China is one of the few long history of civilization , progress and development of human society has made many significant contributions . On ceramic technology and artistic achievements , in particular special significance . In China , produced pottery skills can be traced back 4,500 years to the era before the era before 2500 , you can say that the history of the Chinese nation is an important part of the history of ceramic development , China ‘s achievements in science and technology as well as the pursuit of beauty and shape , in many ways embodied by ceramic production and the formation of each era very typical technical and artistic features . Colorful porcelain is one of the great inventions of ancient China , ” porcelain ” and ” China ” in English the same word , the full description of exquisite Chinese porcelain can be used as the representative of China . Celadon porcelain predecessor is the original , it is a product of the pottery to porcelain transition phase . China’s earliest primitive celadon found at Xixia County Feng Shan Shan cultural sites , dating back some 4200 years . Classes have tanks and bowls . Primitive celadon widely distributed in China , the Yellow River areas , the Yangtze River and southern regions are found .
Long before European porcelain technology to master a thousand years , China has been able to produce very fine porcelain . From the perspective of the development history of Chinese ceramics , usually the “ceramic ” the term into two, pottery and porcelain for the two categories . The carcass is usually no dense sintered clay and china stone products , whether colored or white , collectively known as the pottery. Where the firing temperature is higher, the degree of sintering better part of that is called ” hard pottery “, the glazing is called a ” glazed pottery .” In contrast, after high temperature firing , firing more dense matrix degree , excellent quality clay or glaze porcelain stone products called ” porcelain .” On the development of traditional Chinese ceramics , experienced a fairly long historical period , the type of complex, specific technology , so the classification of Chinese traditional ceramic hard targets in addition to technical considerations , but also needs to consider the classification method has always been the traditional habit , ancient and modern technology combined with changes in understanding, in order to more effectively classify draw conclusions .
Ceramic Road and Sino-foreign cultural exchanges
Spring and Autumn Period , commercial development , and expand the scale of cities , porcelain firing more focused and professional . At this time firing porcelain, in terms of aggravation sintering properties and Table glazing technology is different from the original celadon . In shape with fine machining, multi imitation bronze , such as three-legged tripod …… Gantry set of bells and so on.
Qin and Han dynasties, political , economic, cultural unprecedented prosperity , porcelain production has also appeared in a new situation. In practice, long-term porcelain pottery , the choice of raw materials , blanks mud washing , utensil molding , glazing until kiln technology, has significantly improved and enhanced to form a complete process system . To the late Eastern Han Dynasty , and finally firing a mature celadon . The emergence of Chinese porcelain , is a major contribution to world civilization.
Into the Han Dynasty , the famous ” Silk Road ” communication between Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges , China gradually as the ” Silk country” ; After entering the Middle Ages , along with Chinese export porcelain , China began to “porcelain country” world -renowned . From the 8th century Chinese ceramics began output externally . After Late Tang to Song, reached a climax. The output stage has a variety of ceramic pottery , Xing Kiln ( including Ding ) porcelain , Yue celadon , Changsha Kiln porcelain enamel painted porcelain and olives ( ie coastal area of Guangdong kilns produced a bowl and tank storage containers ) . The output of the region and country are: Northeast Asia, Korea and Japan ; South Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India ; ; North Africa, Egypt ; West of Iran, Iraq , Saudi Arabia, Oman, Singapore, Southeast Asia , Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia , the Philippines ; Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa . At this point there are two main maritime transport routes , one from Yangzhou or Minnesota ( now Ningbo ) by North Korea or direct routes to Japan ; Second, starting from Guangzhou to Southeast Asia, or the Strait of Malacca, into the Indian Ocean , after Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan to the Persian Gulf route . Some boats then continue up along the Arabian Peninsula, Africa West Airlines . Asian and African countries aforementioned medieval ruins unearthed porcelain Late Tang and Five Dynasties , is through these two routes and transport.
Three Kingdoms period Celadon still retains many of the characteristics of the previous generation , it ‘s hard Taizhi delicate, pale gray, glazed pure juice to light cyan mainly glazing evenly. Common decorative objects on there Xianwen , water ripples, the first shop , checkered textured vein pattern printed on the face and ears , etc., and sculpture and a variety of figures, birds, animals , etc. in the barn , very vivid.
Western Jin Dynasty porcelain Acres sophisticated technology , both functional and beautiful , celadon use has expanded to all aspects of daily life wine , tableware and sanitary appliances. Dongjin population moved south, the southern city appeared prosperous , further increasing requirement of porcelain in the community . Then the South celadon simple styling trends , decoration reduce some artifacts only for the simple brown spots. Southern Dynasties , celadon lotus petal decoration appears . North was caught in the war , but after the Northern Wei Qianduluoyang , Porcelain and developed. Northern celadon in shape, glaze , decoration and other aspects of the South , generally large -type , with respect, bottles, cans, bowls and the like majority. Carcass thick, gray -colored tires glaze thick, glassy strong mobility, Table often glassy beads flow phenomena . Multi- pattern artifacts in lotus petals , honeysuckle pattern for decoration, decorative methods have piled stickers, imprinted , characterize many . Northern celadon lotus decoration and Buddhism prevailed close.
Porcelain firing began Qi 6th century , when still start . Sui reunification of the country , economy and culture has made great progress . In addition to inheriting the Northern porcelain celadon production , but also successfully completed the porcelain firing . Thus , it developed from Chinese porcelain celadon porcelain to the stage , creating the material and technical conditions for the subsequent emergence of ceramics . More prosperous Tang Dynasty established a great empire . Porcelain production not only meet the needs of the domestic market of each metropolis , but also exported to foreign countries. Xingyao time and Yue celadon porcelain , representing the two largest kiln system . Xing Kiln porcelain hard, producing exquisite , glaze as white as snow . Under its influence , the North appeared another famous white ─ ─ Ding kilns . Moreover , Henan Gong Xian , dense County , Dengfeng , Jia County , Ying Yang , Anyang, and Shanxi Hunyuan , pacification , Shaanxi Yaozhou , Anhui Xiaoxian , have the rise of white porcelain kilns . Yue celadon Southern Tang Dynasty , with a new look. Many affected while firing celadon kiln , forming Yue celadon system . Lu Yu Tang Dynasty ( 733 – 804 ) of the “tea” wrote: ” Xing magnetic class silver , the more magneto- class jade “, ” Xing magnetic class snow , the more magneto- class ice “, which is on Xing Lu Yu , the more the two kilns highly valued , but also to the Tang Dynasty porcelain production of a brief summary of achievements . Kilns in Henan Yu County , Jia County , Lushan and other regions , but also a kind of black porcelain firing ground with white, middle showing a blue plaque decorated Huaci needle , this new breed of subsequent Jun Glaze firing kiln foundation .
Ming dynasty to the beginning of the second phase of Chinese porcelain is output . Then the porcelain varieties of foreign output is mainly Longquan celadon , Jingdezhen porcelain blue , blue and white , underglaze red porcelain, ceramic underglaze black , Jizhou Kiln porcelain , porcelain kiln Ganzhou , Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi produced some of celadon kiln , kiln built black porcelain kiln imitation Jinhua Jun glazed iron stores , Cizhou porcelain , Ding porcelain, Yaozhou porcelain. It is particularly worth mentioning is the aforementioned Korean submarine wreck was 11 Xin’an unearthed more than 2 million pieces of ceramics , except for a very few Korean and Japanese porcelain porcelain , the Chinese are produced , most of which ascertain belongs kilns . National Song and Yuan export porcelain exports has increased considerably over the previous , Northeast Asia, all countries in Southeast Asia , most countries in South and West Asia , Africa and the east coast and inland countries of Zimbabwe and other countries. Song, Yuan and Ming periods beginning routes , mainly sailed to Northeast Asia , Southeast Asia routes leading to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean routes and other places . Chinese maritime achievements of this period mainly in the Indian Ocean routes . First, from the Persian Gulf to reach westward along the coast of the Red Sea port of Jeddah , Mecca and then go ashore to land line ; also landed at Port Sudan and Egypt have Shihab border , pack trip to the Nile River , then down the river to Fustat ( old Cairo ) ; may also more Peter Strait from the red sea to the East African Asian countries . The second is to open up direct from Male, Maldives Port east coast of Africa across the Indian Ocean routes .
End of the Northern Song Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms split situation , commodity economy developed accordingly . Porcelain parties face increased demand , production technology have greater development : ① senior royal palace porcelain required by the government-run kiln firing . Government-run kilns style palace designed in strict accordance with the production, styling and more antique , celadon mainly focus glaze beauty. On process excellence , spared no expense in the economy, fired porcelain folk use is strictly prohibited . Urban and rural household porcelain ② people need, by the north and south around the folk kilns for production. As it is commodity production , sales good porcelain kiln competing each firing, a kiln innovation , imitating each kiln , the results on the formation of various kiln system . Ding northern main line , Yaozhou Department Cizhou lines and Junyao Department ; South Longquan kiln system , the Department of Jingdezhen kilns plainer . These kilns are not bound by the court specifications , Ding printing , stencil Yaozhou , Jun copper red glaze kiln , Cizhou white, black flowers , green Crystal Run Longquan kilns of plums , blue white porcelain kiln in Jingdezhen color quality jade and so unique. ③ foreign trade with porcelain, kilns mainly concentrated in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other coastal areas. Longquan kiln firing imitation imitation celadon and white porcelain kiln in Jingdezhen blue two categories, they belong to the Department of Longquan Kiln porcelain with blue lines . Various types of kilns in the business nature is different, GUANYAO and kilns with strict boundaries. GUANYAO produce outstanding quality , folk may not be used , but the court limited demand , when burning waste , lack of development . Kilns , by contrast, has a strong vitality and forward. The rise of a large number of folk kilns , is an important sign of the great development of the Song Dynasty porcelain .
Blue and white, underglaze red porcelain and various inherited the Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty porcelain Although each of the major north-south kiln production , but there is not much of northern kilns for innovation , both in quantity and quality as good as the Song Dynasty . Longquan kilns in Jingdezhen kiln and then over the South Song Dynasty, has been greatly developed . Jingdezhen porcelain set up Fuliang Bureau , to a certain extent, promoted the porcelain progress. It ‘s blue and underglaze red porcelain firing , is a major event in the history of Chinese porcelain . With cobalt blue and white paint on the tire , then glazed , fired at a high temperature , as it is painted in underglaze blue , so called ” underglaze blue .” Blue and white porcelain with a coloring elegant, never fade, rich subject matter and practical and aesthetic advantages , appeared, they have developed rapidly becoming mainstream Jingdezhen porcelain production . Blue and white underglaze red porcelain practices and the same, but the coloring materials as copper oxide , its development has not been easy as firing with blue and white porcelain . Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain firing , brought prosperity to Jingdezhen .
In the Ming Dynasty set up specifically for the production of Jingdezhen imperial kiln ( see pictures [ Ming Dynasty imperial Jingdezhen porcelain factory ( from ” Jingdezhen Ceramic record” ) ] ) . Kilns again take the “official ride people burn ” that means ” there is life for , no life is ended ,” and so on, for the court to firing porcelain , universal development kilns of Jingdezhen porcelain firing into a national center . Ming Dynasty, Yongle , Xuande blue and white porcelain , gaudy hues , with many features of the Yuan Dynasty blue and white . Chenghua when the underglaze blue and white porcelain , plus red, green, yellow , purple color, which is the famous Chenghua ” bucket color .” Jiajing , Wanli , and the rise of the “colorful .” Jingdezhen porcelain is also located in Qing Imperial , but mainly in porcelain kilns . Kangxi inheritance and development of a colorful and fired in the ” enamel .” Qing Emperor Yongzheng period, he fired a “Pastel .” Outstanding achievements during the Qianlong heart turn fired a bottle , as well as the successful imitation of burning paint, wood, bronze objects and a variety of fruit and so on. Qing porcelain, set the culmination of ancient porcelain and creatively develop , reached a historical peak of Chinese porcelain firing .
In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty 200 years of the golden age of Chinese export porcelain . Jingdezhen porcelain blue and white output is mainly , ceramic , porcelain Shiwan Guangdong and Fujian Dehua porcelain and porcelain , porcelain and other Anxi . Among the more sophisticated export porcelain and more are set to burn products abroad , its shape and decorative patterns are mostly Western style , some painted with a family , companies, organizations , cities and other logos in ornamentation , referred heraldic porcelain . Number of large export porcelain of this period , the 17th century about 200,000 annual output , up to the 18th century up to about one million pieces per year . National output has the Korean Peninsula and Japan, East Asia , Southeast Asia and Europe and Asia. A westbound transport routes is up to Africa from China Fujian, Guangdong coastal ports , then bypass the Cape of Good Hope , sailed along the west coast of Africa, western Europe Asian countries ; another from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province , Xiamen, Hong Kong to Manila all , and then trans-Pacific eastbound to Mexico Acapulco harbor , land line after landing , after Mexico City, the Atlantic coast port of Veracruz port, then the shipowner line western Europe Asia. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Chinese porcelain sold around the world by sea , into a global commodity , on the development of human history has played a positive role.
Chinese first invented and used with kaolin and other baked traditional crafts , daily necessities . As early as 8,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, Chinese ancestors had been making and using pottery. On the basis of the development of ceramic technology , the quotient in mid- 3500 years ago , created the original porcelain. After long-term improvements in the late 2nd century AD, the Han Dynasty , firing a mature celadon . Later, the Chinese porcelain spread to other countries , China won the title of “national porcelain ” in the world .
Celadon, white porcelain Chinese celadon porcelain first appeared , because the Table are applying a thin layer of green glazed named. Shang Dynasty celadon already have a Taizhi gray , heat up to 1100 ℃ or more, tire basic sintering , absorbent weak basic features such as porcelain , but it is still relatively primitive in the processing of raw materials , utensils and kiln forming technology, it said it original celadon . Western Zhou period, with increased productivity , handicrafts further internal division , the original celadon production have been greatly developed.
External Communication
Early Chinese porcelain that spread along the land and sea in the Tang Dynasty to many countries of the world . Yue celadon and white porcelain Xing Kiln in Korea, Japan , Southeast Asia and many parts of the Arabian Peninsula has unearthed in Pakistan布拉明that Bard , Egypt Fustat ancient ruins have been found . Song Dynasty maritime developed lines of communication leading to the main areas in Africa and Asia , were found to have Chinese green celadon and white porcelain . Song written by Zhao Rushi ” Zhu Fan Zhi”, remember there are nearly 20 countries trading with China porcelain . Yuan to further expand foreign trade , export Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain , was widely welcomed. Zheng Ming Dynasty ( 1371 – 1435 ) opened up the east coast of Africa across the Indian Ocean, leading to the route , Chinese porcelain marketing broader. Zheng and colleagues fees Letter ( 1388 – ? ) In the ” Xingcha Sheng Lan ” in the description , porcelain transactions conducted more than 20 countries . European traders first by Arab traders to Chinese porcelain, 16th century, Portuguese, Dutch businessmen to China trafficking . Neighbor visits between 1602 to 1682 the Dutch East India Company trafficked Chinese porcelain that is 16 million or more.
Chinese porcelain technology was first spread to Korea and Japan. North Korea already in the early 10th century replica Yue ,汝窑青porcelain, Japan in the Southern Song Dynasty and early Ming porcelain have sent people to learn Chinese . 11th century Chinese porcelain technology spread to Persia , and from Persia spread to Arabia, the 15th century spread to Italy and other European countries . 14 ~ 15th century Central Asia, Europe made, often with Chinese -style porcelain .
Ancient Chinese craft
China is the hometown of porcelain , porcelain is a great contribution to the invention of the Chinese nation to world civilization , in English, ” Porcelain ” (china) has become synonymous with the word ” China” . Around the mid- 16th century BC quotient , China appeared early porcelain. Because in terms of carcass , or in the glaze firing process are still significant rough, firing temperature is lower , showing the original and transition , it is generally referred to as the “original porcelain .”
Born porcelain pottery, its invention is the ancient Chinese ancestors in the firing of white earthenware pottery and stamped hard experience, and gradually explore out . Porcelain firing must have three conditions : First, porcelain material must be enriched minerals such as quartz and sericite porcelain stone , clay or kaolin ; Second, the firing temperature must be above 1200 ℃; Third in Table Shi has a high temperature glaze firing . This primitive celadon is a typical representative of the original statue porcelain . The mouth of the horn -shaped device , no shoulders, deep abdominal waist , the bottom is written outside of the ring foot . Carcass hard , uniform thickness, regular shape . Both inside and outside Shiyou Qing yellow glaze, the glaze layer carcass with tightly , exposing the gray at the bottom of unglazed white porcelain . Decorative wall decoration neat and simple elegance . This statue is now hidden in the Shanghai Museum.
Original porcelain pottery to porcelain as the product of the transition period , compared with a variety of pottery , with aggravation compact , durable , easy to clean , gorgeous appearance and other characteristics , so broad development prospects. Original porcelain firing continuously improve the level of technology and production, is gradually replaced later porcelain pottery, a major Appliances Chinese people everyday basis.
Chinese porcelain pottery evolved evolved from the original porcelain originated 3,000 years ago . To the Song Dynasty, porcelains kilns throughout half of China, is the most prosperous period porcelain . Prevailing Jun, Ge , GUANYAO , Ru and Ding and called the five famous kilns . Is known as Jiangxi Jingdezhen porcelain produced during the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain has become the representative of porcelain . Porcelain enamel transparent water, tire constitution thin lightweight, coated with blue decoration , elegant , fresh and full of life on the white porcelain body . Once it appeared blue and white rage , becoming traditional porcelains of Jingdezhen crown . Together with the blue and white porcelains and said there four exquisite blue and white porcelain, vitreous enamel Painted Porcelain and colors . In addition, porcelain sculpture , eggshell porcelain , porcelain multicolored tires , etc., are very fine , have their own characteristics .
Chinese porcelain produced in the true sense of the Eastern Han Dynasty ( AD 25 to 220 years ) . During this period the previous generation of original pottery and porcelain production process development , the people of the north and south winds prevailed on the basis of burial in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province in eastern China as the center of the region with its unique conditions for the Eastern Han Dynasty Chinese porcelain became birthplace . This surface Shangyu County , Zhejiang Province town officials unearthed the Eastern Han Dynasty Celadon water ripples with Four cans, shows us the initial situation porcelain firing process development. Tang Dynasty porcelain production technology and art has reached a high degree of maturity ; Song Dynasty Porcelain flourish, kilns emerged ; Ming and Qing Dynasties from the blank, decoration , glazing to firing , technically more than the previous generation . China ‘s ceramic industry still flourished , Jingdezhen, Liling , Hunan , Guangdong Shiwan and fengxi , Jiangsu Yixing , Tangshan and Handan , Hebei , Shandong Zibo .
Many types of Qing Dynasty porcelain , distinguished from firing up the process , in addition to blue and white, underglaze red underglaze color , etc. , can be divided into the glaze color and glaze underglaze color mixing two categories . Glaze color glaze porcelain is fired first , be painted on a white glaze , re -color low-temperature furnace secondary firing , glaze colorful, pastels , are overglaze enamel . Mixed color glaze underglaze is the first firing underglaze ( ie direct painting on porcelain patterns cover a transparent glaze firing temperature , mainly blue and white ) , and then painted in the appropriate parts of the glaze color , into the color low-temperature sintering furnace twice . Blue vitriol red color, bucket color , blue and white glaze underglaze colorful fall color mixing .
Red color blue vitriol began in the early Ming Xuande period, is to glaze underglaze blue with red color ( red iron ) combined with a ceramic technology, high temperature , low temperature fired twice . Common patterns of sea dragons or Marine Mammals line , it is the first practice in underglaze blue and white painted with water, leave travel Leviathan Dragon or blank lines , the high-temperature firing blank after the ground filled with alum red color pattern , then cold second firing . Such objects modeling narrow range , mainly pier Cup and pupil Cup.
Generating development
Chinese real porcelain appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty ( AD 23-220 years ) . First began to appear in the southern region of Zhejiang Province . Shangyu , Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province found late Eastern Han Dynasty celadon porcelain kiln and so on . Delicate texture tiles , glazed and shiny, glaze tightly secure. Seen from the photomicrograph , celadon glaze has no residual fragments of quartz . This enamel in terms of appearance , or on the microstructure, have got rid of the original primitive celadon . Has met the standards of true porcelain .
Eastern Han Dynasties period after the Three Kingdoms (AD 220-581 years ) South celadon production , such as Zhejiang Yue , etc. has been in a leading position. In Shaoxing , Yuhang , Wu Xing , etc. They also have a kiln , kiln formed department alone . The so-called kiln system , which refers to a famous kilns and kiln or nearby provinces are producing one or several of the same type of products, these kilns constitute a kiln system to the main and most influential kilns naming . Zhejiang region of China is the earliest form of the kiln system , and this is the reason may be the birthplace of Chinese porcelain , Porcelain developed especially relevant .
Yue celadon and black porcelain production , to the late Western Jin Dynasty Celadon also produced porcelain brown spots , which in the main parts of the artifacts plus brown stippling to break the monochrome style celadon .
Three Kingdoms Yue products Taizhi hard delicate, pale gray ; glazed pure juice , mainly in cyan , yellow, or green yellow rare ; -type bowls , plates , jars , pots, wash basins , bowls, boxes, plate , ear cups , incense burners spit pot, cub , spittoon , pickles and other porcelain altar . Western Jin Shi appeared in a flat pot, chicken pot , candlesticks and evil spirits , and other new products. When Southern Buddhism prevailed , mostly as a decorative lotus petals or porcelain . Three centuries from the Sui Dynasty unified front in order to represent Yue porcelain production has made great progress . Its variety, novel style , has penetrated into all areas of life. People can not become a moment to leave appliances.
In addition, in the south there was Wuzhou kiln , kiln xiangyin famous kilns and kiln Fengcheng .
Northern porcelain appear to be late in the south, is roughly uniform from the past century to the late Northern Wei Sui ( 581-618 ) in developed before . Northern celadon -type bowls, plates , cups , cans , pots, bottles, boxes, and more for everyday goods, fewer furnishings . Northern petals tank is typical products . It has three lines, four lines , six lines and party lines distinction , round lines , strip lines are Duisu from shoulder to belly into a plump petals , there are eight , six lobe or lobes ranging from the end of a ring foot. Most representative of the level of production in northern celadon artifacts , Hebei Jingxian Travelog tomb unearthed four lotus statue . The maximum volume of a height of about 70 cm , mouth to shoulder with three weeks decals, ornaments flying pattern, Po phase patterns, animal faces and Beaulieu pattern. Shoulder has six lines , under which the six covered under Yang Lotus Petal Duisu .
Although Northern porcelain production in the South centuries later , but once mastered it celadon production , they will quickly improve production technology, improve the level of technology , combined with human characteristics in the north , leading to the emergence of white porcelain . Celadon porcelain evolved by the difference between the two is only different tires, glaze iron content . Less then the tire iron clay is white, as many tire iron color is dark, grayish , light gray or dark gray . On the development of the porcelain itself , it is a development from a single- glazed porcelain to , whether it is the green color brown , white, black flowers , blue and white, underglaze red , or bucket color , colorful, pastels or enamel , are based on white background, to show a variety of bright colors and wonderful . Therefore, the generation of white porcelain , have a profound influence on the development and porcelain , to the Tang Dynasty has formed a ” South Green North White ” pattern.
Northern Qi Dynasty Wuping six years ( AD 575 years ) Fan tomb unearthed 10 pure white porcelain, is now known to the earliest times of white porcelain bowls, cups, pots three lines , four lines tanks, long-necked bottles.
Tang Dynasty ( AD 618-917 years ) celadon south , the northern white porcelain , three polychrome ; well Changsha kiln complex polychrome have greater development .
Among them, the Changsha Kiln porcelain in 13 Asian and African countries , 73 sites have unearthed , indicating its influence throughout the home and abroad. Its products barbarian sculpture, date palm , palm patterns and writing in Arabic and other terms , may be produced specifically for export porcelain .
Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 ) on the basis of the Tang Dynasty , there has been “fixed , Ru , Guan, Ge , are ” five famous kilns adding world phenomenon.
Yuan Dynasty ( AD 1279-1368 ) was a turning point in China ‘s porcelain production of the past and , in many aspects of innovation and development. Kublai Khan Yuan fifteen years ( AD 1278 ) , Yuan Empire was established in Jingdezhen , ” the porcelain Fuliang Bureau ” and create favorable conditions for the development of Jingdezhen porcelain production in the Ming and Qing dynasties and their porcelain become the country’s center and renowned in the world, ” porcelain” has laid a solid foundation. With the Yuan Dynasty Jingdezhen porcelain new breakthrough in technology, the most prominent is the blue and underglaze red firing .
Porcelain generally refers to the fetus as a coloring agent in paint by the cobalt material, then cover with a transparent glaze, firing a high temperature , was white, polychrome underglaze blue flowers . Porcelain fully embodies the Chinese national characteristics , it appears once in Jingdezhen , with regard to a very strong vitality and rapid development and become a mainstream production for several centuries , and exported around the country and in Asia, Africa Asian countries ; glazed inside red is red copper material as a coloring agent , painted with decorations on tires, the hood with transparent glaze , fired in a reducing atmosphere at high temperature showed a red color glaze porcelain . Lihong firing difficult, the yield at the end, especially those less pure color . Underglaze red coloration bright , white safflower impressive, very welcomed by the people .
Ming ( 1368-1644 ) and Qing ( 1644-1911 ) dynasties are Chinese porcelain production heyday , the quantity and quality of porcelain production reached a peak. Jingdezhen as the ” porcelain capital” is established , so that the kiln in Jingdezhen porcelain altar Ming and Qing dynasties ruled for centuries , until today. At that time , a variety of color glazed and painted porcelain Jingdezhen porcelain is a prominent representative of the level .
Chinese porcelain and porcelain external communication technology, is a historical witness of the Chinese people and friendly exchanges between the peoples of the world .
Porcelain and earthenware inseparable relationship . As part of the mixed kaolin ( or feldspar, quartz , limestone and other natural glaze ) and other containing copper oxide , iron oxide, ethylene oxide , lead natural color of raw ingredients during sintering ceramics , pottery surface will naturally form one percent thin enamel ( Japan Shigaraki pottery types in the first three-color is so arise. ) in china ‘s history , before the Ming Dynasty Chinese porcelain to bisque ( no decorative patterns to color purity level of the merits of the standard porcelain ) based. After the Ming Dynasty porcelain with painted porcelain predominant . Another porcelain tea producing national cultural and Japan also develop its unique tea . The earliest bisque color classification in accordance with celadon, black porcelain , white porcelain three common colors painted porcelain and other colored porcelain the more famous are : Tang ( Tang is not porcelain, pottery is a low lead ) , Shigaraki , blue and white produced in accordance with porcelain and other places also have different classification. As China Zhejiang Yue ( secret color porcelain ) , Jiangxi Chang Nam , Hebei fixed porcelain and specialty Japanese porcelain shoulder turn in the 10th century development : Omi , Koga ‘s Shigaraki (shigarakiyaki), Nagasaki Arita (aritayaki) , Bizen , Okayama Prefecture (bizenyaki) and so on. Also in Europe since the 18th century also began manufacturing porcelain, today Britain, France, Russia, Germany and other places, particularly in the UK has established a number of senior porcelain brand.
Maintenance
Porcelain if improper maintenance , will be seriously jeopardized , is not conducive to long-term preservation of porcelain , especially the fine handed down and unearthed , should carefully maintained. Porcelain maintenance must follow gently , careful principles , while the maintenance of porcelain can not be too protective order to avoid causing further damage . Chinese porcelain library of you in this introduction to the Friends of Tibet about how to care for porcelain.
First, the porcelain is fragile, should save the note in shock, anti-extrusion , anti-collision . When viewing the collection should be careful not to collide , fall , try not to sweat hand touch . Best to wear gloves when you look at the collection , table with velvet pad is good , do not pass each other while watching tours , tours to see the end of a person should be re- placed in the table, watching other people Zaipeng held .
Second, bottles, cans, and other porcelain statue is generally bottom-up two mosaic , not a hand-held objects when moving the upper part of the neck . The correct way is to hand hold the neck in one hand and hold the bottom . Some bottles, cans, statue decorated with ears, not to mention take place in the ears only , to avoid breakage or damage. Eggshell containers, tires thin , light, delicate , moving, but be careful when you put it to the end of both hands , hanged one hand , especially bottle pieces , the bottom full of small , long body , need wind blown .
Third, bought back the high-temperature glaze or underglaze porcelain , should be placed清水中浸泡l hour , and then the appearance of the oil detergent wash , towel dry after water loaded with boxes , boxes should be foam filled cushion , and added a collection of bubble diameter must not exceed 0.5 cm , collection boxes should be placed in the proper tightness , and should avoid squeezing , to prevent damage collections .
Fourth, unearthed low-temperature glaze and glaze color . In a lot of debris on the glaze will penetrate even appear off -color enamel off phenomenon , should be between a small amount of adhesive glaze , then cover in color glaze softer binder to prevent large-scale off. If it is buried a long time in high temperature glaze or underglaze underground , in porcelain surface also produce a lot of calcium , silicon compounds, namely soil rust . Can be cleaned with water and once with 3% hydrogen peroxide soak for about 3 hours , then soaked in water for more than 30 hours, wash with a clean white cloth , removing the soil generally rust . If indivisible , a brush dipped on acetate , brush the rust in the soil at five hours after the removal of soil with a medical scalpel beveled rust , sharpen the blade in one direction only . After most of the soil rust removal , then Bai Jie cloth and toothpaste to clean rust until the soil is completely removed , this method is only suitable for high temperature glaze and underglaze .
Cleaning method
A general stains can be cleaned with lye , can also be used soap, detergent wash , then rinse water .
2 Winter Scrub eggshell porcelain, to control the water temperature, alternating hot and cold water to prevent making porcelain burst.
3 colored porcelain, because of the color of lead in some components more pan- lead phenomenon occurs , can be scrubbed with a cotton swab dipped in white vinegar , then rinse.
4 If there are open pieces of porcelain or notching phenomenon cracks , stains easily , ” Qin ” into one that can be used to scrub brush dipped in some acidic liquid . But the glaze color artifacts , can not use this method, because the acid and alkaline substances easy to damage the glaze . If the color is gilt porcelain unavailable feather duster to do the cleaning , because gilt feather duster easy to damage the porcelain . Precious porcelain collection should be equipped with the appropriate size , wooden boxes or wooden boxes with gall to preserve collections.
Although precious porcelain , some Friends of Tibet for its maintenance puzzled some , but as long as the appropriate method that can be properly maintained and enjoy collections of music .
