Month: June 2014

Horse bones Hu Zhuang pull strings. Ran Zhuang said the Governor, ran out. Popular in Guangxi Xilin, longlin, Tian Lin, Bose, Jingxi, De Paul area and Yunnan, Hunan and other provinces Zhuang Autonomous Region.

1 Introduction
Horse bones Hu said, “Ran Doc,” “Ran out” in the Zhuang. “Ran” for the violin collectively, the Governor, as the bones, meaning made of horses, mules, cattle bones violin. It is often referred to as a horse bone or bone Hu Hu. Zhuang also known as “Ran out”, “Ran Sen.” “Column”, “forest” of both small, high and sharp pronunciation meaning. “Ran out” is again a legendary name composed of young men and women. Xi shapes and types of instruments like the piano, sounds crisp and bright, sweet move
Listen, commonly used in solo, instrumental ensemble or folk songs, rap music, drama, etc. Buyi strong drama and theater accompaniment. Popular in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region longlin, amoxicillin, Tian Lin, Bose, music industry, and other western Guangxi Baise area Lingyun, Guizhou Xingyi, Anlong, Zhenfeng, Ceheng, etc. Wangmo Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southwest Guizhou and Yunnan Funing County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and other places.
Qintong with some original, now with multi-block horse, mule or cow femur fight stick made of 10-12 long, 5 cm in diameter, oval, former Mongolian snake mouth, skin or frog skin after exposure . Toon mahogany piano bar or wooden, rough up fine, 46-60 cm long, the top is decorated with carved horse. Set two axes, the original yellow (a kind of deer) horn, now with red wood. Zhang two steel strings. Tune a stringed instrument d1, a1, range d1-e3, more than two octaves.
When playing, Qintong placed legs, left hand holding the piano Anxian, the right hand horsetail bow string pulled between two outs. Timbre and approximate jinghu than soft. Common techniques have front setback bow, bow after the setback, the small jump bow, bow Dayton, play sound, appoggiatura, portamento and so on. For solo, octave band ensemble, Moran rap and strong play accompaniment. Octave band is the main musical instrument, play in the band also ranks strong lead player position.

2 Structure
Hu traditional horse bones from Qintong, headstock, piano bar, pegs, jin, the bridge, strings and bows and other components. Qintong oval cylindrical upper thigh bone, the use of “Mile horse” (Pony) making ends slightly trimmed, polished big mouth at one end, with a section of the original Qintong, now with multi-block horse, mule or cow thigh fight stick made of bone, 10-20 cm long, 5 cm in diameter, oval, barrel down out into the through-hole piano bar, tube length 10 cm -12 cm in diameter and 4 cm -6 cm, big mouth end As a former barrel mouth, mostly with snakeskin Mongolia, Mongolia also has skin or frog skin, and use egg whites to make adhesives, or set tone barrel rear window open. Headstock, a piano bar and more use is made of hardwood or bamboo poles, the use of mahogany, red piles of wood, bamboo or bamboo Lohan production, rough up fine, the total length of 46 cm to 60 cm, with mahogany wood who is Well, bamboo with bamboo Rohan best. Department headstock piano bar at the top of the wooden horse carved out for decoration, bamboo piano bar you need to carve out a separate bamboo poles embedded in the upper wooden horse, horse carving delicate, exquisitely beautiful. Tap the bottom of the headstock two axes, the site was set square cylindrical shaft, the original multi-pegs with realgar (ie yellow muntjac, also known as barking deer) angle making, both hard, not easy to run string, and smart appearance, unique style; later more use of boxwood, rosewood or piano bar timber production, conical mandrel parts engraved with stripes, set parallel to the axial direction and Qintong. Piano bar was cylindrical, rough up fine, the middle with stringed as extremely heavy. Leather set with wooden hollow central Qin Ma, Zhang has two strings, is tuned d1, a1, range d1-e3, more than two octaves. The original multi-use gut strings or stringed, was replaced by steel strings. Bows made with bamboo grass bow rod ends tied in a bunch of horsetail hair bow, bow length 60 cm. Academy of Music in Beijing, China Art Institute of Chinese Musical Instrument Museum, displays a horse bones from Hu Zhuang folk. Qintong horse’s thigh making, oval, barrel length of 11.5 cm, the former Mongolian mouth with snakeskin, surface diameter of 6 cm, hollow tone set after opening a window, an inner diameter of 4 cm. Red wooden piano bar, length 61 cm, Ma Tau is decorated with carved top, set the bottom part of the shaft was square column, on Tap two hard wooden conical pegs, shaft length 12 cm. Piano bar cylindrical, rough up fine, the middle set stringed jin, the lower load Qintong and exposed, hollow bamboo Qin Ma, Zhang two stringed, bow made with thin bamboo rods, thick tail end of the rod in the bow, ponytail tied at both ends with black hair bow, bow length 69 cm. Zhezhi horse bones Hu 1963 Guangxi Institute of Music Association donated music collection. Have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.
After the founding of the reform of horse bone and bone Hu fight stick with 内蒙马 Qintong, especially oceanic horse leg Qintong best fight stick pronunciation, volume ambitious; bold change and short piano bar, pegs instead mahogany, steel stringed strings, using the erhu bow, holding knees while playing the piano will be placed in the street to the legs, the 1960s have been used solo. Today’s horse bones Hu, is tuned d1, a1, range from the d1 ~ e3, there are more than two octaves. Sounds crisp, bright, and compared both with jinghu approximate soft, rich Zhuang has become distinctive solo, ensemble instrument. In North Zhuang drama bands, horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument. Played with it, and there is a large Qintong alto horse bones Hu. They set off singing, making music more beautiful sounds strong drama.

3 Origins
Origin
Horses originated in the bone Hu Xi Qin types of stringed instrument. Starting from the Qing dynasty, with a unified multi-ethnic country to further consolidate and develop increasingly frequent cultural exchanges among peoples, and pull strings also increased the number of new varieties. China’s famous music historian Mr. Yang Yinliu (1899 – 1984) “History of Ancient Chinese Music” (at 374) contains: “To the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the original erxian the violin or erhu, and the emergence of four strings of four Hu, dedicated to the accompaniment of opera’s jinghu minority areas, there have been a lot of pulling strings, such as Guangxi Zhuang Hu and other horse bone, “according to Zhuang old artist recalls the early 1980s: strong play to now is the seventh generation, the grandparents say, in the absence of strong drama ago, has long been out of Laran. Initially, it is often in the festival, pick up horse bones Hu, Hu soil, gourds Hu and Zhuang Zhuang folk flute and other instruments to neighboring villages to play, called “School Tour”, which is the Zhuang folk instrumental ensemble – “octave” (using horse bones Hu, earth Hu, Hu gourd, sanxian, strong flute, gongs octave, octave drums, cymbals and other small eight major musical ensemble) early form. Horse bones by Hu Yong drama – bench play – “Earth Opera” – the evolution of the whole development process Zhuang drama has always been a major musical accompaniment. In 1815, when the county set up a semi-professional longlin strong troupe after the horse bones strong drama Hu became the band’s lead instrument. Later became “octave” band master musical instrument. Do the same to say, horse bones Hu appeared in the Qing period (1736 -1795 years), has been 200 years of history.
Folk legend

Hu about the origins of horse bone, in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous cottage circulating such a moving story: Long ago, there lived a pretty bright girl Aran and a diligent and brave young Allier, they grew together long large, childhood, very much in love. A column is a good hunter a bomb is not vain, often pulling up to 阿冉 tell their soil Hu Zhong Chang, 阿冉 then express yourself with a loud piece of folk love. Eran home has a covered purplish red, white horse hooves’ hooves Snow “, was tall and fat, shiny shiny coat, walking swiftly ran as sailing, well known for. One day, toast use “heavily” buy “hooves snow,” when he saw the seemingly fairy 阿冉, coveted thousand feet, even people have occupied, he ordered both man and horse together snatch cottage. Toast forced marriage, Aran Ning refuses thus thrown into the backyard of the black house. Chieftain carried away, when spirits try horse fell and he was badly beaten, he angry, angrily sent to kill ‘hooves snow, “horsehide again stripped off in front of the horse lost bone excised 阿冉, such as coercion say He does not marry, but also like a horse Flayer, Eviscerate. Aran see beloved “hooves Snow” extremely tragic misfortune grief, she unplugged longer tail, packed up a horse’s thighbone, toast belongings in the long-term employment of poor people send along the Allier. A column of pain-stricken, they do Qintong horse leg, ponytail hair bow made of a unique horse made of bone Hu, loud high-pitched voice, resounded through the valley.阿冉 learned from the wonderful sound of the piano in the Allier rescue her time and way. Night, Allier climb walls, rescued Aran and shot a catch of toast. Since then, They left with their fertility cottage, traveled around the horse bones Hu Zhuang teach skills and is decorated with carved horse on top of the piano. Later, village here sounded beautiful horse bones Hu piano, to commemorate Aran and A column which teach young horse bone Hu, Hu put the horse bones called “Ran out” and generations to each other, spread so far .

4 Development
Since the 1950s, the Zhuang ethnic musicians and musical co-production division, the traditional horse bones Hu carried out continuous reform, has made the treble, alto horse bones Hu, so mellow, mellow, widely used solo, instrumental ensemble or orchestra concerto in accompaniment.
After the 1950s, with the prosperity of strong drama arts, horse bones Hu has also been a corresponding reform and development, first with a thigh horses, mules, cattle and other large livestock production Qintong directly. Subsequently, the Guangxi Zhuang ethnic theater and Beijing to explore musical instrument, have tried to fight Neimeng Ma and cattle bones stick Qintong make appropriate cylinder increases, overcome natural leg, the limitations of the cylinder is too small, especially Ocean horse leg with sticky spell pronunciation Qintong best, mellow, soft, volume can be expanded; then after a long artistic practice before Li Guangxi Arts Institute, Chen Lixin Bose ensembles such as musicians, the piano bar lengthened, bold changed to red wooden handle screw pegs, using steel strings, erhu bow, increasing the hardwood Cento, gripping his knees while playing Qintong will be placed on the left leg to make playing skills to play. 1960s, the reform of the horse bone Hu has developed into a better treble pull strings, it maintained a strong ethnic characteristics, widely used in solo, trio, instrumental ensemble or orchestra and other instrumental concerto form. In North Zhuang drama bands, horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument, specially designed and made for it with outs, Qintong larger tenor Juan horse bone, they can be well off singing, so strong musical drama more beautiful sounds.
Early 1990s, Guangxi ensembles and instrumentalists Peng Minsyong famous Beijing Folk Instruments Strings full production division Ruixing cooperation, and jointly develop a third-generation treble, alto horse bones Hu. Their Qintong horse bone is cut and split wood bonded together, lumen tube made some clever processing, the sound emitted soft and mellow, lower than the position of treble erhu, became an ideal The solo instrument, promising national orchestra treble pull string sections place. The results obtained in the year 1993, Ministry of Culture, Science and Technology Progress Award.

5 ways of playing
When playing posture adopted, will be placed on the left leg Qintong or sandwiched between the knees, upright piano bar, piano left hand Anxian, the right hand to pull the bow string between two outs. Ma Hu usually by five degrees of bone relationship is tuned a1, e2, range a1-d4. Folk often tuned in: f1, c2; g1, d2; c1, g1; d1, a1. In the “octave” strong drama ensemble and accompaniment, is also commonly used anti-five degrees or four degrees tune a stringed instrument. Timbre and approximate jinghu than soft, crisp and bright, relatively sharp treble, bass is more vigorous, and jinghu ranged between a high Hu, but softer than jinghu. When playing folk tunes, with only the first bit, the little change. Playing skills have left to play sound, appoggiatura and portamento, etc., right there in front bow setback after setback bow, bow small jump, play sound, appoggiatura, portamento and Dayton bows and so on. Hu Ma bone mainly used solo, ensemble, Moran was strong rap and drama, Buyi drama, folk and rap accompaniment. In the “octave” bands, horse bones Hu is the main musical instrument, it is based on the same basic melody, plus the freedom to spend, extend or tighten, making melody to produce the effect of multiple parts. Horse bones Hu Zhuang drama accompaniment, like Pipa in the role of Peking Opera. Zhuang drama is divided into northern and southern road, South Zhuang Hu Qing drama in the past with accompaniment, and now with a horse bone Hu accompaniment; North strong play with two horse bones Hu accompaniment, and anti respectively, are two kinds tune a stringed instrument ( such as anti-string set e2, a1, sine fixed d1, a1), will this tune a stringed instrument called a male and female horse bones Hu. In the strong play accompaniment, the horse collar bone Hu played tunes of the first section, and then again while other instruments into their respective parts. Hu also horse bones folk songs, folk songs, and the waves whistle Jingxi, De Paul Moran area rap musical accompaniment. In the private sector, no horse bones Hu solo music, mostly instrumental ensemble playing cards, plays tunes and folk tune. Hu Ma bone often played tunes are: “positive tone”, “eight boards tune,” “transitions,” “The welcoming tone”, “month,” “The eight tone”, “Shengtang tune”, “happy tune , “” bitter, “” The dressing tune, “” tea, “” The exploration Regardless floor “,” horse walking street “,” horse to the forest, “” generals tune “and” well-behaved Hi blanket “and so on. The famous folk artists are: longlin class of its industry, Weibo yuan, Wei public, Huang Xilin standard, Su Zhihui, TianLin of Huang Fuxiang, etc. They play in the long-term practice, a skill honed skills, techniques and some colorful , full-bodied style, and some can simultaneously blow Kiba and pull-outs horse bones Hu.

6 famous songs
Hu horse bone is the main instrument of civil octave bands. Also used in unison and solo. Unison song of “Zhuang Chunzao”, “Zhuang Shan Camel” and so on.
Hu Ma bone often played tunes are: “positive tone”, “eight boards tune,” “transitions,” “The welcoming tone”, “month,” “The eight tone”, “Shengtang tune”, “happy tune , “” bitter, “” The dressing tune, “” tea, “” The exploration Regardless floor “,” horse walking street “,” horse to the forest, “” generals tune “and” well-behaved Hi blanket “and so on.
The famous folk artists are: longlin class of its industry, Weibo yuan, Wei public, Huang Xilin standard, Su Zhihui, TianLin of Huang Fuxiang, etc. They play in the long-term practice, a skill honed skills, techniques and some colorful , full-bodied style, and some can simultaneously blow Kiba and pull-outs horse bones Hu

The similarities and differences between 7 and erhu
Hu erhu and horse bones, belong to ethnic Chinese stringed musical instrument, although they come from different eras, different regions, different nationalities, different cultural origins, each also have different modes of transmission. However, due to the interpenetration of culture, their way of playing, playing skills, all have in common, however, the horse bones Hu playing style, and erhu also has some differences, there are differences and similarities really called. Research by the comparison through discussion, the similarities and differences as a cultural phenomenon, to understand from the point of view of national history, hoping to string tells the origins of these qualities, the more harmonious chord packed rhyme, this is the theory of the goal.
Different cultural origins
Erhu, also known as the erhu, the ancient crown was the “Xi Qin”, “Ji Qin” in the name. So, two string bowed stringed instrument played and how the crown of “Hu”? This is probably closely related to its history, the ancient “Hu” stands for the North Western nation or reason behind a long time, far away in the Spring and Autumn Period, “Hu” word has been used up in the language of the Han people. As Bai poem “sounded Hu sounded sand wind,” said the natural scenery, and Li Bai’s poem “Luoyang fly March Hu sand”, “Hu Chen Jing southerly swept away,” and other words, it means security to make the chaos the barbarian, the Song Dynasty Chen Yang “Le book” records: The Hu Yue Xi Qin also …… So, by definition, product name on the erhu significantly its source with the “two” are only two strings to complete the process of temperament the amount given, “Hu” is the ancient northern peoples, “Hu Lu” village (in terms of relative Hun), erhu this naming, more than in the same language barriers or ethnic conflicts dissonance formed with a specific historical reasons arising musical symbols. Therefore, when the release of the North erhu people 胡鲁民 family and taut ponytail friction musical instruments issued by two strings. Its vitality is in contradiction with the spread acceptance, at the time the eyes of the Chinese nation, “Hu” how hostile and derogatory word, but “piano” This thing sounds sweet exceeds national boundaries can be issued from the human civilization and creativity, the erhu was first made with the wisdom of working people in it, and often for the northern nomadic people who talk or traded to fill the monotony of entertainment, which is generated by the erhu origin. Erhu development today, has become the mainstream in Chinese folk music instruments, and world-renowned, it is entirely its cultural charm.
The Chinese nation is a yearning for national life and full of emotion, form every culture, it has a beautiful and moving story. Horse bones Hu Zhuang ethnic musical instruments, it produces the background is also quite legendary, intriguing. According to legend, the battle between the ancient Luo Yue tribes have occurred, the ancestors of the Zhuang people to celebrate the victory, scored violin made of horse leg, pulling played cheerful music to vent their emotions after the victory. There is a legend, an ancient Zhuang young lovers in search of discrete, with a violin made of horse bone, while bowing side looking sweetheart. Either from history, it is for the local ethnic zest for life, become another spiritual life, body language emotions, and thus, Ma Hu is a veritable bone to bone made of a horse can pleasing mood southern unique stringed instrument, which is the cultural origins of horse bones Hu produced.
Pull strings resonance box mostly cylindrical, its pronunciation principles are moving back and forth through the bow hair friction on the strings, the sound through the bridge (piano yards) for sensing, directly Qintong the python stretched on vibrate, and by Qintong resonance and Health issued a highly Wei wan tone. Thus, when the resonance box is the most important component of stringed instrument, the erhu and Hu bone which is common pronunciation principle. However, erhu resonance box of wooden structures, Ma Hu bone is bone structure, erhu resonance box, mostly to fight the cylinder, while the horse is a natural bone Hu monocular body, which is the main part of the two instruments the biggest difference.
So why horse leg made of musical instruments, also known as “Hu”, not as “bone Wyatt piano” or “horse bone tube” it, and this is probably the northern front, “Hu” cultural dissemination and penetration have a certain relationship.
Different modes of transmission
Erhu throughout China as well as overseas Chinese were consistent soul music, fundamental research, its dissemination and Chinese ancient war seems closely linked. As we all know, war, military life is very boring, every place, and they are curious camel attention to local cultural characteristics, or more accurately say should find a local form of entertainment and entertainment tool for adjusting fighter emotions and enrich dry needy military life, the way a lot of movement with the culture war, the military took over the country and entertainment tool belt to the rest of the passage of time on the formation of cross-penetration effect. As we have seen comic, like its predecessor, the ancient army should “join the army” evolved. Erhu route of transmission, all their great similarities. Northern Territory for the safety of people, often ordered by the court in the southern Zhunzha went, followed by a cultural impact and integration must also play the role of culture in the South subtle, so the horse bone, “Hu” and collectively, when combined with “Hu” cultural infiltration related.
Although Hu horse bones by “Hu” cultural penetration and the title, nor the degree of dissemination of the erhu so broad and deep range of applications nor erhu less common, but in the broad road around Nancy Jiang Zhuang people living along it is indispensable part of its mode of transmission, but also with the erhu very different place.
Ma Hu bone dissemination and south trade. Horse bones Hu earlier as the caravan of portable entertainment tool, catch dike caravan halfway recess time, they put the saddle taken down when the stool to sit, but the south mostly mountainous, transportation should not be a tall horse, environment created a horse dwarf saddle must also small , sitting too short and not operating violin, so romantic horses who will pay feet wide leg, bent at the horse on foot bone surface Hu S-shaped pull-outs, in order to drive away the fatigue all the way, this is the catch Horse people only spiritual support. Since ancient times, is an important way to catch dike in southern China mountain national trade and cultural exchange, in order to attract business, merchants on horses pulling a horse bone Hu “advertised” as long caravan constant movement, it This instrument has become the primary means of communication, and later became the Zhuang people over dinner entertainment tool workers, and finally evolved into the main accompaniment instrument on stage, which is the difference between a horse bone Hu erhu mode of transmission.

Similarities and differences within and outside the scope of application
Here the meaning of “outside” is on appearance, the “inside” is specified in terms of the chord. Erhu greater resonance box Hu horse bone, as if its python surface diameter 9.5cm, piano bar length (from Cento to the headstock) if it is 83 cm, the erhu is tuned in D-A (some special style of music tune a stringed instrument can be as low in the D-A), alto erhu erhu larger than conventional resonator, piano bar and longer, thicker strings, which is tuned in G-D, a pure full five degrees lower than conventional erhu, which is mediated At high music bridges and bass instruments. While conventional musical instrument erhu is high, however, due to the resonance box of wooden structures, not their sexual climbed soft cotton, firm but not hard, produces both coax Ming, but not so loud germinal shrill noise, so the sound quality is very mellow sweet, similar to the human voice frequency, highly singing is distinguished plucked instruments and percussion instruments of the basic characteristics, which in terms of ensemble or accompaniment, are the other instruments can not replace most emotional tension instrument. Because of the many advantages, so the Chinese erhu solo instrument ethnic music is both self-contained, but also become a musical group, regardless of the medium and small orchestra in the nation, and ultimately the involvement of the erhu, therefore, particularly extensive range of applications, and became the first Chinese stringed musical instruments.
Hu horse bones operation and pronunciation principles and erhu same, but the tone vary widely. As we all know, the northern plains are mostly tall horse, while the South Mountain horse pony used mostly for transportation, so the horse bones treble violin cylinder diameter is generally Trail horse bone around the main body 5-6cm, when Hu made often with quite loose arbitrariness, python surface ranging from 5-6cm in diameter, and some even smaller than jinghu resonance box of bamboo, therefore, China’s national instrument, the horse’s bone Hu resonance box can be regarded stringed instruments The most compact class. Hu treble horse bones, mostly monocular body, which Qintong long 10 – 12cm, tuned in A-E, due to the brittle bone resonance box of small diameter, its sound quality and bright, crisp, full penetration, Dozens of people in the band have encountered clear and melodious. Development of productive forces, national technology advances, some local drama groups to the fullness of its expressive music, horse bones appeared tenor Juan. Both for tenor, its resonance box inevitably larger than treble Hu Ma bone, the leg of the horse because the eco-diameter tubular bone is not so big, so there’s a fight bone tube resonance box – Alto horse bones Hu, alto violin horse bone tube diameter of about 8cm or so, roughly the same barrel length and erhu, the total length of the rod (from the headstock to Cento) is about 73cm. Although they are called alto horse bones Hu, it is not in Hu (alto erhu) concept, nor in Hu deep, rich sound. First, given the tone of Hu’s G-D, and horse bones Hu is scheduled tenor tone is D-A, a full five degrees higher than in Hu (alto erhu), but for regular erhu actual pitch. Due to the exigencies of hard bone resonance box, its sound absorbing wall is low, the tone seemed thinner than the wooden resonance box, although the tenor of the instrument, but it is still the music’s high frequencies, so the tenor horse bones Hu The so-called “medium” as defined in nature, only their horses Hu Shito out the purposes of the bone. This is the biggest difference from the concept to the tone horse bones Hu and erhu.
Perhaps because of these reasons, in the application, the general conventional band with little involvement of horse bones Hu, unless the instrument appeared as a feature or a specific operas and special. But it was the unique timbre jinghu ranged between Hu and high indeed outside the chord tone, thus derive quite a few quite mature solo and ensemble music, perhaps because of the musical generation and geographical environment, such as “Zhuang Chunzao” “good scenery Youjiang River,” “horse pack into Zhuang” and instrumental music, are closely related to the natural landscape and ecological environment, the horse’s bone Hu and characteristics of this style of music, but also become its mountain charm a major music features.
Different playing styles

Not only did nearly two thousand erhu passage of time or because of historical and political reasons for the disappearance, but it’s in the process of getting a full time, getting exquisite craft, and even more widely being music lovers at home and abroad accepted, mainly because of the beauty of the instrument’s tone, very singing, great tension and performance, especially from the first ten masterpieces of Mr. Liu Tianhua, the mention of the ancient two to five bits of the bit After exploring and creating, greatly improved the erhu performance, erhu bow purposes of the law, some pull, push, even, Dayton, jumping, pumping, send, throw, hit, rub off, fly, flutter, mention, such as the bow of the points; fingering areas have natural overtones, artificial harmonics, finger pads, homonyms change means, with means to change the sound on the back portamento, next glide, flying fingers, plucked string hook, his strings and other techniques; in musical styles, whether it is an open and broad prairie of Inner Mongolia, or with Western Tianshan charm intensive music, either Guangdong Lingnan flower finger glissando tone, genre or style bridges are most vividly particularly in terms of playing the song, either slow to fill the gap, or fast like full steam ahead, whether it is a cheerful mood, sad or exciting absolutely phonology, are no different ear pleasing, rich in its expression, the other instruments can not and The. Therefore, both the erhu solo or group shows, are worthy of the nation’s first Chinese musical instruments.
Ma Hu as a kind of stringed instrument bone, and it played bowing, fingering, techniques, mostly the same with the erhu, however, in dealing with some of the music, the rhythm of it and erhu very different style. For example: horse bones Hu instrumental “Zhuang Chunzao”, after introduction, body cheerful part A of four two-beat, according to the strength of the laws of music should be strong before the weak beat slightly stronger than the first half, second half beat weaker, unless special request songs, otherwise, do not break it regularly, so that it does not contradict the logic of musical rhythm. However, Ma Hu played on the cheerful rhythm of bone treatment will do the opposite, it forty-two beat in the rhythm of the law treated as: | Weak strength of strong | weak strength of strong |, this unique way of playing broken The traditional rhythm regularity, contrary to the order of the strength of the road, but refreshing.
This peculiar rhythm formation is their life and the living environment of geographical closely Shito. Mostly mountainous nation of rugged mountain environment, even if we have advanced transport difficult it can be applied, in order to live, the people across the ditch over the mountain ridge to labor, to turn the beam to post more trade, not a pack horse people carry that basket back face it, this movement formed a highly rhythmic jumping rhythm of life. For example Tiaodan walking, cross the first step when, inevitably ends pole to fall due to weight and pressure, under the second time, two pole is throwing up, the squeak sound also want to fold after the first weak and strong rhythm effect. Features erhu and rhythm of this very different, not only fully reflects the unique musical style, which often reflects the nation’s romantic and funny, the more products it feels lovely nation.
Hu and Ma bone erhu, a nomadic people from the north, one is from the southern border of the mountain peoples, although cultural background, communication, modeling results, performance style is very different aspects, however, are the erhu and horse bones Hu There is a maximum common denominator, that is extracted from nature temperament, their members without going through the physical and chemical changes to complete the styling is too kind. Like nature of temperament that fell, forming a large faction of ecological maternal derived culture.
Hu erhu and horse bones should be part of Chinese culture, with the development of high technology and constantly enrich and playing skills, they will have more excellent reputation and glory.

Sa It Seoul, Uighur bow string ming instruments. Chinese historical records, he said Cypriot Seoul, historic, Boolean similar shape and elastic, bright tone, can be used for solo, ensemble or concert “Twelve Muqam” accompaniment. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. According to legend, fourteen to fifteen centuries have been circulating in the southern Kashi area, spread to the northern and eastern Xinjiang after the Qing court Huibu included music, he said Cypriot Seoul. “After the law 吕正义 Code”: “Secretary erxian one person, the name of the plug him back to Seoul.”

A historical development
Relatively long history, according to the (ancient Uighur manuscripts) recorded in 1854 Mullah Aspen wood spit Lamujizi wrote “musician history”, as early as the 14th and 15th Centuries, this has already happened Folk musical instruments, and has been a well-known performer. It was first popular in southern Xinjiang Kashgar, Yarkand area, then gradually spread throughout northern. Ching “Dynasty ritual schema” to be included in the court Huibu music, calling him stuffed Seoul. “History of Qing Dynasty” (Volume I) contains:. “He stuffed Seoul, shaped like a dagger, two stringed, seven steel strings, wooden handle through the slot, the next to take to the leather surface flat back round, shank wired hoop twenty-three, If lute goods. York chord with nine axes, two axes York stringed handle end. …… take the finger of the hand, or playing stringed wooden dial, steel strings should take sound. “This record and its subsequent Sa Seoul has big difference. 1950s, Sa Seoul and it spread to the Kazakh border town inhabited by people of Yining. Today, it has been popular throughout Xinjiang, Uighur people become favorite stringed instrument.

2 shapes structure editor
It Seoul Folk Tradition SA, shape and playing stringed instruments playing Uygur Boolean very similar appearance like
A long-handled bailer, the species produced by mulberry wood, length 130 cm – 148 cm (Figure). After the resonance box was a scoop-shaped, Department dug with a single piece of mulberry wood carved abdominal cavity, in which the mask is made of mulberry wood plate, upper panel opened the sound hole. Piano bar is long, semicircular cylindrical body, the top of the headstock, flat no ornaments, front and left side of the T-shaped with a nine to seventeen chord buttons, under col. Piano bar positive for Anxian fingerboard, which wrapped around eighteen stringed on taste, the taste is still there with a treble panel. Lower panel central position Longbridge shaped wooden piano horse. Zhang nine to seventeen metal strings, which dominated the right side of the first outboard playing chords, chord copper, the rest are steel strings resonate with the lower end of the string department at the end of the column. Bows wooden bow stem, Zhang horsetail hair bow, with a violin bow approximation.

3 It Seoul reform Sa
It reform Sa Seoul, Seoul, also known as Alto Sa it, Uygur bow string ming instruments. Popular in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
The late 1950s, according to Urumqi embankment Burke musical instrument with the help of the Uighur musicians, it made reforms Sa Seoul. Piano body still with mulberry wood production, which Seoul shorter than traditional Sa, length 120 cm. Resonance box large department with ten soaked piece of wood, as amended, after slumping to fight stick together, with arched front Mongolian pine scales thin, with anti-strings pressure. Piano box widest point 20 cm, 14 cm thick at the most. Shorter piano bar, the narrow width, the addition of a layer of positive Anxian fretboard grade on it was changed by the string stringed or tendon fixed plastics products. Some also increased the wooden tie tailpiece. Zhang thirteen strings, cello strings using the main playing strings, tuned in c, thirteen strings tuned in resonance, respectively: c, c, d, e, g, a, c1, d1, e1, g1, a1, c2, range c-c2, two octaves. Bright sounding tone. At the same time, it also made the treble Sa Seoul, piano body full-length 87 cm, corresponding to the resonance box and some narrow.
It can be used in Seoul reform Sa solo, ensemble or accompaniment. It treble Sa Seoul in orchestra or its accompaniment, harmony timbre, sound good. Few solo tracks, often using “Muqam” music, better known as “wood Xiawu hot g Muqam Intermezzo” and so on. In the orchestra, often as “Maqam” and “If Jimmy Xi Pu” accompaniment. Playing “Muqam”, the more to “bomb string” method to start playing until after the song, only to be accompanied with a bow. It played “Muqam” in order to sing rubato, the use of the longbow, even bow, melodious tone, rhythm freedom; but with short bow, bow to play fast, “If Jimmy Xi Pu” music, the melody cheerful, warm and lively, full of strong local color.

4 ways of playing
When playing, who played more than sitting cross-legged on the grounds of the piano box is placed on the vertical leg, left hand piano Anxian, horsetail bow in the right hand pulling the strings played outside the main playing strings. Do not pull the strings resonate outs, only play the role of acoustic resonance to enhance the volume and rich tone. As the piano bar is longer, wider phonemes, often with his left index finger mainly used along with the middle finger and ring finger Anxian, pinky use less, especially finger plays a major role in the play, whether it is progressive or jump into the melody, Anxian are accustomed forefinger. It is Sa Seoul Uygur folk artists singing “Twelve Muqam” the main musical accompaniment, Zilazichang by the lead singer, so there is also the main playing strings tuned in with the singer’s voice and more dependent. In Kashgar, Yarkand and Yining and other places, the main playing strings and more tuned in c or d, range c-c2 or d-d2. String is tuned to resonate: G, c, d, e, g, a, c1, d1, e1, g1, a1, c2, or c, d, e, g, a, c1, d1, e1, g1, a1, c ? 2, d? 2. Crisp treble, alto and bright, deep bass. Bow, fingering technique is more abundant, common law has even bow bow, points bow, longbow, short bow, bow Dayton, jump and broken bow bow, etc.; fingering have vibrato, shake sound, play sound portamento and so on. In the Uighur people’s musical life, Sa Seoul has become inseparable from it pull strings. Solo of “Mubarak Maqam almost too Zi Maier in” and so on. Famous musicians have spit Jordi Aghion, buy Era Hong Wu et.

5 existing condition
Academy of Music in Beijing, China Art Institute of Chinese musical instruments museum, a collection of its Uighur Sa Seoul, a total length of 139 cm. Resonance box scoop-shaped, with a piece of mulberry wood dug from the system, and Mongolia to mulberry sheet for the face, piano box 39 cm long, 16.5 cm at its widest point, the thickness at 15 cm above the panel opened with four small round sound hole, diamond-shaped arrangement. Piano bar mulberry wood, 100 cm long, the top of the headstock, no ornaments topped with thirteen T-shaped string button (five being left eight), with a pass underneath the front of the chord buttons. Piano bar positive for Anxian fretboard, middle and lower strings wrapped around sixteen tendon goods. Longbridge hard wooden panel set below the bridge-shaped, 43 sheets of metal strings. This piano made in 1958, the process is more sophisticated, inlaid with black and white floral pattern bone box back on the piano, whole body painted with brown paint. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Department of Culture donated collections. Have been included in “Chinese musical illustrations” in large pictures.

Wooden drum, Wa language called “Crocker” is a musical instrument and alarm apparatus Wa, Wa is a symbol of the Wa people of sacred objects of worship. They believe that wooden drum is “speaks of the device,” “Babel Drum”, “Life on the water, thriving by wooden drum.” Therefore, usually can not tamper with, only to beat the festive ritual alarms and other major group activities. Wooden drum, is Wa, mountains, Miao and Dong ethnic percussion instruments sound body. Long history, simple shapes, pronunciation deep, wide range of applications. Popular in Yunnan, Guizhou and Taiwan.

1 Overview
Wa language called “Crocker” is a musical instrument and alarm apparatus Wa, Wa is a symbol of the Wa people of sacred objects of worship. They believe that wooden drum is “speaks of the device,” “Babel Drum”, “Life on the water, thriving by wooden drum.” Therefore, usually can not tamper with, only to beat the festive ritual alarms and other major group activities. Wooden drum, is Wa, mountains, Miao and Dong ethnic percussion instruments sound body. Long history, simple shapes, pronunciation deep, wide range of applications. Popular in Yunnan, Guizhou and Taiwan.

2 Introduction

Leather made from wooden drum drum, the drum surface there are 20 wooden handle around the drum body. Inside the drum body chisel with prolate shaped holes, which speak evil of others and drum teeth, can produce the echo effect. A groove and square voice window a narrow in the middle, two wide on both sides of the drum body, the original there are so many secrets, no wonder at different parts of the different sound can be made, it sounds can pass far away. The average length of about 2 meters, diameter of 0.5 meters to 1 meters between. Divided into male drum drum, mother of two. Don’t they look similar, but their material, size and color are very different. Compared with male drum and base drum, drum sound public syllable is low, heavy, made of horse Eagle tree, 1.8 meters long, 66 cm in diameter. But the mother drum syllable is higher, sound crisp, made with red hair tree, 1.5 meters long, 62 cm in diameter, smaller than the male drum.

Play the drum with two drum beat, about 40 ~ 43 cm, two ends are thick, thin in the middle, a bit like usually see the dumbbell. The drums, holding a whip in central, dances, while tapping on both sides of the wooden drum, will be issued a “Dong Dong” sound, can spread to a few miles away. Sometimes you can hold a drum beat with his right hand, left hand holding a bamboo, hands with central percussion drums, issued a “green” and “flap” sound, and unified, and staggered rhythm, rich and colorful.

3 origin

According to the “Taiping Yulan” (volume seven or eight). The Three Kingdoms Soochow Shen Ying “Linhai water and soil will” about “Yizhou” (now Taiwan) the paper contained: “call the people human Mi Lin, if called, take big empty material more than 10 feet, the atrium, with pestle along, Wen four or five like a drum. The people heard, all to the following meeting.” As early as one thousand 700 years ago, drum is popular in Taiwan province of China in, by the ancient mountain people call for assembly. In Yunnan, WA wooden drum, although not written historical records, but from the folk legends, its history is very long. About the Miao and Dong drum in the Jin Dynasty, Gan Bao “sou Shen Ji” and “Jin Ji” in there “percussion groove number, by offering pan Hu” records. Li Zongfang of the Qing Dynasty “recorded”: “the Guizhou adjacent village, is to build a high TAN office building, a poly hall. With a long pole, the number of empty Zhang, which, with hanging on the top, a drum. Where there is injustice, from attack, the village is heard.” The anonymous “custom” in Miao people figure painting also has the men and women on both sides, the hand image bamboo percussion.

The diligence and wisdom of the Wa people sing and dance, they live in the southwest border of the motherland mountains and dense forests awa mountain area. In Ximeng, Cangyuan in every wa Cun Zhai Li, there are at least a pair of wooden drum, a bamboo drum house for putting the highland in the walled in, on the left side of the mother, right put Gong mu drum. In the eyes of the people, that is the sky god, is the most honorable and sacred music, also making its days as the grand religious activities, as a grand festival, known as the “wooden drum”. Then, all the village people came out to the deep mountains and forests, in the selection of trees. They think that made from a precipitous rock faces and sheer cliffs cut trees, wooden drum, can bring more propitious to the wa people. Down the tree, not only all the village people dressed up pulling logs, is a village adjacent village people will come in, some people fasten rattan, pulling logs in the rhythmic sound and cry, some people sing pull wooden drum song, sing and dance, fun for everyone, this cheerful heat intense scenes, later became the unique characteristics of the wood drum wa. On the way to the wooden drum, even walking on a flat road, people deliberately slowed down the pace, so that you enjoy the song and dance, drink to one’s content. This day, the stockade and fired, swift cattle, enable people to enjoy the festive joy. In the village also held a ceremony, then made a wooden drum drum placed in the room, as called the call of the signal and the large-scale song and dance activities of percussion command.

The 4 form

Wood drum is the artifact Wa people, is the protection of God wa people.

In the past, the wooden drum and is not an instrument, but a sacrificial object, is used to worship, pray for Kiyo Yoshihowoo copycat a bumper grain harvest, prosperous people and livestock. In the AWA, basically every village has a drum house, used for placing the drums. The house is a village people’s religious worship center, the equivalent of Wa People’s temple. When the old (old), it will make new wooden drum to replace the old wooden drum – pulling wooden drum.

The decision to pull a new wooden drum, first look at the diagrams by magic eight chickens, look from Gua situation decided to selected the tree day. To this day the selected tree, magic eight chickens at Gua, determined by divination results to choose the direction in which the tree. To determine the direction, he went up into the mountain, the tree selection. Usually we choose 3-5 tree red trees, and every tree bark to cut off a piece back to the stockade. Back to the stockade, see again a hexagram, decided that a red hair 树来 make the drums. Next, the eight then a see Gua, choose the mountain cut the day and by which a call offering users (priest to households, is responsible for all the people and the people stayed at. Responsible for the priest households can be a, also can be two to three, the wooden drum, a few family take turns a swift cattle to all the people eat. If the priest households is more difficult, the whole village to provide food, water meters, people and cattle, Deacon households did only). Priest households in the selected festival to be held in Russia ceremony, both offering men an. Can be selected as offering households, the AWA people is a great blessing.

To cut its day, magic eightband Zhaizi young adults to selected the tree, by the magic eight to drive spirit. Its content is to cut the trees around because may hurt the grass spirit, tree spirits please, ask them to change a place; please cut the tree spirit and attached themselves to him the other gods to leave. Then, the eight round red tree to tree rice, salt, sacrifice, edge and edge concept offering language. Repeated several times, the surrounding people vote gun stuff to the trees, to drive away bad spirits of people. Drive is completed, people began to ease off the tree.

Cutting down trees, the magic eight in its tree chop a knife, and then by the surrounding of young adults in the eight cut the first knife to cut down a tree in the. Trees are cut down, the eight on the stump of a tree on a stone, and read: language, can let people request successfully put its back to the stockade. The request is completed, which are required by the magic eight of good length, let the young men cut off, and then back to the stockade to make the drums.

The trees will be cut back in second days. This day the wooden drum, people dressed up early to the mountains, to express gratitude to the lord. Pull the front, first in the tree at each end of a segment cut ear drum, rattan rope to pull the. After pulling wooden drum, a magic eight rice, in front of the procession. Other offerings, another magic eight was sitting on the wooden drum leads a pull wooden drum song, people to pull the wooden drum song chant, marching forward. People officiant households in the big tree with Rice porridge, wine wooden drum.

The pull to the village gate, to the section head and beat an egg in another head, to show its has completely left the original tree spirit, will provide a Wa people service. Then, the wooden drum is pulled into the drum house, by the person skilled chipped wood, wood made, put into the room.

 

5 shape

The wooden drum, it said the Clow, carat, is made of a whole section of thick logs, with red hair, Chun Shu or cherry tree tree lower trunk hard materials. The traditional wooden drum, body is thick, the length of 150 cm -250 cm, larger can reach 300 cm -400 cm, thick end diameter 50 cm -100 cm thick, up to 150 cm. Dig a hole in the middle of a vertical logs, from the ends of 20 cm, the middle narrow hole 6 centimeters wide, 10 cm -12 cm wide at both ends. Sound from both ends to the middle two shallow, intermediate and deep into the drum abdomen.

Its appearance has stripped off their bark, the general was smooth without decoration, others in the end is carving out a bull or head shaped, and some species are carved with triangle or twill pattern for decoration. A wooden drum Yunnan Ximeng Wa Nationality Autonomous County Museum collection, drum 155 cm long, 50 cm in diameter, thick end hole of 110 cm long, 10 cm wide. Pairs of the Wa nationality, although the shape and structure of the same material, size and sound, but not.

Slightly larger parent wooden drum, many made of horse Eagle tree, sound is low and heavy; Gong Mu drum slightly smaller, common red tree production, high and bright. In twentieth Century 80 years, Yunnan Province, Ximeng, Cangyuan, Lancang county and other man team, will stick to reform, the 125 cm long, thick end diameter of 35 cm small wooden drum. Dig a two broad, narrow in the middle hole in the central hole of logs, two left symmetrical called speak evil of others wooden walls, both ends of the two shallow, intermediate and deep down out of the drum abdomen. Due to speak evil of others thickness and drum abdomen shades of difference, different parts of percussion drums, each drum can send two pitch different sound, interval apart as the three degree or four degree. Wood often placed at the two pieces of wood or two stones, which leaves the ground and favorable vibration pronunciation.

For the quite important. The solar calendar each year in January, the village is tribal, pull the season. First of all, from the person or “MoBa” in the forest. Choose the best trees son (three meters in diameter, with yellow heart wood teak, wolf is preferred). Then, the organization and the village of men and women,old and young, cut down the big trees, saw the trunk best next day, back to the village to do. They think it is an artifact of the trees, transportation must go foot road. So When cut a road. Build bridges across the rivers, thousands of people surrounded by a giant tree, pushing, pulling, lively and extraordinary. But regardless of the distance, flat terrain, must the stockade back in nella day. Trunk to pull back, scraping the skin, hollowed out tree heart, made of wooden drum, frame in the village side of the sacred groves, and specifically to cover a drum house for its.

6 performance

When playing, using two special wooden drum hammer, hammer is 40 cm long and -45 cm, two ends are thick, thin in the middle, a similar exercise equipment dumbbell. When it is struck, the player hands each hold a very central, danced, side to side, hit the drum body, issued a “Dong Dong” sound, the sound can pass a few miles away. Sometimes the player right hand holding a drum beat, left hand holding a bamboo, hands with knocking the two side holes drum body, issued a “green” and “flap” sound, and unified, and staggered rhythm, rich and colorful. The wooden drum can also be composed of two or four one two punch, played a variety of Wa people are familiar with the different drummer, to express the specific content. The application range is very wide, in the village, except on holidays, religious activities or grand rally when playing outside, its sound is often used as a signal of language, used to convey the coming of war or fire and other news, to quickly set the masses.

In addition, when the hunters hunting the leopard to village, people also knock the welcome tribute. In twentieth Century 80, small wooden drum wa has boarded the stage of literature and art, it wa wooden drum accompaniment of “song”, “wa wooden drum” and “hair swinging dance”, with strong ethnic style, showing vigorous and bold national spirit, by people praise. Now, the Wa and the elephant foot drum, (awn), cymbals, Sheng gourd, bamboo flute and drums accompaniment for the song and dance combination together, for the New Year celebration.

The 7 style

In Taiwan province and Guizhou Province, Gaoshan Miao and Dong folk drum, their form and the wa similar, rhythm is bare wood surface types. According to the Taiwan Tokai University professor Lv Bingchuan “musical” Taiwan indigenous peoples of China, Gaoshan mulberry wood drum, drum 100 cm long, 30 cm in diameter, popular in Taiwan province and may the Atayal tribe, for the dance. According to the Taiwan anthropology professor Ling Chunsheng Mr. 1953 survey, in the Hualian Amis tribe, also remains open a hole in the tree trunk. The longitudinal. Miao, Dong drum, made of chestnut and maple, drum length 100 cm -200 cm, 30 cm in diameter -40 cm, popular in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, for the funeral, festival, worship and other occasions, with pestle strike outs, rhythm variety, often danced and played. In addition, the Gaoshan Nationality and Miao, another with a hollow (rot caused by) the fir or tung stem made of wooden drum, two ends not sealed, the trunk is provided with a longitudinal hole (or not). Gaoshan may and Pingpu tribe drum 70 cm long, 20 cm in diameter; Miao drum 200 cm long, 30 cm in diameter, multiple hanging from a tree with the beating the drum for activities, messages, called the villagers or morale and so on, not to participate in the instrumental ensemble or musical accompaniment.

8 customs

The belief that all living things have a primitive religion, there are many folk myths and legends of the wooden drum, are

Chinese stringed musical instrument in the mouth is a smaller one, is China ‘s oldest ethnic musical instruments. It is said that as early as the 40 century BC, primitive society , people began to play music with harps , and then, opening chord called ” spring .” Bamboo mouth chord generally use hard texture bamboo pieces cut from the system, the production , with a sharp knife to cut open the bamboo thin , hollow carved in the middle of three sides of the tongue , and then the strings were sharpened sword-shaped titles , credits Sarkozy did cut the string handle. Reed bamboo mouth tongue portion of the string large and thin , narrow central thick bevelled on both sides of the tongue , connected with bamboo head. When plucked titles, elastic bamboo can make the tongue vibrate back and forth freely pronunciation . If you put a few bamboo rope wear pick up, it made ​​more than Piankou strings. Most multi-piece string mouth 2-5 pitch from the different composition of bamboo , bamboo pitch depends on the tongue of the length, width and Bohou .

1 Overview
Opening chord , is the Yi people in the arts and cultural life of a common reed instruments , is a two- three inches in length and a width of five inches of bamboo or copper, carefully carved out in the middle of spring elongated teeth, small and portable convenient. Its wide range, crisp sound , tone soft cadence can express a variety of thoughts and feelings , and thus by Yi young men and women alike. Yi men and women almost everyone has an opening chord , the young person twenty-three opening chord is not uncommon.
There bamboo strings and brass mouth two kinds. Bamboo called ” Mary has ” copper called ” Illustrated History of RB ,” there ranging from three to five . Bamboo sound deep, deep ; copper tone crisp , beautiful . When playing the left hand near the mouth of the chord spring teeth lips move right chord fingerstyle pieces , gas agitation spring tooth stereo polyphonic piece itself to generate a fixed phonological intertwined, playing harps with the lip , air force changes the tone , form clank sounds, soft mildly, very close to the spoken melodies , the use of oral resonance playing a different tune . So in order to transfer voice.
Bamboo mouth chord making simple, easy to play , especially in the rich west , Taiwan and Hainan bamboo place is widely popular . In the Yi people , whether men and women , almost every pair of ports each chord , with a charming little bamboo dress , hanging in the chest, then took a break to play Chang . Since opening chord volume is small, usually get together in twos and threes to listen to each other . In the dead of night , when playing , the sound is more bright, a little far away places can hear overtones particularly clear, very beautiful sounds .

2 shapes
Opening chord has two kinds of metal and bamboo . Bamboo opening chord , known as the ” ring of contempt “, ” blow contempt ” or ” bamboo bombs ” , has a long history in many shapes , many minority people are very fond of folk musical instruments, you can solo , ensemble , ensemble or dance accompaniment , in people’s daily life and productive labor plays an important role .
Bamboo mouth chord selection of hard and dry bamboo , edible vegetable oil must be boiling the bamboo deep-fried , remove the original bamboo green gas , making it cooked bamboo, then cut from the system . Large bamboo mouth chord Yi , length 13 cm, width 1.5 cm , small about 6 cm wide and 1 cm . Lisu long 15 cm wide and 1 cm . Production, take a hard bamboo slices with a sharp knife to cut open thin bamboo and hollow carved in the middle of three sides of the tongue . Bamboo mouth organ chord tongue and the tongue is similar to the first portion of the tongue wide and thin toward the handle end , both sides of the narrow middle of thick , tongue bevelled roots tongue thinner , connected with the titles office, bomb when moving titles, elastic bamboo , and can pronounce tongue freely back and forth vibration , sound low, melodious tone , which is bamboo single chord . If the handle end of the drill string to wear multiple single rope, bamboo has become a multi- piece string.

3 Muslim population chord
Muslim women in the old society bound by feudal ethics , “home female but not male outside , black hair gone sky ” , had broken bamboo child with hair on the back , made a head width of one end of a narrow , two springs pull the middle of a line of musical instruments, with Jiechou to eliminate worry . This is the later opening chord . Some girl unhappy marriage or missing lover , some small daughter by her mother at the gas not tell , they had a window Yi Men chord with his mouth to tell their own minds. There song ” Flowers” bamboo mouth to sing chord and said: . ” Silver bamboo pieces , two pull wire cable, one end of the mouth of the title , hemp wrapped solutions eliminate crime .”
Source Muslim population chord , one that comes from hair grate , one that was to commemorate Ha Dan girl. Legend , long ago, there was a severe drought Liupan , an名叫哈once found a girl glance Koizumi eyes, but was bitten by snakes, her lover came to kill the snakes Daoud , save the girl, but Ha Dan girl never speak, to express affection for Daoud , Wong Chuk made ​​the mouth with strings .