number and types of drum less than the Tang and Song, is because when battle rap music, folk songs mainly centered on the band places bowed instrument, appears different from the previous drum drum class from the Western Regions, including water chestnut Qi drums, Ban Gu, percussions, cylinder drum, drum, drum book, Bajiao Gu, etc., as a drama, folk sound drums, opera, genre, etc. accompaniment.
7 musical role
Drums in the early generation, mainly for activities related to religious, military, telecommunications, customs, ceremonies, etc., out of useful features. Then slowly by its rich sound with distinct rhythm, people began to drum as an aesthetic object, used in daily entertainment or recreation of folk dance music, drums began expressive musical art.
Artistic expression of Chinese drum is constituted by the combined effects of rhythm, tone, intensity and speed and other factors, although the majority of the drum does not have a fixed pitch, but because of the number of elements combined with the above, is to produce a profound artistic features.
In tone, because the drum shape structure is different, and different playing techniques, but with different intensity of use on the drums the same rhythm and timbre, but also can produce a lot of changes, coupled with the speed control, Chinese drums will can express a more colorful sound art.
In traditional Chinese art, drum plays an important role, for example in folk dance, instrumental ensemble, rap music, opera music, as well as folk songs, a lot of the main roles in drum music kind, following a brief description.
Since history is often used as folk dance drum accompaniment instruments or props, drum dance as the main character, control the pace, with loud drums, inspired the dance mood. Lele device in a variety of ethnic types, the drum is an important piece of the instrument. Such as wind and percussion ensemble percussion ensemble, is to percussion ensemble composed of pure form, including in the southern Shaanxi Juban drumming and percussion of drums and other large divertimento scripts, as well as opera and martial arts scenes opening percussion accompaniment, religious Tech musical prelude, interlude, accompaniment, end; well as folk festivals and weddings and funerals activities percussion social classes, etc., are purely percussionist. Under different drum sound combinations with other percussion instruments, to rich and complex tone, rhythm and intensity changes, the performance of the enthusiastic passion or light and lively atmosphere.
In rap music, which contains a drum accompaniment multi-hit musical category, even if Guci, drums, Yu Gu and other folk also named to the drum, showing the relationship between the drum and rap music closely. In these rap accompaniment, the drum has hit the festival atmosphere with accompaniment or set off,
Opera music, whether it is singing, reading, doing, playing, are particularly vivid and accurate attention to rhythm, which rely on rhythmic percussion music to the performance and control. , In addition to a separate drum performance, live sound as analog, such as the sound of water, become rich chanting. Mainly dominant position and other percussion instruments fit the role as an actor scored as facial expressions, stressed, punctuation, coordination, bridges, rendering, etc. are omitted and prompt action, exhibit distinctive character actor. This ability of course also depend on drums and other percussion instruments in the tone, rhythm, dynamics of organic complexes.
8 Related research
Step drum system, divided into a total take skin, hair removal, degreasing, drying skin, the system box, baking drum, mounted lamps, stretched skin, tuning, nailing, loading ring, painting and other steps. Drum system used in Taiwan is water leather or leather yellow leather, made by hand drums, leather fat and hair removal is a drum made important steps in the process, the relationship between quality drum skin. Drums bile with wire wound into a spiral cylinder, so after knocking drumhead, can play the drums resonate, to extend the time of vibration. Snare drum production, and drums the same, but the frame drum made of a piece of wood only, no drums take more than a block of wood into a circle around Zhou procedures.
1959 according to the Central Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra Zhejiang drum and percussion music in a combination of characteristics, developed from the percussions on the basis of a “drum kit” drum frame thickness ranging from two-terminal, effective vibration area sizes, pronunciation height difference of one minor third, the drum frame fixed to “U” shaped drum rack, you can freely raise or lower can also change the angle of percussion. A set of four rows of drums, each drum sizes, called One drum, drum II, III drums, fourth drum, or the percussions, times the percussions, small percussions and treble percussions, arranged sequentially from bass to treble . 1963 added a flower pot drum. Later improved, expanded the range of each drum sound can set the tone within four to six degrees. In the experiment Orchestra of Taiwan, Taipei Municipal Orchestra, Kaohsiung City Chinese Orchestra and the National Taiwan University, Normal and various art institutions, has such a set of five double-sided row of drums.
Also in collaboration with National Instrument Factory in Suzhou by Jilin Song and Dance Theatre in Yan River, developed into a row consisting of thirteen drums drums, drum body with glass and steel production, drums and stand for socket-type combination, currently have such Keelung Orchestra Pai drums. Because only one side of each drum drum skin, the other side is flat drum body, there is no real fight like a double-sided drum row has better resonance than the fruit. When playing, arrangement method has a shape, eight-shaped, curved, semicircular and “A” shape, etc., for the station hit, sitting strike, sideswipe, oblique strike and slap, hit the wheel, cross strike and so on. In addition to playing skills clicks, rolling strike, but because of one person playing five-sided drum, fast song, the difficulty is relatively large, the solo passages are already ranked drum.
