Very fine bamboo handicrafts with Chinese characteristics
Bamboo, China is the world’s first country to use bamboo products, bamboo in our country so long. Bamboo, also known as bamboo, bamboo utensils in a variety of decorative patterns and text engraving, or bamboo root carving into a variety of furnishings ornaments. Bamboo become an art, since the beginning of the Six Dynasties, until the Tang Dynasty was slowly gaining knowledge, and by love. Bamboo grown to Ming and Qing Dynasties Dasheng, exquisite carving skills beyond the previous generation, unique in the history of arts and crafts in China.
Basic Information
Bamboo, also known as bamboo. Zhaoru Zhen in the “Guide to Antique bamboo” and summed up this way: “bamboo who carved bamboo also its work
Goods and painting the same, but with a knife ghostwriter with bamboo paper ears. “Concise, but quite subtle.
Early bamboo is usually the palace, figures, landscapes, flowers, birds and other ornamentation, carved objects on top. And survive in the world of bamboo products rarely, currently seen mostly handed down Ming and Qing dynasties. Ming and Qing Dynasties bamboo products, exquisite carving skills, has already surpassed the previous generation. Ming Dynasty bamboo style of most vigorous rustic, full composition. Knife deep steep and steel strength strong lines, pattern ornamentation covered the body. The Qing Dynasty bamboo products with the legacy of the Ming Dynasty, but the performance is more rich and varied techniques, shallow carved bas-relief techniques and used simultaneously. Some sculptures carved concise, simple and generous, and some Seiko secret agents, dense ornamentation, constantly changing, the main methods Yin sculpture, carved, carvings, engraved, embossed or high relief and other shades.
Historical origins
Original bamboo
Arts of China’s bamboo long history, our academic, archaeological circles has been that far before the invention of paper and ink, brush, knife ancestors have learned lettering on the pillar Notepad. The most primitive bamboo, should precede Oracle. Because Oracle already has three elements of the art of calligraphy, the so-called bamboo notes, originally carved merely symbolic. In ancient times, China’s Central Plains, the northern regions do not grow bamboo, so use animal bones to inscribe, the South rich bamboo, symbols or words will be engraved on the bamboo. But bamboo is difficult to save, not as animal bones. So, after long years, today we also had the privilege to see the Shang Dynasty Oracle relics, it is difficult goodbye then bamboo masterpiece. However, according to the records of ancient literature, Chinese bamboo art source, as early as the Shang Dynasty had already appeared before, it is beyond doubt.
In addition, China in ancient times had already started manufacturing and life with bamboo utensils. For the beauty of nature, applied decoration on bamboo products, with carved jade, stone, bone, wood, original no difference. Therefore, if found in the ruins of primitive society there are bamboo carving, is not surprising. Except bamboo perishable, it is difficult preserved.
Qin bamboo
As an official works, bamboo has been formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to Han Dai Holy “etiquette Tamamo” records, when in the hands of the West Zhoujun Chen Chao-hui held fluorene (also known as the palm), and some were made of bamboo, “Where there is Finger on Jun ago, with fluorene. Before making orders from the king , then the book in the fluorene. ” Only official position is different fluorene material is different, “the ball jade emperor, princes to like (tooth), the doctor of fish shall asparagus, disabilities bamboo, wood may also like.” Literati held fluorene, are in a narrow plank bamboo, this fluorene, which also are engraved with some of the ornamentation, although far from a craft, but after reflecting the Qin Dynasty people have attached great importance to the use of bamboo, and can be cut system or cut carve some simple products. Fluorene almost simultaneously along with bamboo. In archaeological excavations, text terminological record slips were also found, such as the “Art of War”, documented medical prescription slips and so on. In addition, Zhu Shan, bamboo pen, bamboo gun, bamboo baskets, bamboo mat, bamboo boxes, etc., everything.
Warring States period, the prevalence of lacquer, lacquer carving art prosperity. Lacquer is tires, a considerable part is made of bamboo or bamboo plot by lacquer carving art effects, and later made bamboo itself also sprouted artistic tendencies. The beast shoe unearthed in Hubei bamboo lacquer box with lid, is a product of the tendency of this art, it first with bamboo carved into animal hoof-like bracket with round boxes, and then painted. There are bamboo carving this case, today we study the history of bamboo valuable information.
Han and Tang bamboo
Han and Tang Dynasties of bamboo, currently seen earlier artifacts, Changsha Mawangdui Western Han dragon carved out of wood lacquered bamboo spoon. This embossed dragon painted bamboo spoon, length 65 cm, bamboo as tires, control table painted black, red paint. Near the top of a spoon handle is red, embossed a black dragon, vivid simplicity. Until the Jin Dynasty, the emergence of bamboo pen holder. According to ancient records, the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligrapher Wang Xianzhi Bamboo Pen used on the very delicate. The young boy’s only pen, shaped like bell – Ancient wine for holding a round pot, bamboo surface markings, like fur, young boy called “fur bell”, but also has some truth, but It also reflected the bamboo pen holder on the system, yet the prevalence of artificial carving.
Dynasties period, according to “Nan Qi Shu Shao Ming Monk Biography” presentation, Qi Gaodi Daocheng who brought a carved with bamboo root “wishful bamboo sheath Kou” reward to the then saphenous Shiming monk Shao. Zhou Geng letter writer “Bong quoted Zhao Wanghui wine” poem, “wild ass and then leaves, mountain cup holding Zhugen”, also mentioned bamboo root carving crafted wine glass. Description Dynasties period, there have been carving arts. Image of bamboo carving began in the Tang Dynasty, one of the most famous is engraved with flowers and birds pattern of the bamboo shakuhachi task. Shakuhachi is a vertical wind blowing. Due to a foot long tube eight inches or so named. Existing Japan Shosoin of Chinese Tang Dynasty bamboo shakuhachi, length 43.6 cm, diameter 2.32 cm mouthpiece, three, over the body ornamentation. There are positive pressure hole 5, the back one. This shakuhachi, using Liuqing Cephas, Shi Yin Wen shallow carving, pressure hole and around the upper and lower sections, are design patterns. Pipe distribution ladies, trees, flowers, birds butterflies and other images, portrayed very fine, with the Tang Dynasty style.
According to Guo Ruo “picture horizons” records, Tang Shide leaning provincial governor Wang family has a brush, bamboo pen tube “thicker in common pen tube, two from each of half an inch, the middle line of an auxiliary engraved military, troops hair, cloud water pavilions, all absolutely fine; every thing engraved “comfort line” two poems, such as ‘worthy of Pretrial Qi Tree climbing, beyond the Great Wall hiring special is not yet’ is also, like inhuman work, the painting powder trace trace if to be argued out of the cloud with the mouse tooth carving, so Cui collar Lang corpus have ‘Wang pen tube mind’, the mind body painting classes Korea retreat. ”
From this we can see that the Han and Tang Dynasties bamboo, bamboo throughout history is still in the initial stage arts, it is characterized by attention to the external shape, therefore, root yield at that time, but the device table carved ornamentation, the basic or on a single performance practices – carved lines.
Song Zhudiao
Zhaoru Zhen “Antique Guide”, said: “bamboo who carved bamboo also. Their works with painting the same, but with a knife ghostwriter with bamboo paper ears. Difficulty of painting known, Jinnai easily with a knife, bamboo, and its harder and harder to be more than painting also! Press ancients simply cut for the book, director of governance for the people Takehisa, carved bamboo artifacts, perhaps there line of those ancient times, not only to cure the fine for those nameless, is the past no pass Yan! “This passage is mainly about bamboo case before the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, China’s bamboo there have been some significant changes, mainly reflected in two aspects. First, the history of the Song Dynasty in ancient times the most developed culture, has become a huge and literate literati class, their aesthetic ideas and requirements, including led jade carving, bamboo carving areas, including the entire development. At this time, bamboo is seen as a pure culture, a symbol of integrity, often in poetry and literature, the most famous such as Su Shi’s “would rather eat no meat, can not live without bamboo.” Pastoral poet of the “guilty different congregation Grass Festival Where do the more wood,” the more the bamboo personified, because the bamboo in the minds of scholars have such a lofty position, bamboo craft much attention. Second, the tendency for art bamboo, bamboo and bamboo fine artists were widely praised. According to Yuan Tao Zongyi “stop farming” recorded, when the Southern Song Dynasty artist Zhan, he carved bamboo birdcage “are surrounded by flower version, on the bamboo carved palace, figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, QianHao with its If thin thread, and the exquisite activities. ” Showing its bamboo craft high, the exquisite works. So, Tao Zongyi can not help but praise Zhan: “Seeking the two hundred years, no repeat this one.”
Ming and Qing bamboo
Throughout Chinese bamboo development course, we see already budding Song bamboo. Ming and Qing Dynasties, bamboo arts reached its peak, there flowers blooming scene. Ming and Qing dynasties, the literati to write bamboo, bamboos kinds of bamboo, carved bamboo has become common practice, the cultural content of bamboo is also rising rapidly. At this time, culture flourishing painting, prompting the bamboo with painting, sculpture art combined, leading to unprecedented development of bamboo arts. According to Yu Jin and Yuan Dynasty “Bamboo Human · Legend” introduced, then bamboo “carved with two pies, one begins Nanking (Nanjing) Pu Zhong Qian, one begins Jiading (I-eup) Zhu Song neighbor.” As a sculptor, Zhu Song neighbor, PU Zhong Qian et al, is not limited to Shi Yi on bamboo, rhinoceros horn, ivory, rosewood is their commonly used materials. Properties of various materials and a variety of techniques to grasp, so they carved like divine intervention. As Arts and Crafts home, they longer calligraphy and seal carving, painting composition omnipotent, both literati painters of literacy skills. Therefore, their bamboo creative works, bookish without unimaginative; They use bamboo in its natural form, Ethical, bring out the essential characteristics of bamboo and cultural meaning, Sui Wei literati works accepted and spread so far, the Chinese nation valuable artistic wealth.
According to historical records on the Ming Dynasty Jiading faction in the confusion between bamboo carved landscapes, figures, pavilions, birds, shallow carving, relief, sculpture in the round and use, knife sophisticated, artistic attainments Shenzhan, too appreciated by people, eager to please played knives. Therefore, Jiading bamboo arts genre flourished, has been extended to the middle of the Qing, the successor to dozens of people. Ming Jinling faction bamboo to bamboo root carving and painting known engraved with ornate bamboo style Jiading faction comparison seems quaint and elegant. But Jinling faction heritage is not busy, extend the Qing Dynasty, can fully reflect the style of the master craftsmen have been few.
Qing Dynasty, Jiading bamboo carving flourished send to CARVED peaked. Qianlong reign, Jinling faction Pansy wind, Fang Zhu home on a shallow engraved see, and became the Qing bamboo rd Runner. In addition, Zhang Xi Huang, Shang Yang Xun tick to stay green patterned techniques, great literary temperament, also called dry one o’clock.
Kangxi and Qianlong, the Office was created Shiraia carved boxwood for the child to, a variety of bamboo carved ornamentation endothelium, affixed to the control table, it is called “stick yellow.” Later, Jiading, Huangyan, Shaoyang, Jiang, Demolition and other places have made. Qianlong after the Office was also created imitation bronze bamboo, knife Bi Xiao ancient bronzes shape and ornamentation, mounted handle, bucket of various devices with particularly ingenuity.
After the outbreak of the Opium War, China gradually reduced semifeudal and semicolonial, social unrest, economic decline, China’s urban and rural handicrafts was severely damaged, but also led to the decline of the art of bamboo. Bamboo works of this period, and many more incised, whom bas-relief, deep carving, carvings and other techniques rarely used, so it is a single, flat shallow. Sculptor in the book, although there can be good painters, but most people can only drawings of others under the guise of re-carving, neither creative works are less hierarchical, so the lack of artistic appeal, the picture is dull, knife missing elegant flow. So, with a literary temperament of bamboo art, but soon returned to its original artisan works. This is a disaster of years, depression, destitution caused by the inevitable result.
Early bamboo products remains little more than seen so far handed down for the Ming and Qing dynasties, generally vigorous quaint, full composition, full of the body, a knife deep steep, often so deep embossed or engraved, bold powerful lines, the corner of the edges. Varieties pen holder, incense tube based. Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty still legacy, but more varied performance techniques, shallow carved bas-relief, stay green, carvings and other parallel; varieties to expand, in addition to pen, incense tube, the arm resting, Zhugen figures, animals and rocks have , producing exquisite neat, delicate goodly, and like to stay in Castle Zhang Xi Huang water pavilion, Deng Wei Xing Kai shallow carved small print, etc., are very distinct personal style feature works.
Main schools
Any art form developed to a certain stage always genre. Chinese art of the Ming and Qing bamboo mature, genre has gradually formed and displayed. Chinese folk collection of bamboo devices, there are some famous works of the genre of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Jiading faction since the Ming Dynasty Zhengde, Jiajing, the bamboo arts developed very rapidly, almost every time some outstanding artists emerge. At that time, most of the bamboo Goldsmith are concentrated in the vicinity of Jiangsu Jinling Jiading and some scholars put these Seiko classic works, according to the division of carving techniques and styles characteristic genre, so there Jiading faction. Jiading faction production centers mainly in Jiangsu Jiading (now Shanghai Jiading County), with “deep Daoke law, that played the knife deep Jun, Takashi superficial, deep depression can be five-six” as the main feature, the work can exhibit rich picture level and three-dimensional effect, so the history of bamboo in China occupies an extremely important position. Jiading faction Zhu He is the founder of the earliest in the Jiading bamboo carving art to Zhu He, Zhu Ying, ZHU Zhi Zheng three generations of the most famous, known as the “Jiading three Zhu.” “Jiading three Zhu,” the basic style of the Ming Dynasty there is evaluation, called “bird regulations Fu Xu Xi impressionistic landscape character in horses, summer, between the road to the Southern Song Dynasty painting Dhamma, carved bamboo is more respect for the Northern Song Dynasty. Lid with a knife ghostwriter for Jane old Pumao, Seclusion phenomena. ” That is to say: “Jiading three Zhu,” the bamboo bird, and the Five Dynasties famous painter Xu Xi’s literati painting the same strain, focus on “Ink”, but mostly rough freehand pen, namely, freehand, small freehand, and work with writing and other techniques, to convey the author’s elegant pretty well, “wild ease” of the gas; “Jiading three Zhu,” the bamboo painting, and the Southern Song Dynasty painter Ma Yuan and Xia Gui similar style represented. Ma Yuan against the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting a panoramic landscape patterning method, the center of gravity biased picture corners, “or Qiaofeng not reflected on the top straight, or not reflected feet straight down cliffs, towering mountains or near, close-highlighting”, belonging to intercept a brief section tricks of the arrangements. Xia Gui’s paintings also love to take the side of the iceberg, as a “cut-scene style” landscape. Therefore, there is the history of painting “horse corner, summer half,” said. Jiading three landscapes Chu bamboo screen, but also “cut scene style”, so Seclusion passengers.
Following bamboo Zhu He, after all, his son Zhu infant, his grandson Zhu Zheng Zhi in Jiading bamboo is also quite famous. “Jiading three Zhu,” the successor of very public, according to “Jiading County,” “Bamboo man” recorded, Jiading faction under the command of Nade everyone no less than twenty or thirty people, including Qin an MG, Shen chief, Wu Yao, bestowed Lu, Zhou Hao, Shi day Zhang, Gu Jue, Cai Shimin, etc., are particularly important people in the world. Jiading bamboo has been sent Kangyong Qian Jia Qing period (1662-1820), to the Golden Age, Jiading which is called “the hometown of bamboo”, Jiading faction became fame, glory out of bamboo genre, far-reaching impact on future generations . Jiading bamboo send them, because the times are different, everyone’s cultural and artistic accomplishment not the same, so famous works have their own personality characteristics.
Jinling faction
Ye Zhiqing Ming Dynasty, in Jiading bamboo arts school with juxtaposition, is the Pu Cheng pioneered Jinling faction. Jinling faction bamboo carved in shallow, Jane engraved as the main feature. Carve this technique is not deep and level diminished, minor surface abrasion, but quaint flavored, although seemingly of a few strokes, but artistic conception.
Jinling party Yuandiao quite particular about the use of the material selection is very strict, because when carving good shape to take the situation, much as artificial modification. Jinling faction also specializes in bamboo calligraphy, traditional Chinese bamboo to make adding to the rich literary atmosphere. This is the art of Jinling faction bamboo charm, but also its main characteristics of specific performance. However, since bamboo Pu Cheng Jinling faction after its founding, obtaining Qinshou or directly affected by very few. Pu Cheng, the only Pansy wind, the most remarkable achievements of party, fame has grown, it was later deemed Jinling garde art heritage of the two pillars. Since then, due to Jiading bamboo faction prevailed everywhere been some impact, and ultimately, the impact declining, almost lost.
Zhe
Zhe bamboo art is “stay green Kathrine” Zhang Xi Huang pioneered. Zhang Xi Huang, whose real name were omitted, the Greek word yellow with words. Zhejiang Jiaxing. Zhang Xi Huang on bamboo artistic contribution is mainly to improve the tradition since the Tang Dynasty “stay green” bamboo techniques. “Stay green” also known as “Cowhide”, is a kind of bamboo “green Yun” (bamboo skin) on engraving techniques, namely the surface layer of mingled retained bamboo carving pattern, bamboo shovel to go outside Patterns Green, exposing mingled below the skin. This bamboo is not only compact, but also looks moist; Qing Yun after year after year at the yellowed, bamboo skin color is deeper, the contrast color and texture, pattern will magically show its unique charm. Zhang Xi Huang pen knife under the “stay green”, it is the traditional techniques of incredible improvement and development, he was in the same device, to take Green Yun entire stay, leaving less to stay or not to stay in order to obey the picture content necessary, separate the layers. The years after the formation of color from dark to light, natural retreat halo effect, the brush painting on paper shades of color reflect changes subtly reflected in the bamboo in the past, thus making a breakthrough to stay green pattern pattern form, color, charm both ink and carving fun. His masterpieces, are meticulous work wonderful, exquisite, which “landscape pavilion” Pen the most typical, known as the “three-dimensional boundary drawing Kamijina.” Zhang Xi yellow bamboo epidermis as paintings, impressive, people called him “stay green Kathrine.” His works, fine ideas and exquisite craftsmanship seamless, with a strong literary atmosphere, and the influence and led a large bamboo artists, eventually forming elegant indifferent, clever without Mei Zhe style, comparable Jiading faction, Jinling faction juxtaposition. Mid-twentieth century, the representative of stay green bamboo carved home tend to live in Shanghai, such as Zhejiang Wuxing Golden West Cliff Wujin, Jiangsu Province, Xu Su White, Suzhou and Wuxi branch Ci Ren Zhang Temple of the other.
Huizhou
Huizhou bamboo
Traditional “Huizhou four carved” one. Huizhou buildings, mostly brick stone structure, bamboo extremely low, so bamboo for building decoration rare. Huizhou Huizhou bamboo generally rich in bamboo as raw material, with a knife ghostwriter, because material applied arts, the use of line engraving, bas-relief, deep relief and other processes, carved out of a variety of painting and calligraphy. These works have celebrity calligraphy ink; has monuments mountains landscape; There folklore mythology; has exotic animals varied topics is extremely broad. Bamboo is mainly used for decorative furnishings, such as the common crafts, including screens, report screens, hanging, insert vases, stationery, toothpick box, ashtray, tea Jane, hatter, pen, chopsticks tube, couplets, wrist pillow, cutlery, etc. . Are decorated with bamboo. Will be cut from bamboo, forming two semi-circular bamboo can be used to make packages carved column couplets, usually a word carved in intaglio, filled with stone green material, hanging hall, antique. Some are still on the semi-circular bamboo carved screen used for building decoration parts, but the majority are independent into a painting, sculpture more refined. Bamboo and some paint, and some remain bamboo qualities; that the use of paint, generally are light-colored, or tung oil applied to the surface, both gloss, but also revealing the pulse processing bamboo fiber to achieve fresh and elegant aesthetic effect.
Huizhou ancient “Xin”, is located in southern Anhui. Ming and Qing dynasties, where the style of malpractice, and gradually form industry Confucian tradition, and the birth of the famous “Xin’an culture.” Historically, Huizhou not only to produce the paper, ink, inkstone famous, brick, wood carving, stone carving and said “Huizhou three birds” reputation at home and abroad, and bamboo also formed his own style, with impressive results. Thus, with the Jiading, Jinling, Zhejiang, three art schools rise, “Huizhou bamboo” soon manifest world.
Huizhou Huizhou bamboo generally rich in bamboo as raw material, with a knife ghostwriter, because material applied arts, the use of line engraving, bas-relief, deep relief and other processes, carved out of a variety of painting and calligraphy. These works have celebrity calligraphy ink; has monuments mountains landscape; There folklore mythology; has exotic animals varied topics is extremely broad. Bamboo is mainly used for decorative furnishings, such as the common crafts, including screens, report screens, hanging, insert vases, stationery, toothpick box, ashtray, tea Jane, hatter, pen, chopsticks tube, couplets, wrist pillow, cutlery, etc. . Are decorated with bamboo.
“Huizhou bamboo,” the representatives include Wu Man, Li Xiqiao, Cheng Zhang Lifu and waiting. Wu Ming is full of Anhui, proficient in calligraphy, good seal, especially hi “Six” learning. Therefore, bamboo alone significantly text style, and golden stone body-based, and the brush can be shipped the same knife handy. Forming a muddy as three generations of Ding Yi’s unique artistic style. Qing Li Xiqiao is famous bamboo master number “Stone Lushan people,” both his bamboo into bamboo calligraphy Wu full wind thread, another new record, simple pen portrayed as Takeishi, Character Scenery arm resting, pen, clean lines, smooth, elegant and full of Rhyme screen. Zhang Lifu the Qing dynasty to 1860, famous bamboo masters to versatile jazzed south. In engraving, carved lacquer for the industry, many achievements, bamboo works are also unique.
Today Huizhou traditional four carved into the development of high-tech, traditional handicraft heritage of Chinese essence and modern high-tech combination of boosting the development of Huizhou four carved into a new starting point.
Typical representatives: bamboo Yixuan Huangshan Huizhou Huizhou Carving Culture Co., Ltd. China intangible cultural heritage as its chairman Mr. Zhu Hong Xi twenty-ninth generation descendant, his representative work “Lanting Gathering map” bamboo incense tube selected for the Beijing National Museum. Today Yixuan Bamboo Carving Co., Ltd. Huangshan Huizhou is accelerating tourism and cultural depth, forming a set of carving cultural exhibitions, modern engraving technology experiments show Huizhou carving handicrafts, carving cultural studies, cultural studies Chus, carved works of art production, Huizhou ancient architecture carving art, culture, product packaging, carving sculpture cultural and creative fan club, cultural exchange for the integrated enterprise, established in 1200 bamboo Yixuan nationwide chain stores, build Huangshan City and the country with influence tourism and cultural industries.
Other
Ming and Qing dynasties of bamboo, in addition to regions outside of the art form of the genre, there are some sculptor inherited the former, innovation has made a contribution to the invention of different areas outside the new genre techniques, in which the most Typically Li Yao, Zhangbu Qing, Ma root sen, Deng Fu Ka, SHANG Xun, when the school atrium and two brothers when Yu et al.
Cultural tastes
Throughout the course of the development of Chinese bamboo, bamboo art in the Song truly been budding. Ming and Qing Dynasties, bamboo art reached its peak, there have been flowers blooming scene. Ming and Qing dynasties, when the author’s participation in the bamboo with painting, sculpture binding, leading to unprecedented development of bamboo arts. Since the Ming Dynasty Zhengde, Jiajing after almost every period has some outstanding artists emerge. At that time most of the bamboo Goldsmith are concentrated in Jiading and Jinling Jiangsu area, thus carving techniques and styles according to their characteristics to produce a two bamboo genre, Jiading Zhu He started school, secondary school began in Jinling Qian Pu.
According to historical records, the Ming Dynasty Jiading faction in the confusion between bamboo carved landscapes, figures, pavilions, birds, shallow carving and use, knife sophisticated, artistic attainments Shenzhan, too people know. In Zhu He, Zhu Ying, ZHU Zhi Zheng three generations of the most famous, known as the “Jiading three Zhu,” Nade Jiading faction under the command of no less than twenty or thirty people, of whom, Qin an MG, and Shen, Wu Fan, Feng Shi heroes Zhou Hao, Shi day Zhang, Gu Jue, Cai Shimin, etc. are particularly important people in the world. Jiading bamboo Kangyong Qian Jia period to the Qing Dynasty (1662 – 1820), reached the Golden Age, Jiading, also known as the “hometown of bamboo.”
Jinling faction in the Ming Dynasty bamboo bamboo root carving and painting known engraved with bamboo style Jiading faction comparison seems quaint and elegant. But tradition is not busy Jinling faction, only Pu Chung Him, Pansy wind, Fang Jie and other minority.
Thereafter, the Qing Dynasty “stay green Kathrine” Zhang Xi Huang Zhe bamboo arts led pioneered improved since the Tang Dynasty traditional “stay green” bamboo techniques, many of his masterpieces, are meticulous Handicraft, exquisite, which In “Landscape pavilion” the most typical. His works fine ideas and exquisite craftsmanship seamless. With a strong literary atmosphere, and the influence and led a large bamboo artists, eventually forming elegant indifferent, clever without Mei Zhe style, comparable Jiading faction, Jinling faction to keep pace.
Also appeared in Huizhou bamboo. While in addition to regions outside of the art form of the genre, there are some sculptor inherited the former, innovation has made a contribution, the invention is different from the area outside of the new genre of techniques which are most representative Li Yao, Zhangbu Qing, Ma root cents Deng Fu Jia et al.
Bamboo Appreciation
Early bamboo products remains little more than to see this as the Ming and Qing handed down, usually vigorous quaint, full composition, the body covered with knife deep steep, often so deep embossed or engraved, bold powerful lines, the corner of the edges. Zhu He believes that if it does not carry openwork carving and profound. Pen and fragrant varieties of tube-based. Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty legacy, but more diverse performance techniques, shallow carved bas-relief, stay green, carvings and other parallel; varieties to expand, in addition to pen holder, incense box, the arm resting, Zhugen figures, animals and rocks in place, producing exquisite neat, delicate goodly, and like to stay in Castle Zhang Xi Huang water pavilion, Deng Wei Xing Kai shallow carved small print, etc. are very distinct personal style features the works. The late Qing Dynasty face dizzying more single knife flat shallow, often for incised. Now offers some of the Ming and Qing bamboo identification techniques to supper readers:
Texture
Ming and Qing Dynasties bamboo home, bamboo used are taken from two to four years to the growth of bamboo, bamboo texture fine, tender old moderate. So after carving synthesizer, polished, and its smooth, flat, less than flat wood grain. The early works tend to exhibit bamboo bamboo texture, later works are Seiko secret agents, rarely seen rough texture of bamboo.
Style
Ming and Qing Dynasties famous bamboo masters, basically did not go down on the habit in the works, so there is handwriting withdrawals famous masterpieces rarely. Now we can see the engraved name of the master section of the bamboo artifacts, there are four situations: First, withdrawals of genuine handwriting; two of its disciples added the inscription of Authenticity; Three is a disciple of the master’s name engraved works number; four are completely cost imitations. Because some of the Ming and Qing bamboo engrave names in subsection or seal, is an important basis for identification. Therefore, fake replica carved models, especially the masters of the inscription, is relatively common. Generally speaking, real money carved natural flow, show in the bone, just without plate, without a sense of artificiality, highlighting the authors own style. Pseudo-stroke models are sluggish, the knife fatigue, style does not match with the original author, although some shape but no aura.
Knife
Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been a number of scholars, artisans dual identity of a special process large masters, their works are often knife smooth, clear and Painting, mood profound. From the late Qing Dynasty began painting on bamboo from lost interesting mood, loss of exquisite art of pen knife.
Style
Generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty bamboo exhibit qualitative humble Hunpu artistic style, there are few small small devices. Qing bamboo, Kangxi period pragmatic and elegant; Qianlong period gorgeous gorgeous. To the late Qing, the work style tends flat shallow single. But this is only the whole. Ming and Qing Dynasties have a great group of works are a reflection of literary arts, literary arts has its own independent features. Therefore, bamboo identification can not be too absolute. The correct way is to grasp the overall, specific identification, then pay attention to the general and the individual links and differences between the two.
Color
Generally speaking, the longer the era works, the deeper the color device table. This color is produced, mostly often the reason people caress admiration. Ming works mostly with dark red color, one of the most popular should be a shiny red with amber; Qing works mostly dark brown, brown, more to the latter color more shallow. However, the fact of the Qing Dynasty bamboo works, often with one kind of taupe Ze, which is rather special. The new devices are often pseudo-coloring them, seeking to get the same color as the old device, but without artificial imitation floating sink, natural color after all, there was not, after careful identification, it is easy to see. While pretending to be the product screen, bumps and color uniformity, no shades of the points, but no transition color.
Feature
In the bamboo process, know some of the pop era technology is very important. Earthgrab profound techniques from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty; bamboo reed device began in the early Qing Dynasty, flourished in Qianjia, boutiques are court utensils; began in the Tang Dynasty to stay green though, but Tang Zhiming generations have seen, are handed down works in addition to bright Huang Jia Zhang Xi end system, the rest are clear future products; Kangxi Jiading faction was made of clay with a special bamboo in the animal’s eyes. Therefore, the familiar techniques conducive to discrimination bamboo bamboo works of the era.
Authenticity
To see more of the usual, more contact with museums or private collections of ancient works of famous bamboo and bamboo work in peacetime transactions compared to the transaction is not a disadvantage.
Mutual Certificate
Many bamboo master Ming and Qing dynasties, both good at carving bamboo stems, and at bamboo root carving. Both bamboo expert, and specializes in wood, ivory and lacquer carving. Art is the same, no matter what kind of material will exhibit their own unique creativity, knife and aesthetic sense. Therefore, (we passed bamboo master works of the same period, other materials and then understand his sculpture in other areas of artistic expression) we passed bamboo masters of two different materials simultaneously works were compared, to understand his artistic expression , you can know the authenticity of works.
Bamboo maintenance
Bamboo handed down age-old folk, and its attachments have been rooting cleansed must be added to the amount of soapy water, so it hurts the old package pulp, and maroon years old patina is a historical witness, but also a very good feel and beauty, washed bamboo on walnut oil, still appears to be dry. But after cleaning the walnut oil pen, easy to vermin. The need for washing, should be considered depending on the specific carved pieces. On the need to be cleaned, cleaning bamboo as not to damage the skin.
Use raw shelled walnut oil fried special protection, do not use roasted walnut oil or fat. Walnut shell blasted oil deposits less, and contains a certain amount of water, not dry, it does not hurt the object.
Cooked fried walnut oil dry gas large cast dry, bamboo easy to crack. Because most of the old masters of ancient bamboo are maintained, so just use your index finger when the light oil dip with fingertips for the degree of skin surface with oil, wipe the oil on the other palm, rub evenly with both hands, the hands holding carved pieces to play with, you can achieve conservation purposes. Oil can not be much more easy to resurgence.
Also, do not use a variety of tools repair scratch attachments on bamboo, which is carved pieces of the original and the product phase has an impact. Do not apply any paint and chemical pigments. Although painting a professional book that should weigh the pros and cons. Old carving itself has many years of maintenance oil deposition and play sweat Qin, difficult to dry after painting, although able to ensure carved pieces without cracking, but doing so will not form a bamboo produced by the mere mention of the beauty of nature.
Conditional collectors, collections can be placed in a sealed glass custody. If there is no thermostat measures, in order to avoid high temperature caused the glass cracking carved pieces, usually can throw a lump in the carved pieces of paper inside, it has a role in regulating humidity. You can also put twelve wooden handle bristle brush, hair up, it can distribute heat inside carved pieces. Wooden handle with moisture absorption cooling effect, be sure to remove Lianyin rain. On the other hand, due to the long seal, once exposed to air or wind, it could easily lead to cracking. Custody in this way, to ensure constant temperature, and regularly play a few.
Best production within the lattice wooden cabinet dedicated custody. Dedicated storage cabinet temperature at 20 ℃ to 35 ℃, relative humidity of 35-40%, the lower discharge porcelain or other items, one meter from the ground up bamboo pieces. If the temperature is too high too dry, you can put a bowl of water in the room, or put a few books in the cabinet. If collectors live upstairs, the summer is too dry, you can put half a cup of water in the grid, but carved pieces with glass to maintain a certain distance, should always check, did not promptly removed when necessary. Can also be used to put old newspapers method, but the newspaper resurgence strong force, not much. And to always play and inspection, especially annual rainfall concentrated to regular season and saw long-haired, with a bristle brush to remove promptly.
Market outlook
Bamboo in the arts and crafts in just a small category, and more at auction classified as miscellaneous crafts the list, but it should be seen that, although bamboo mostly stingy, but one of the micro devices are often extremely poor working clever, fine Mayans carved, especially the Ming and Qing dynasties, famous men, unique style, it has always been to become collectors of the cherished things. But also because of China’s bamboo craft unique, distinct characteristics, consequent also become the darling of the international collectors, because several of the above reasons, the bamboo’s market price has been rising in recent years the trend.
Nationwide, bamboo utensils corporations miscellaneous category in a smaller, but the overall turnover rate is high, according to Artron website information, to October 2005, there were verifiable data class bamboo shoot Lot of 1522. Which traded 615, 43,634,810 yuan turnover, turnover rate 40%. In which many domestic art auction among the bamboo artifacts auction champion Beijing Hanhai Auction Company, up to October 2005 class bamboo shoot lots of 389, of which 236 traded, turnover of 14,596,050 yuan, turnover rate as high as 61%. Which topped the list price is 22 November 2004 launch of the fall of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong large bamboo shoot pine BRUSHPOT, estimated only 150,000 to 250,000, but the final estimate to exceed five times the price 1.32 million yuan turnover. According to insiders, bamboo Hanhai historically traded at a high rate, generally more than 60%, is on auction miscellaneous class of a high turnover rate.
In fact, for this country’s most popular Beijing auction auction market has been trading in bamboo are doing well. Currently, a division of ordinary bamboo carving, just a bit years, a bamboo work sold in the million or so, some of the famous Ming and Qing carved bamboo asking price is usually paid in two or three million or more, which is more than 2002 high transaction prices out of the 10 times. China Guardian last ten years have photographed hundreds of bamboo shoot products, the most prominent achievement was undoubtedly 2003 autumn auction ‘Watchers Matsui belongings – Shixiang, Yuan Quan initiatives collections of Chinese art’ Auction in the launch of 14 bamboo device 100% of the transaction, which has more than half of the auction the highest in nearly 10 years, bamboo is the highest auction, in which Lot No. 1210 Ming Zhu Sansong bamboo root carving monk to 2.64 million deal. Beijing Huachen auction company in the 2004’s May 16 spring auction, Lot No. 314 Nguyen Liu Qing bamboo roof into BRUSHPOT to 319,000 yuan traded ranks first in the audience bamboo artifacts.
In addition, in the overseas market, bamboo works are also doing well in the October 23, 2012 Sotheby’s auction in Hong Kong to the Qing Emperor Kangxi bamboo “The West Chamber” hands BRUSHPOT valued only as high as 350 to 4,000,000 yuan, the final delivered to 5,469,600 yuan traded.
Investment impact
Looking bamboo auction market, affecting bamboo investment for several reasons: [3]
First, carving craftsmanship. Bamboo material easy to get, the value is not high, therefore, to see the art of bamboo bamboo has become conclude works price of an important part. Bamboo works whether artistic appeal, a knife is good or bad, whether the shape characteristic, whether bamboo culture influence the price of these are the reasons. Meanwhile in the purchase usually also grasp the degree of fine bamboo, it has a collection value.
Second, the year also affect the price of bamboo is an important factor, under normal circumstances, the same quality of bamboo works, year foot expensive than light years, which is the collection of a continuity.
Third, the authenticity of works, collections and common investment bamboo works it has a common characteristic investing in art is to be able to identify the authenticity. Currently determine the authenticity of bamboo are the following: First Year of authenticity, is generally done after copying genuine old. Second, concoct, that have not seen the real thing, they imagine fraud; Third imitation models that work itself is genuine, but the fake person to make the work more valuable in the works to add a carved bamboo masters ming models, four are aratamekoku old section.
Fourth, the product phase bamboo, bamboo is mostly handed down, if stored properly, the product phase would be destroyed, naturally affect its price. In general, good texture, with patina, texture natural bamboo skin was red works are often expensive, and more popular.
Fifth, the rarity of works also determines the value of works of bamboo, bamboo works generally spread orderly, similar works appeared less, the more will be the subject of attention. Therefore, the early works of famous artists tend to be more concern.
Sixth, the sculptor’s fame, there are celebrities Ming bamboo paragraph of its collection and economic value than ordinary bamboo high, you should collect more famous for.
Seventh, the source of the work is also an important factor affecting bamboo. The Commission recognized heritage connoisseurs, collectors connoisseurship, boutique, or excessive exposure works, there is no problem because of its authenticity, artistic value, collection preservation of doubt, so once appeared in the market, it will become the focus of the transaction, the buyer will be flocking to fully Fen wins. 2003 is undoubtedly the most typical example of China Guardian launched ‘Watchers Matsui belongings – Shixiang, Yuan Quan initiatives collections of Chinese art’ Auction, given Wang collectors in heritage high prestige, the auction will attract many from abroad Favorite celebrities participate in the competition, and ultimately the audience turnover rate of 100 percent, more than the highest auction record price of similar works of art, such as Ming Zhu Sansong ‘bamboo root carving monk’ Ming ’embossed pattern Rosewood Pen ichthyosaurs Marine Mammals’, etc., are is derived from the Wang collection.
Eighth, market factors, bamboo work also is a commodity, there are also regional and liquidity. Bamboo works in the auction depends on this auction company turnover rate how. Thus, in the transaction bamboo market intelligence is important.
In addition, the Chinese folk collectibles price positioning is based on the ratio of parity, competitive prices, things rare for Guihe Suixingjiushi principles to determine. Therefore, collectors need not only to improve their standard of appreciation, and enhance their ability to identify, but also must understand the market.
Auction market
Throughout 2003-2005 the first 10 months of the auction market, bamboo boutique after another, the market is active, creating a number of Chinese auction market success. Combined with the trend of the domestic market in recent years, I believe that there is a large market operation bamboo space, especially those from the hands of the fine, or by a recognized collection we connoisseurship before, or after cataloging the works will have greater preservation, appreciation may, the reason can be integrated as:
First, the Chinese economy continued to grow rapidly in recent years, therefore, the art of trading will go on fire, bamboo work is no exception.
Two, bamboo works since ancient times have literary atmosphere, so with the quality of people’s spiritual life continues to improve, retro style malpractice, appreciation and collection trend has become more intense, which doomed the bamboo popular works.
Third, there are vintage bamboo works is limited, and people involved in the art trade is increasing, which works to promote the appreciation of the bamboo. Meanwhile, modern bamboo outstanding works will also increase price.
Fourth, although in recent years high-end auction price quickly upgrade, some auction prices has little room, but a lot of mid-auction price rise is still much space, and it is in the mid bamboo auction of the column, although part of the past three years bamboo LOT create gratifying expensive, but overall, a lot of bamboo auction market price is still low, far from ideal price.
Fifth, the government supports private collections will give bamboo market brought unprecedented prosperity.
Sixth, the participation of many auction companies to speed up the flow of bamboo works, but also exacerbate the difficulty of collecting bamboo works. Therefore, holding the hands of collectors will grow over time and date daughter.
Therefore, from the point of view, bamboo work in a given period will be a hot spot for investment, and its market potential is enormous. Especially to the middle of the Qing Ming bamboo.
Transaction price
China is the world’s first country to use bamboo products, bamboo in our country so long. Bamboo, also known as bamboo, bamboo utensils in a variety of decorative patterns and text engraving, or bamboo root carving into a variety of furnishings ornaments. Ming and Qing Dynasties, bamboo developed into a boom phase, in particular its carving skills, thoroughly superb, surpassing the previous generation. So, this time in the bamboo works on the market today to become the most talked about varieties. [4]
Although bamboo is stingy, but often crafted. Traditional practices have bamboo light openwork, relief, carvings, etc., creators not only have painting, calligraphy and other skills, but also trained some skilled Daogong practices for comprehensive literacy demanding. Especially the Ming and Qing dynasties, famous men, unique style. Thus the later collectors, the Ming to the Qing Emperor Qianlong period bamboo works most precious.
Spring of 1994 to 1996, Sotheby’s, Christie’s, Duo Yun Xuan, Guardian, Hanhai five major auction houses, in just two years time, the high-priced auction of 70 Ming and Qing bamboo treasures. After 2000, Christie’s spring auction once 423,500 yuan, shoot a seventeenth-century “Bamboo Forest”, the excess valuation twice. Which shows the value of the high quality bamboo Ming. 2004, Beijing Hanhai autumn auction launched Ming Dynasty bamboo flower pen (length 22.5cm), there shall Ming Wan calendar year, although a small wound, the last traded price of 605,000 yuan, giving the left a deep impression.
In the Ming and Qing bamboo, a famous ancient artists who have carved paragraph, it is price super peers. Among them, in particular worth extraordinary bamboo brush pot, over one million yuan traded is often such works. The fall of 2002, Christie’s Hong Kong will launch the Qing Emperor Kangxi shoot bamboo characters left Aoyama water BRUSHPOT (High 12cm), there is Zhang Xi Huang models to 1.59 million yuan turnover; China Guardian 2003 Autumn Auction launched Ming Zhu Xiaosong “Returning Home speech “BRUSHPOT (height 14.6cm), sold for 1.1 million yuan; Beijing Hanhai 2004 autumn auction launched Qianlong bamboo pine BRUSHPOT (height 16cm), Qianlong on Bing Yin Meng Xiazhi rock system models, sold for 1.32 million yuan; Sotheby’s Hong Kong autumn auction in 2004 launched Qing bamboo Goldsmith hiking map “Quiet Night” poem Pen (height 13cm), to promote modest payments on, the transaction price of 1.66 million yuan. Also introduced the Qing Dynasty, 18th century bamboo waterfall Pen (height 14cm), there are weeks Chih-rock system models, sold 1.55 million yuan.
Of course, the modern masters of the works are also worth a lot of money. Shanghai Shun Yan 2004 Autumn Auction Modern Xu Bing launched carved bamboo far left side Komatsu gully TABLE SCREEN, the last traded price of 31.9 yuan. Also introduced Xu Bing left side carved bamboo five Dutch TABLE SCREEN (high 21.2cm), carved bamboo liuyin starling figure left arm resting (length 34cm), transaction price reached 247,000 yuan and 170,000 yuan. In China Guardian autumn auction in 2003, Xu Ting painted pure white rose carved JIANG Insects Pen, sold for 96,800 yuan; fan Yao Qing pheasant figure carved bamboo arm resting, sold 154,000 yuan.
Collection identification
Ming bamboo previous works, mainly daily necessities, appliances, including some sacrificial. Because bamboo products easy to preserve, spread so far and rare, with archaeological excavations residual control, fragments majority. Bamboo works are extant ancient Ming and Qing dynasties products mostly. During this period, bamboo products, utensils from everyday life, and gradually developed into a heavy practical and artistic crafts, where there are some pure artistic furnishings. Ming Dynasty artifacts composition Jane net, full, line Road King, techniques in deep relief and openwork on the main knife seasoned pure and honest, the overall vigorous simplicity. Varieties pen holder, incense cones and character furnishings based. Ming and Qing bamboo multi engrave author models, stamps, which for collectors forensics provides an important basis. True models carved natural flow, show in the bone, just without plate, without affectation sense, artistic features of remarkable. Pseudo-line models are sluggish, transport knife fatigue, style does not match with the original author, although some shape but no aura. There are many fake replica carved models, imitation famous inscription of the more common.
By Order of the Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty legacy, still concise vigorous style based, but more varied performance techniques, often cut in, stay green, carvings simultaneous implementation of various techniques; breed except pen holder, incense box, the arm resting, landscapes, figures, etc. has also been a large number of manufacturing, production goodly have caused. The late Qing carving thick, products are more shallow, single, transport knife flat and shallow. Many kinds of artifacts Shan Gu, arm resting and so on. Also includes Qunxian birthday, Sanyangkaitai other large themes, while popular figurines pictures, text, and carving stone inscriptions Psalms, ink painting and calligraphy works emphasizes a reproduction. In addition to age of the inscription, color identification of bamboo products is one of the bases. Generally speaking, the longer the product’s color deeper, amber, dark brown, dark brown or lemon yellow. After years of continuous stroke play, products feel shiny and smooth, has caused a moderate sense of color. More recent products or modern products paler, with bamboo own color magnitude. The new devices are often fake to be dyed, so color turn dark, the color of these products go up, over and not heavy, not like the natural color of the pure.
Authenticity of identification
First, look at bamboo texture and patina, a good majority of bamboo materials, bamboo is grown in 2034, natural lines, handed down in the Ming and Qing bamboo material, the surface color after several centuries of Mosuo fondle, more has yellowish, brown, amber or even red shift, surviving longer bamboo skin redder, but this change is not uniform, staff often touching parts, such as wall, cover the mouth, etc. obviously protruding ornamentation, and hands infrequently to touch the part of the color may be different. Will form a glossy surface artifacts Han Yun parcel layer, commonly known as “patina.” New for Old mostly by weak acid boiled, fast drying, and then hit paraffin, with brown broom finish, then stained, making the finished body mass is very light, color, old, patina Yun However, it is easy to deceive the early entry. How to tell it, in general, with the dye, the color inside and outside the old bamboo shades similar bump, too uniform, and floating on the surface, not in depth, including pulp blunt, do not wipe traces of wax to make sense. [5] fake bamboo into four cases:
First, genuine copy after doing the old, this method mostly bamboo boutique reference publications may be reproduced. The problem is prone publications sometimes only works front bamboo pattern on the back or not publish specific local and counterfeiters to imitate completely according to the picture, there are only positive pattern, blank back or simply decoration, with a positive pattern is not consistent, no coherent sense.
Second, concoct, that have not seen the real thing, they imagine fraud, it always gives shape looks weird feeling;
Third aratamekoku old, that works to change carved a famous works;
Fourth, add carved bamboo on old masters ming models; fake latter two methods may be more in the moment on the market, because the price of bamboo material itself is not high, and its value is mainly concentrated in the classical charm and famous names ministry. On the other hand, not all of the ancient bamboo works on both the author’s inscription, which also provided the conditions are fake.
